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Topic: Eleventh Congress of the CCP

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	Cultural Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In a later meeting of the CCP Politburo in 1966, the Group in Charge of the Cultural Revolution (GCCR) was formed.
		On December 18th, 1978, the Third Plenum of the Eleventh CCP Congress was held.
		In the Fifth Plenum of the Eleventh CCP Congress held in 1980 Peng Zhen and many others purged during the cultural revolution were politically rehabilitated.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/c/cu/cultural_revolution.html (4529 words)

	CCP Constitution [16th CCP NPC Nov 2002]
		When the congress of a local Party organization at any level or the congress of Party organization at the primary level is not in session, the next higher Party organization may, when it deems it necessary, transfer or appoint responsible members of that organization.
		The number of delegates to the local Party congresses at any level and the procedure governing their election are determined by the Party committees at the corresponding levels and should be reported to the next higher Party committees for approval.
		When local Party congresses at various levels are convened before or after their normally scheduled dates, the terms of the committees elected by the previous congresses shall be correspondingly shortened or extended.
	www.learnworld.com /COURSES/P141/CCP-Constitution-Nov-2002.html (11307 words)

	China (01/07)
		Hu Yaobang, a protege of Deng and a leading advocate of reform, was blamed for the protests and forced to resign as CCP General Secretary in January 1987.
		In November 2002, the 16th Communist Party Congress elected Hu Jintao, who in 1992 was designated by Deng Xiaoping as the "core" of the fourth generation leaders, the new General Secretary.
		The 14th Party Congress later in the year backed Deng's renewed push for market reforms, stating that China's key task in the 1990s was to create a "socialist market economy." The 10-year development plan for the 1990s stressed continuity in the political system with bolder reform of the economic system.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/18902.htm (13090 words)

	Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
		The Ninth National Party Congress convened in April 1969, the tenth in August 1973, the eleventh in August 1977, and the twelfth in September 1982.
		Party committees at the provincial level are elected by the provincial-level congresses that convene every five years and have as additional functions the election of a discipline inspection commission, advisory commissions, and delegates to the National Party Congress.
		The CCP is variously estimated to have between 40 million and 60 million members (about 4-5 percent of the national population).
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/china/ccp.htm (3293 words)

	cultural revolution - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		For many of the 'intellectuals,' most of whom were recently graduated college students, this was in effect a kind of internal exile, and the conditions in which they were forced to labour were often harsh in the extreme; many deaths from malnutrition, overwork, and disease are reported.
		On April 1, 1969, at the CCP's Ninth Congress, Lin was the big winner, officially becoming China's second in charge, and also holding military power.
		With an expanding power base, in September 1978 Deng had already started to openly attack Hua Guofeng's "Two Whatevers." On December 18th, 1978, the Third Plenum of the Eleventh CCP Congress was held.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/cultural-revolution (5971 words)

	BRJ Online
		The CCP adopted the essence of early Soviet minorities policy for national propagation and for local practice in the territory under its control before 1949, and continued this policy in the early and middle 1950s, though in 1949 it completely dropped self-determination, which allows for the possibility of independence (cf.
		In the mid-1950s, probably due to the CCP's initial domestic success and the fierce international cold war, the final battle between capitalism and communism was perceived to be imminent—a perception that led to changes in CCP policies.
		In 1982, the twelfth congress of the CCP stressed that unity among all ethnic groups, equality for all ethnic groups, and prosperity for all ethnic groups are crucial for the future of China as a multiethnic state (EBCCEW, 1989, p.
	brj.asu.edu /v2512/articles/art8.html (8221 words)

	Cultural Revolution - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In a later meeting of the CCP Politburo in 1966, the new Group in Charge of the Cultural Revolution (GCCR) was formed.
		On July 28, 1966, representatives of the Red Guards wrote a formal letter to Mao, stating that mass purges and all such related social and political phenomena were justified and right.
		For many of the 'intellectuals,' most of whom were recently graduated college students, this deployment to the countryside was in effect a kind of internal exile, and the conditions under which they were forced to labor were often harsh in the extreme; many deaths from malnutrition, overwork, and disease were reported.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Great_Proletarian_Cultural_Revolution (6383 words)

	Discovering China: History
		At the Eleventh National Congress, Hua declared "the end of the first Cultural Revolution" in his political report, and appealed that China be a "great socialist country" within the 20th century.
		In the Third Plenum of the Party's Eleventh Central Committee, the past political line was changed and it was decided to put emphasis of policy on "the construction of socialism modernization".
		The CCP had already divided into the Liberal and Conservative wings, and as a result, the fustration had been long built.
	library.thinkquest.org /26469/history/1976.html (1058 words)

	China Chinese Communist Party (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Although the party constitution sets legal limits on CCP activities, the party's role in areas of political, ideological, and organizational leadership is authoritative and unquestioned.
		The priorities expounded at the Twelfth National Party Congress were designed not only to improve the organizational cohesion and morale of the party and government but also to hasten prosperity and foster national power.
		The congress endorsed programs from the Eleventh National Party Congress that stressed stability and unity, balance between ideology and technical skill, collective rather than individual leadership, party discipline, training of successors at all levels of party organization, and a more relaxed climate for intraparty debate on major national and local issues.
	www.country-studies.com /china/chinese-communist-party.html (406 words)

	The Rule of Law in China
		By the end of 1993, the National People's Congress (NPC) had amended the Constitution to include this concept, and had designed a wide-ranging program of legislative reform to support a socialist market economy.
		In 1993 the NPC again reasserted its primacy in legislative matters by refusing a draft amendment of the Constitution tendered by the CCP.
		The stated ground for the rejection was that the CCP did not have the legal standing required to submit constitutional amendments (Chen 1994).
	users.bigpond.net.au /spunkyy/Fazhi_Guojia_The_Rule_of_Law_in_China.htm (3592 words)

	key dates of modern china
		The Chinese Communist Parry (CCP) is established; Mao Zedong (1893-1976) is one of the Party organizers.
		The Third Plenum of the Eleventh Party Congress focuses on the Four Modernizations (industry, agriculture, defense, and science/technology), initiating a fundamental reorganization of Chinese economy, society, and culture.
		The CCP calls the Cultural Revolution a disaster, criticizing the policies of Mao in his late years.
	alpha.fdu.edu /core/corec/chinadates.html (1295 words)

	Exploring Chinese History :: Chapter 5, Section 1- Current Chinese History Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The year 1976 saw the deaths of the three most senior officials in the CCP and the state apparatus: Zhou Enlai in January, Zhu De (then chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and de jure head of state) in July, and Mao Zedong in September.
		This congress, along with the Seventh Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, held from March 24 to April 10, 1988, was marked by a new openness and tolerance of debate and dissent.
		In October, 1992, the Fourteenth National Congress of the CCP was held, taking into account that China's reform and opening-up and modernization drive has stepped into a new era.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/contents/c05s01.html (2589 words)

	Jiang Zemin's Report
		The theme of the congress is to hold high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory for an all-round advancement of the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics to the 21st century.
		We shall uphold and improve the system of people's congresses, ensuring that the people's congresses and their standing committees exercise the functions of the organs of state power according to law, strengthen their legislative and supervisory work, and establish closer ties between deputies and the people they represent.
		The task of this congress is to mobilize the whole Party and the people of all nationalities of the country to unite and work hard for an all-round advancement of the great cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics.
	www.fas.org /news/china/1997/970912-prc.htm (17228 words)

	China National Party Congresses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The National Party Congress reviews reports on party activities since the last session, revises the party constitution, ratifies the party program for a specific period, and elects the Central Committee, which serves as the highest organ of the CCP when the National Party Congress is not in session.
		The congress has, however, neither the independence to generate legislative bills nor the effective power to check and balance the party and government bureaucracies.
		The delegates (there were 1,545 for the Twelfth National Party Congress) can observe firsthand the working of the party machine at the national level, gain a better perspective on the direction of political transformation planned by the leadership, and serve as communicators of party policies to the grass roots.
	www.country-studies.com /china/national-party-congresses.html (268 words)

	World Organization to Investigate the persecution of Falun Gong
		Jia immediately voiced his support [2], convening an enlarged conference of the standing committee of the municipal CCP and required that the CCP organizations and members at all levels have a clear-cut stand and resolutely throw themselves into this political battle against Falun Gong [3].
		During his administration as the Secretary of the municipal CCP committee and Mayor of Beijing, Beijing became one of the cities that had the worst records in the persecution of Falun Gong.
		Ji Lin, Member of the standing committee of Beijing's municipal CCP committee, Secretary of the municipal's political-legal committee, Managing Deputy Director of the "Leadership Team to 'Sweep Pornography' and 'Fight Crimes' in Beijing" [42], of which one of the major tasks is to search and confiscate Falun Gong's publications and literatures.
	www.zhuichaguoji.org /en/index2.php?option=content&task=view&id=13&pop=1&page=0 (3303 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / China / Appendix B
		Congress Location Plenum Date Significance First Shanghai First July 1921 Attended by thirteen representatives; elected general secretary and three-man Central Bureau; developed general political program.
		Tension built as CCP attempted to fulfill conflicting goals of national and social revolutions.
		Hua's links to the Maoist legacy undercut his ability to lead, and at the Third Plenum, Deng's practical approach set the CCP on a course of reform instead of class struggle.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/china/cn_appnb.html (1168 words)

	The Epoch Times \| Lien Chan was Helping the CCP to Resolve its Crisis
		Chinese “flower-vase” parties have three characteristics: first, they accept the leadership of the CCP: second, they assist the CCP to conduct a united front; third, they are politically consistent with the CCP’s languages and ideology.
		Both were drawn under the circumstance that the CCP was in a grave crisis and that it came under attack from all directions.
		Therefore it is clear that Lien was helping the CCP to ease its crisis, just as has happened to the Nationalist Party twice in the past.
	www.theepochtimes.com /news/5-5-14/28750.html (1731 words)

	On The Nature Of The Chinese Communist Party and Its Regime Political Revolution or Democratic Reform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This is due to his participation in the CCP regime for nearly eight years, to his close relations with he top and middle bureaucrats, and to several missions to rural areas to interview peasants and investigate their conditions.
		All this demonstrates that the CCP under the irresistible pressure of the class struggle was forced to relinquish its completely reactionary new democracy policy of “revolution in stages” and adopt some progressive measures corresponding to the development of the permanent revolution.
		Precisely because of the threat to CCP rule from the revolutionary tendency opposing bureaucratic dictatorship, which was revealed in the “blossom and contend movement,” the CCP immediately discontinued this movement (in the middle of June, 1957) and vigorously counterattacked all the criticizers.
	www.marxists.org /archive/peng/1960/x03.htm (13939 words)

	UNHCR - UK Home Office Immigration and Nationality Directorate Country Assessment - China
		At least a thousand civilians reportedly were killed in the military crackdown in Beijing and most major cities, despite the government's denial that anyone was killed in Tiananmen Square itself (most protesters and their defenders were killed in sidestreets, during round-ups and in initial detention).
		The NPC is composed of deputies elected for a five year term by local people's congresses of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, and the People's Liberation Army.
		Retired senior CCP leaders retain considerable power, but in mid-1995, the top leadership announced that ultimate authority had been passed to the younger generation of leaders in the (currently) 22-member Politburo.
	www.unhcr.org /home/RSDCOI/3c2b4e000.html (16173 words)

	Exploring Chinese History :: Chapter 5, Section 2- Current Chinese History Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		On May 4th, 1989, a massive student rally began in Tiananmen Square to protest the dismissal of a CCP official in favor of democratic reform.
		Several members of the CCP were demoted or removed altogether from the party.
		Despite certain guarantees made by the CCP in regard to Hong Kong's liberties, economy and religious freedom, several newspapers, television and radio stations were turned over to the state.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/contents/c05s02.html (7350 words)

	Cultural Revolution - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		On May 16th, under Jiang Qing's wide influence, a formal notice was issued, representing figuratively the beginning of the Cultural Revolution.
		On May 18, Lin Biao spoke in the form of a speech, "Chairman Mao is a genius, everything the Chairman says is greatly true; one of the Chairman's words will override the meaning of ten thousands of ours..." Thus started the first phase of Mao's Personality cult led by Jiang Qing, Lin and others.
		On June 1st the People's Daily, the CCP's media/propagandist newspaper stated that all "Imperialists", "People with affiliations with Imperialists", "Imperialistic Intellectuals" etc. must be rid of and massively purged.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Cultural_Revolution (4718 words)

	International Socialist Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In 1920, the Second World Congress of the Comintern adopted a set of "Theses on the National and Colonial Questions." They were meant to define the general approach that parties like the CCP would adopt in building their organizations.
		As the CCP delegate to the Seventh Plenum of the ECCI in November 1926 put it, there was a danger that the CCP had "sacrificed the interests of the workers and peasants" in safeguarding the alliance with the Guomindang at all cost.
		The leadership of the CCP was drawn, primarily, from the urban classes, particularly intellectuals.
	www.isreview.org /issues/01/mao_to_deng_1.shtml (11564 words)

	Postwar China
		Their moderate line favoring modernization of all sectors of the economy was formally confirmed at the Tenth National Party Congress in August 1973, at which time Deng Xiaoping was made a member of the party's Central Committee (but not yet of the Political Bureau).
		Also in January 1975, Deng Xiaoping's position was solidified by his election as a vice chairman of the CCP and as a member of the Political Bureau and its Standing Committee.
		One major effect of the plenum was the resignation of the members of the "Little Gang of Four" (an allusion to the original Gang of Four, Mao's allies)--Hua's closest collaborators and the backbone of opposition to Deng.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/PWChina.html (7450 words)

	Timelines
		Opposition came from the moderate element in the CCP ran by Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping.
		This was meant to cleanse the CCP of all elements that were disloyal to Mao.
		The congress formally ended the Cultural Revolution and blamed it on the Gang of Four and then made it the goal to make China a superpower by the year 2000.
	www.raptureready.com /time/china.html (6624 words)

	Culture Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		With an expanding power base, in September 1978 Deng had already to openly attack Hua Guofeng's "Two Whatevers." On December 18th, 1978, the Third Plenum of the Eleventh CCP Congress was held.
		Hu Yaobang was named General-Secretary of the CCP and Zhao Ziyang, another of Deng's prot s, was named into the Central governing apparatus.
		After the founding of the PRC in 1949, the CCP was focused on emphasizing the basis of the Social Democracy ideal towards the people of the country.
	www.chinaphile.com /culture_revolution.htm (6050 words)

	[No title]
		The prevailing consensus among the top Chinese leaders is that the socialist model implemented during the Mao era is too "advanced," and that since China remains largely underdeveloped, it has to step back from this "advanced" socialism to a primitive stage of socialism, namely the market socialism.
		State socialism was adopted when the CCP seized power in 1949.
		He acknowledged the existence of the strong feudal influence in the existing political structure, such as the excessive centralization of power, political tenure for state officials, paternalism, patriarchal clan system, hierarchical system, bureaucracy, and political inequality.
	www.daltonstate.edu /faculty/bguo/4Guo2PRNT.htm (6016 words)

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