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Topic: Elgin Marbles

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	The Parthenon (or Elgin) Marbles
		The debate over the Parthenon Marbles has been going on for two centuries and seems to be coming to a head.
		(el´gin) (KEY), ancient sculptures taken from Athens to England in 1806 by Thomas Bruce, 7th earl of Elgin; other fragments exist in numerous European museums.
		The Parthenon frieze by Phidias, a caryatid, and a column from the Erechtheum were sold to the British government in 1816 and are now on view in the British Museum, in a gallery donated by Lord Duveen.
	www.athensguide.com /elginmarbles (159 words)

	Elgin Marbles - ninemsn Encarta
		Elgin Marbles, collection of Greek marble sculptures taken from Athens to London in 1806 by the British diplomat Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin.
		On display at the British Museum, the Elgin Marbles are considered one of the finest collections of Greek sculpture in existence.
		One portion of the Elgin Marbles, from the decorative frieze above the Parthenon’s exterior columns, represents figures taking part in a procession held annually in honour of the mythical goddess Athena, protector of Athens and to whom the Parthenon was dedicated.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572120/Elgin_Marbles.html (664 words)

	The Elgin Marbles
		Apart from mounting pressure for the marbles to be returned for the Olympics, appeals have grown stronger as a new Acropolis museum is being constructed at the foot of the Parthenon monument.
		In 1801, Lord Elgin a British diplomat from Scotland, (hence the common phrasing of the Parthenon marbles, as the Elgin Marbles) obtained Turkish permission to remove the marbles from the Parthenon when he was ambassador to the Ottomon Empire, which Greece was then a part of.
		Finally, the British arguments against returning the marbles are that they were legitimately, bought from the Turks on the basis of a legal document (the Sultans Firman) and that the Greeks were indifferent to the fate of their ancient treasures.
	www.student.city.ac.uk /~ra829/elginmarbles.html (1473 words)

	Elgin Marbles
		The Elgin Marbles is the popular term for the Parthenon Marbles, a large collection of marble sculptures brought to Britain between 1801 and 1805 by Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, the official British resident in Ottoman Athens, who had ordered them removed from the Parthenon.
		The Elgin Marbles include some of the statuary from the pediments, the Metope panels depicting battles between the Lapiths and the Centaurs, as well as the Parthenon Frieze which decorated the horizontal course set above the interior architrave of the temple.
		Elgin's acquisitions also included objects from other buildings on the Athenian Acropolis: the Erechtheum, reduced to ruin during the Greek War of Independence (1821-33); the Propylaea, and the Temple of Athena Nike.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/LX/ElginMarbles.html (1080 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Europe \| Greek pupils demand Elgin Marbles
		The marbles are part of the Parthenon, a 2,500-year-old temple.
		The marbles were removed by British envoy Lord Elgin at the beginning of the 19th Century.
		Committee for the Restitution of the Parthenon Marbles
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/europe/6313953.stm (331 words)

	Elgin Marbles - Picture - MSN Encarta
		The Elgin Marbles are a group of classical Greek sculptures that receive their name from British diplomat Thomas Bruce, seventh earl of Elgin.
		Elgin removed the sculptures from the Acropolis in Athens and brought them to London in the early 1800s.
		The marbles, most of which were sculpted in the 5th century bc by Phidias, now reside in the British Museum in London.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461522914/Elgin_Marbles.html (72 words)

	Elgin Marbles presented in History section
		The British government vindicated Elgin’s actions and purchased the “Elgin Marbles” from him in 1816 for ?35,000 to exhibit them in the British Museum, where they can still be seen, in spite of Greek claims for their return.
		Elgin and his wife then went on to Constantinople, leaving Hamilton and Lusieri to assemble a team of craftsmen who, according to a detailed brief, were to go to Athens and ‘carefully and minutely measure every ancient monument’, making plaster casts of the more interesting.
		Elgin took it, bitterly, and stepped out of history, leaving it to the marbles to carry his name down to posterity and obloquy.
	www.newsfinder.org /site/comments/elgin_marbles (1801 words)

	Elgin Marbles - Athens Info Guide
		Elgin's appreciation of Greek art and architecture, combined with his desire to be the envy of British nobility, prompted him to employ Thomas Harrison, an architect who had studied Greek and Roman styles, to design his new home, Broom Hall, in the classical style of Greece.
		Elgin's goal was further empowered in 1799 when he was appointed British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire and assigned to the capital in Constantinople, Turkey.
		Elgin made attempts to sell the Marbles to the British government but the price he asked was so high that they refused to buy them.
	www.athensinfoguide.com /wtsacropelgin.htm (1861 words)

	Elgin Marbles - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		ELGIN MARBLES [Elgin Marbles], ancient sculptures taken from Athens to England in 1806 by Thomas Bruce, 7th earl of Elgin; other fragments exist in several European museums.
		Consisting of much of the surviving frieze and other sculptures from the Parthenon, a caryatid, and a column from the Erechtheum, they were sold to the British government in 1816 and are now on view in the British Museum.
		How Lord Elgin lost his marbles; JULIAN CHAMPKIN tells the tragic story of Lord Elgin's obsession with the controversial Greek masterpieces - and how it eventually ruined him.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-elginmar.html (318 words)

	Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In the 19th century the term 'Elgin Marbles' was used for the contents of the Elgin Saloon, i.e.
		Furthermore, the sculptures left by Elgin have greatly deteriorated since the early 19th century and this destruction was noticed to have accelerated as early as the 1920s, with the immense growth of Athens, accompanied by industrial pollution and increasing motor traffic.
		In reply to the attacks on Lord Elgin, it cannot be stressed too much that without Lord Elgin's intervention the sculptures of the Parthenon would be in a very sorry state and that the modern removal of the west pediment figures and the west frieze demonstrate this absolutely.
	www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk /gr/debate.html (5001 words)

	The Parthenon Marbles (or Elgin Marbles) Restoration to Athens, Greece - History of the Marbles
		Elgin had been engaged for some years building a grand country house, to be called Broomhall.
		In the spring of 1802 Elgin came over to Athens himself, congratulated his team and oversaw personally the removal of the stunning horse's head from the chariot of the waning moon (Selene) in the east pediment.
		Lord Elgin left Constantinople with his family on 16 January 1803, was captured by the French and held prisoner for the next three years.
	www.parthenonuk.com /history_of_the_marbles.php (3568 words)

	The importance of the Elgin Marbles Parthenon Frieze and its symbolism
		The importance of the Elgin Marbles Parthenon Frieze and its symbolism
		The symbolism of the Parthenon with the Athena statue on the Acropolis of Athens suggests that stories told by Plato were (1) common knowledge among the Athenian intelligensia (2) universally held to be true and (3) resulted in the building of the greatest temple ever built.
		The value of Lord Elgin's "rescue" of the frieze could be better appreciated: on the far right, the figure of Eros and of Aphrodite's legs is on the Hammerwood copy but has been erased from the surface of the originals in the British Museum.
	www.hammerwood.mistral.co.uk /elgin.htm (5509 words)

	The Parthenon and the Elgin Marbles
		From a letter Elgin wrote on March 16, 1815, it is apparent that the sculptures were still in the coal shed at Burlington House, "decaying from the destructive dampness", as Elgin himself admits.
		The British arguments against returning the marbles are first, that they were bought legitimately from the Turks on the basis of a legal document (the Sultan's firman); secondly, that they removed them with the object of saving them from total destruction and, thirdly, that the Greeks were indifferent to the fate of their ancient treasures.
		Elgin also removed important architectural members from the temple of Aphrodite at Daphni, while from the courtyard of the Athenian Logothetis, who was British consul at the time, he acquired exceptional ancient sculptures which decorated a fountain.
	www.craigflower.supanet.com /college/vran1.htm (9999 words)

	EducationGuardian.co.uk \| eG weekly \| Who should have the Elgin marbles?
		Elgin got permission to send artists to Greece to sketch and excavate in and around its many ancient sites, including the Parthenon, one of several sacred buildings on the Acropolis "rock" dominating Athens.
		Elgin wanted the Parthenon marbles for himself but debt forced him to offer them to the British government.
		The deadlock over the Parthenon marbles is in contrast to a big shift among British museums over items in their collections that were acquired in doubtful ways.
	education.guardian.co.uk /egweekly/story/0,5500,519048,00.html (754 words)

	Lord Elgin and the Parthenon Sculptures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Marble block from the west frieze of the Temple of A...
		The following year, Elgin was granted a firman (letter of instruction) that required the authorities in Athens not to hinder his employees in this work, and in addition allow him to 'take away any pieces of stone with inscriptions or figures'.
		Part of the east frieze was taken down, and almost all of the metopes on the east, north and west sides were deliberately defaced.
	www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk /compass/ixbin/goto?id=enc852 (574 words)

	TED Case Study Template -- Elgin Marbles
		The British Museum is the current owner of the Elgin Marbles as stated in an Act of Parliament passed by the House of Commons in June of 1816 (18).
		Even if the marbles were never restored to the Parthenon, but rather displayed in the museum on the Acropolis, the location and the artifacts could resonate their meaning and history to visitors in a more powerful way than the marbles ca n currently in the British Museum.
		Currently, the marbles are accessible to many visitors of the British Museum which is a scholarly and safe environment for the marbles to be housed.
	www.american.edu /TED/greekmarbles.htm (3575 words)

	Case Study
		Known as the Elgin Marbles, they continue to be the focal pointn of an ongoing debate that will ultimately determine the historical influence of a particularly important culture.
		Elgin's men took down the sculptures from the temple where they had been standing for some 2,250 years, destroying in the process the surrounding parts of the structure.
		Of the 97 surviving blocks of the Parthenon frieze, 56 are in the British Museum and 40 are in Athens.
	www.american.edu /projects/mandala/TED/monument.htm (2734 words)

	G. Wood: Lord Elgin's Nose (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The anxiety of that transgression is evident in the select parliamentary committee report on the proposed purchase of the marbles, in their persistent worrying over the question of the authority under which the marbles had been made available for purchase by the state.
		Rather, it is Elgin's ill-health, specifically, a degenerative condition of the face concentrated in the nose, that appears to have determined the course of Lady Elgin's disaffection.
		Elgin's salvaging his own emaciated image from the ruins of the Acropolis dramatizes for us a similar pathology wherein the structural contradiction of the imperial project, conceived by the select parliamentary committee on the marbles as a problem of Elgin's authority, of a power exercised without authority, is exposed like a skull beneath corrupted flesh:
	prometheus.cc.emory.edu /panels/5E/G.Wood.html (2302 words)

	Free Life Commentary No 89
		After various adventures, the Marbles were bought in 1816 by the British Government, and housed in the British Museum, where they are now displayed in the fine gallery presented to the nation in 1939 by the generosity of Lord Duveen.
		Of course, the claim for the Elgin Marbles is said to be an exceptional one.
		The Elgin Marbles are presently in London, and by all that we may regard as sacred, it is our duty to keep them there.
	www.seangabb.co.uk /flcomm/flc089.htm (2910 words)

	What are the Parthenon Marbles? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This statue was damaged by fire as early as 200BC and it is thought that a new statue replaced it in 165-160BC.
		Not all of the Parthenon Marbles, however, survive down to the present day.
		So the Parthenon Marbles are almost equally divided -- half in London and half in Athens.
	www.uk.digiserve.com /mentor/marbles/pmarb.htm (478 words)

	The Elgin Marbles: Finders, Keepers? - Art History
		The sculptures were removed under the direction of Lord Elgin, the 7th Earl of Elgin, otherwise known as Thomas Bruce, who was appointed ambassador to Constantinople while it was under Ottoman Turkish rule in the late 1700s.
		The Marbles were soon moved to the British Museum where they have been on public display to the present day.
		As one might expect, the Greeks consider the Parthenon to be one of the most important symbols of their cultural heritage and claim the right to preserve it not only for its citizens but for the entire international community.
	www.bellaonline.com /articles/art31768.asp (625 words)

	Playing for all Elgin Marbles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Lady Elgin was even invited to Topkapi Palace to meet the power behind the throne -- the sultan's mother, or Valida Sultana -- becoming the first Westerner invited to witness the opulence and mystery of the fabled harem.
		Elgin was then a prisoner of war in France and Mary, in London, received a visit from officials who offered to take the marbles off her hands.
		Elgin was acting on his own, and not on the behest of the British Government.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1182880/posts (3931 words)

	Elgin Marbles - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Elgin Marbles - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		The surface of marble crumbles readily when exposed to a moist, acid atmosphere, but marble is durable in a dry atmosphere and when protected from...
		When the Parthenon was built between 447 bc and 432 bc, marble sculptures were created to adorn it, often part of the structure of the Parthenon...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Elgin_Marbles.html (165 words)

	Discovery Channel :: News :: Elgin Marbles Dispute Takes New Twist
		Indeed, the 17 figures and 56 panels chiseled off in 1801 by Lord Elgin from a giant frieze that once decorated ancient Athens' most sacred shrine, the Parthenon, bear dramatic signs of the British Museum's heavy-handed cleaning scandal in the 1930s.
		According to Snodgrass, who has chaired the British Committee for the Reunification of the Parthenon Marbles since 2002, the difference between British museum's marbles and the Greek ones is clear to anyone who compares them.
		He noted that the much-debated natural-stained patina is still present in the newly restored Greek marbles, while it is totally gone in the British museum's pieces.
	dsc.discovery.com /news/briefs/20041129/elginmarbles.html (630 words)

	The Elgin Marbles: Should They Be Returned to Greece?
		The Elgin Marbles, designed and executed by Phidias to adorn the Parthenon, are some of the most beautiful sculptures of ancient Greece.
		In 1801 Lord Elgin, then British ambassador to the Turkish government in Athens, had pieces of the frieze sawn off and removed to Britain, where they remain, igniting a storm of controversy which has continued to the present day.
		Graham Binns succeeded Robert Browning as Chairman of the British Committee for the Restitution of the Parthenon Marbles in 1997.
	www.versobooks.com /books/ghij/h-titles/hitchens_elgin_marbles.shtml (233 words)

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