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	Elias Boudinot (Cherokee) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Boudinot was part of a prominent Cherokee family, the brother of Stand Watie, nephew of Major Ridge and cousin of John Ridge.
		Boudinot, the Ridges, John Ross, Charles Hicks, and his son, Elijah Hicks formed the ruling elite of the Cherokee Nation, which came to believed that rapid acculturation was critical to Cherokee surivial.
		Elias Boudinot, Major Ridge and John Ridge were assassinated in 1839 for their role in the treaty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Elias_Boudinot_(Cherokee) (518 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Elias Boudinot (ca. 1804-1839)
		In the mid-1820s the Cherokee Nation was under enormous pressure from surrounding states, especially Georgia, to move to a territory west of the Mississippi River.
		Earlier in the spring of 1826 Boudinot had embarked on a national speaking tour to elicit financial, spiritual, and political support for the Cherokee Nation's continuing progress in the "arts of civilization." His pamphlet, "An Address to the Whites" (1826), was based on a speech he made in Philadelphia.
		Boudinot pledged to print the official documents of the Nation and tracts on religion and temperance, as well as local and international news.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-626 (733 words)

	Elias Boudinot - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Elias Boudinot (1740–1821) was an early American lawyer and statesman from Elizabeth, New Jersey who was a delegate to the Continental Congress and a U.S. Congressman for New Jersey.
		Boudinot became a prominent lawyer and his practice prospered, As the revolution drew near, he aligned with the Whigs, and was elected to the New Jersey provincial assembly in 1775.
		Elias also became one of the focal points for rebel spies, who were sent to Staten Island and Long Island to observe and report on movements of specific British garrisons and regiments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Elias_Boudinot (1189 words)

	Elias Boudinot (Cherokee) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Elias was part of prominent Cherokee family, the brother of "Stand Watie" and also related "Major Ridge" and John Ridge.
		Eventually Elias and a small group of prominent Cherokee they signed the Treaty of New Echota, despite the fact that the tribe was almost entirely united behind the leadership of John Ross, who opposed any such treaty.
		The treaty was nonetheless ratified by congress, and the Cherokee were removed in the horrendous conditions known as the "Trail of Tears".
	www.peekskill.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Elias_Boudinot_(Cherokee) (364 words)

	Elias Boudinot (Cherokee): bio and encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Elias was part of prominent Cherokee family, the brother of "Stand Watie (Stand Watie: stand watie (12 december 1806-9 september 1871) was a brigadier general of...
		Elias' "Cherokee Phoenix" published partially in Sequoyah (Sequoyah: Cherokee who created a notation for writing the Cherokee language (1770-1843)) s syllabary (syllabary: A writing system whose characters represent syllables), but mostly in English, was meant to showcase Cherokee "civilization".
		The treaty was nonetheless ratified by congress, and the Cherokee were removed in the horrendous conditions known as the "Trail of Tears (Trail of Tears: the trail of tears refers to the forced removal of the cherokee american indian tribe...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/elias_boudinot_cherokee (499 words)

	White Dove's Native American Indian Site Boudinot, Elias (Boudinott aka: Buck Watie, Galagina [Kaikeena])
		Elias Boudinot (or Boudinott; he was also known as Buck Watie or Galagina [Kiakeena]) epitomizes the generation of Cherokee leaders who guided their people through a profound cultural transformation.
		Buck Watie, as Boudinot was known to the missionaries, enrolled in school in 1811, and he proved so apt that a representative of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, an underdenominational organization headquartered in Boston, invited Buck, his cousin John Ridge, and another boy to attend the Foreign Mission School in Cornwall, Connecticut.
		Despite his ignominious demise, however, Elias Boudinot had helped foster adaptability and resilience among the Cherokees, qualities that enabled his nation to survive the trauma of removal, to rebuild in the West, and to endure the present.
	users.multipro.com /whitedove/encyclopedia/boudinot-elias-boudinott-buck-watie-galagina-kaikeena-appr-1804-1839.html (1055 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Cherokee Phoenix
		The General Council of the Cherokee Nation, in collaboration with the Reverend Samuel Worcester of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, established a printing office at New Echota in 1828 and offered the position of editor to a formally educated Cherokee named Elias Boudinot.
		In the mid-1820s the Cherokee Nation was under pressure from the surrounding states, primarily Georgia, to either relinquish their sovereignty or move to a territory west of the Mississippi River.
		In August 1832 Boudinot was forced to resign, and Elijah Hicks, an anti-removal Cherokee, became the editor of the Phoenix.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?path=/Media/Journalism/Newspapers/IndividualNewspapers&id=h-611 (671 words)

	Elias Boudinot
		Elias Boudinot was born Gul-la-gee-nah "Buck Deer" Watie, brother of Stand Watie, in Georgia in 1802.
		Although active in Cherokee government, Boudinot is best known for signing the Treaty of New Echota in 1835, which traded Cherokee ancestral homelands in the east for lands west of the Mississippi River.
		Boudinot and two other members of the Treaty Party, Major Ridge and John Ridge, were killed on June 22, 1839, for signing the treaty.
	www.georgiatribeofeasterncherokee.com /EliasBoudinot.htm (143 words)

	Chronicles of Oklahoma
		Finally in desperation the Cherokees in council in October 1829 declared they would give up no more and adopted a resolution declaring that any member of the tribe who should thereafter undertake to cede any part of their tribal domain should be punished by death.
		The Cherokee Nation was aroused to a frenzy of indignation, and remonstrances signed by more than ninety per cent of the tribe were sent to the United States Senate pleading against the ratification of the treaty.
		Elias Boudinot was engaged in building, his house at Park Hill but left with three men for the home of Dr. Worcester to secure medicine for them.
	digital.library.okstate.edu /chronicles/v012/v012p019.html (1966 words)

	TN Encyclopedia: ELIAS BOUDINOT
		Elias Boudinot, Cherokee publisher and signer of the removal treaty, was born around 1802 in what is now North Georgia and given the name Buck Oo-watie Galagina, or Stag.
		Boudinot completed his education at Andover Theological Seminary and returned to the Cherokees as a missionary in 1826.
		In an 1837 pamphlet Boudinot justified the actions of the treaty faction by pointing to the superior power of the United States.
	tennesseeencyclopedia.net /imagegallery.php?EntryID=B065 (493 words)

	Heath Anthology of American LiteratureElias Boudinot (Cherokee) - Author Page
		In spring, 1826, Boudinot was sent on a tour of the eastern United States by the General Council of the Cherokee Nation to solicit donations for a national academy and for printing equipment.
		Worcester was a missionary with whom Boudinot collaborated in translations of the New Testament and a Cherokee hymnal.
		Like most of the Cherokees, at first Boudinot resisted such a move, arguing that the Cherokees had adapted to white civilization and should be allowed to remain on their lands and preserve their political integrity.
	college.hmco.com /english/lauter/heath/4e/students/author_pages/early_nineteenth/boudinotcherokee_el.html (896 words)

	The Cherokee Phoenix
		The Cherokee Phoenix, which is still published today, acted as the official voice of the government for the seven years that it was published from an office in the capital city of New Echota.
		Boudinot soon began to embrace the idea and his changing attitude was reflected in the editorials he wrote for the paper.
		Cherokee still living nearby in May, 1838 were rounded up and kept in Fort Wool (more), finally marching off on the "Trail of Tears." Then, for more than 100 years the property lay dormant and nature took its course.
	ngeorgia.com /history/phoenix.html (1273 words)

	Text 3 Reading, Topic: Expansion, Toolbox: The Triumph of Nationalism - The House Dividing, Toolbox Library, Teacher ...
		Elias Boudinot's "Address to the Whites" and Lewis Cass's "Removal of the Indians," which follows, explore, among other topics, the Indians' place in the relationship between westward expansion and the market economy.
		Elias Boudinot was born Gallegina Watie in the Cherokee nation in 1802.
		Boudinot addresses that issue early in his speech and then goes on to discuss civilizing in broader terms and in the process makes a case for placing Indians under federal rather than state control.
	www.nhc.rtp.nc.us /pds/triumphnationalism/expansion/text3/text3read.htm (556 words)

	Honorees - Elias Boudinot
		I am for making the situation of the Cherokees a question of momentous interest, subject to a free and friendly discussion among ourselves, as the only way to ascertain the will of the people as to what might be done in the last alternative.
		Boudinot and other members of the "Treaty Party" secretly signed a treaty with the United States, for which they were reviled as traitors.
		And, in 1839, after the Cherokees had been removed to Indian Territory (later the state of Oklahoma), Boudinot and the other signatories were "sentenced to death" by a vigilante assembly for breaking an 1826 Cherokee law against ceding Cherokee lands.
	www.libs.uga.edu /gawriters/boudinot.html (1223 words)

	Elias Boudinot, Publisher of the Cherokee Phoenix (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Boudinot was selected as editor of the national newspaper because of his experience, his ability to use both English and the new "Talking Leaves," a written language contributed by the warrior Sequoyah, and his friendship with Samuel Worcester, known to the Cherokee as "The Messenger."
		Boudinot wrote on a wide variety of subjects from the settlers' thirst for land and gold to more mundane topics such as the evils of alcohol.
		The shaping of Elias Boudinot's belief that removal was the only answer for his nation can be witnessed in the editorial tone of the Cherokee Phoenix.
	ngeorgia.com /people/boudinot.html (1075 words)

	Elias Boudinot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Elias Boudinot passed the rest of his life at Burlington, New Jersey, and devoted his retirement years to the study of biblical literature.
		Cherokee Boudinot was a signer of the Treaty of New Echota, which ceded Native American Lands to Georgia and was primarily responsible for the Trail of Tears.
		Boudinot was also interested in the instruction of deaf-mutes, the education of young men for the ministry, and efforts for the relief of the poor.
	www.eliasboudinot.com /boudinot/boudinot3 (1931 words)

	Elias Boudinot (Cherokee) (c.1802-1839) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Boudinot seeks to and succeeds in breaking the stereotype of the Indian established by Irving's "Traits of Indian Character" and other writing that established the Indian as uneducated and shiftless.
		It is important to stress that Boudinot was trying to persuade his white audience to take a particular course of action.
		Boudinot was writing in the oratorical mode used by mainstream writers at the time.
	www.georgetown.edu /faculty/bassr/heath/syllabuild/iguide/boudinot.html (185 words)

	PAL:Elias Boudinot (Buck Watie, Cherokee) (1802?-1839)
		During the course of his journey he visited Elias Boudinot, the eminent jurist and diplomat, who was his patron and benefactor.
		He labored with the missionaries in translating the Bible into the Cherokee language and he was the editor of the Cherokee Phoenix, which was the first paper published for any Indian tribe.
		Stand Watie, the Cherokee Confederate leader, was a younger brother of Boudinot.
	www.csustan.edu /english/reuben/pal/chap3/boudinot.html (591 words)

	Boudinot Honored for Long Service to Arkansas » The Arkansas News
		Boudinot was deeply involved with the history of Arkansas and neighboring Indian Territory.
		Born in the Cherokee Nation in Georgia in 1835, he was the son of Elias Boudinot, a leader of his tribe and editor of the Cherokee Phoenix, the first newspaper published by American Indians.
		Boudinot represented former fl slaves of the Cherokees (known as the Cherokee Freedmen), in their claims against the tribe, as well as the Delawares and Shawnees.
	www.oldstatehouse.com /educational_programs/classroom/arkansas_news/detail.asp?id=364&issue_id=27&page=1 (394 words)

	GRAPHIC COMM CENTRAL
		Elias Boudinot was a young Cherokee male who was sent to a mission school in Cornwall, Connecticut.
		Boudinot again embraced in his people's affairs and culture, but now with a new passion for its survival as well as his own.
		Elias Boudinot, a printer and publisher, carried on the work of the great Sequoyah and in doing so helped preserve the culture of the Cherokee nation.
	teched.vt.edu /GCC/HTML/PrintingsPast/Boudinot.html (650 words)

	Elias BOUDINOT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cherokee name is Galagina, signifying either "male deer" or "turkey." He was educated in the same mission school at Cornwall, Connecticut, which he entered in 1818 as his Cousin JOHN RIDGE at the instance of the philanthropist whose name he adopted.
		By resolution of the Cherokee council in 1827 a national paper was authorized, and in 1828 the Cherokee Phoenix appeared under Elias BOUDINOT's editorship.
		From 1823 until he was murdered, June 22, 1839, on account of his support of the "RIDGE treaty" or the New Echota Treaty by the terms of which the Cherokee were removed to the West, Elias BOUDINOT was joint translator with Rev. Samuel A. Worcester of a number of the Gospels.
	freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com /~prsjr/na/people/cherokee/boudinot.htm (323 words)

	Elias Boudinot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Born in Philadelphia in 1740, Elias Boudinot served as a delegate from New Jersey to the Continental Congress from 1777 to 1778, and again from 1781 to 1784.
		As a private citizen, Boudinot was a trustee of what is now Princeton University, where he founded the natural history department in 1805.
		Boudinot died in Burlington in 1821, and is buried in St. Mary's churchyard with his wife, Hannah Stockton Boudinot.
	08016.com /boudinot.html (189 words)

	Fort Tours \| Elias Boudinot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Elias Boudinot was born in 1802 in the Cherokee Nation, Georgia and was the brother of Stand Watie.
		A member of the prominent Ridge-Watie-Boudinot Cherokee family, he played an active role in the signing of the Treaty of New Echota which called for the removal of the Cherokees to a new home in the west.
		For his participation in the removal of the Indians, Boudinot was tried by a secret meeting and condemned to death.
	www.forttours.com /pages/mohboudinot.asp (121 words)

	Pictures of our Nobler Selves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Liberty was as dear to Boudinot and to the Cherokee as it was to the founders of the United States of America.
		Boudinot believed in discourse, conversation in the printed columns that debated the merits of a policy, even a policy as controversial as removal.
		Boudinot knew exactly what was at stake: It was treason, and tribal law clearly called for the death penalty for agreeing to removal.
	www.public.asu.edu /~bolshoi/Cherokee/database/CherokeeJournalistReport.htm (4817 words)

	Chronicles of Oklahoma
		Boudinot chose "Buck" as the student upon whom he would bestow gifts, and as was the custom, "Buck", with his patron's consent, took his name and thereafter was known to the world as Elias Boudinot.
		Elias Boudinot, together with Major Ridge and his son, John, were assassinated in the Indian Territory by political enemies.
		This house, and the Boudinot house and the Vann house and the Ross house should all be restored to their one-time beauty, and kept as patriotic shrines, in memory of those noble Cherokee men and women of the past, many of whom both Georgia and Tennessee can claim as distinguished citizens.
	digital.library.okstate.edu /chronicles/v011/v011p0927.html (4078 words)

	CHEROKEE
		The Cherokee had asked to be an independent nation when addressed by the fledgling American government in 1785.
		The Cherokee fought their removal and won a temporary stay from the Supreme Court in 1832.
		The Cherokee removed to Oklahoma in favor of white settlers had only a small matter of time to wait before that land was wanted by homesteaders, too.
	thewildwest.org /interface/index.php?action=198 (726 words)

	Manataka Cherokee Books
		Cherokee Americans is, ironically, the first comprehensive account of the twentieth-century experience of a band that is known to and photographed by millions of tourists.
		This Cherokee boy's journal, written as he traveled on the trail of tears is fiction, but so carefully researched it gives a historically correct and vividly realistic picture of the experience of those on this hard, imposed journey to Oklahoma.
		Cherokee mysticism was seldom whispered about in the outside world until James Mooney began his scholarly research in 1891.There has been no comprehensive study of Cherokee supernaturalism since until Alan Kirkpatrick undertook this study.
	www.manataka.org /page478.html (2158 words)

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