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Topic: Elk Cloner

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List of computer viruses

(c)Brain

Notable computer viruses and worms

Rich Skrenta

CIH virus

Blaster worm

Sobig worm

Sircam

Morris worm

Melissa worm

Visual Basic

Code Red worm

MIT

SCO Group

Parthenon

	Elk Cloner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Elk Cloner is the first known computer virus that has spread "in the wild", i.e., outside the computer system or lab it was written in.
		Elk Cloner spread by infecting the Apple II's operating system, stored on floppy disks.
		Like many of the early viruses, Elk Cloner did not cause any deliberate harm, although some sources suggest that it could harm disks not containing the operating system.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/e/el/elk_cloner.html (406 words)

	Elk Cloner - a Whatis.com definition
		Elk Cloner was the first computer virus known to have spread in the wild.
		Elk Cloner was not intended to cause damage, but was created as a practical joke.
		Elk Cloner's capacity to copy itself (the major criterion of a virus) made it possible for Skrenta to continue to annoy his friends without requiring physical access.
	whatis.techtarget.com /gDefinition/0,294236,sid8_gci989616,00.html (328 words)

	Rich Skrenta's home page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Cloner counted boots; it played other subtle tricks about every five boots.
		Cloner was also mentioned in Computer Recreations (Scientific American, March, 1985 I think), and also made it into Time (November 4, 1985).
		Cloner used B3BF for the boot count; its version number was stamped at B3C2.
	www.skrenta.com /cloner/clone-post.html (517 words)

	Elk Cloner - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was written around 1982 by a 15-year-old high school student named Rich Skrenta for Apple II systems.
		When the computer was booted from an infected floppy, a copy of the virus would automatically start.
		Then came Cloner, which could annoy friends without Skrenta physically gaining access to their disks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Elk_Cloner (430 words)

	Viruslist.com - Early 1980s (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Elk Cloner virus infected the boot sector for Apple II computers.
		In those days, operating systems were stored on floppy disks: as a result the floppies were infected and the virus was launched every time the machine was booted up.
		Users were startled by the side effects and often infected friends by sharing floppies, since most people had no idea what viruses were, much less how they spread.
	www.viruslist.com /en/viruses/encyclopedia?chapter=153311030 (644 words)

	Students delete history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This replicator spread from computer to computer on infected Apple II system disks, and every 50th time the system disk was run it would print a simple ditty on the screen concerning "Elk Cloner: the program with personality".
		Elk Cloner was wildly successful, quickly infecting all the computers used by Skrenta and his friends, even infecting the computers used by the staff at his school.
		Elk Cloner died out not as a result of any clever antivirus strategy, but simply because the Apple II itself was superseded by other personal computer platforms in the 1980s.
	www.vnunet.com /articles/print/2086036 (552 words)

	Hack Related
		wrote a program called Elk Cloner that stayed resident in system memory after its disk was removed, but would later copy itself to any new disk inserted into the drive.
		Elk Cloner counted the number of times the infected disk was booted from, and on the fiftieth boot, the screen would display a little poem.
		The source code for Elk Cloner is available from Rich's website.
	radio.weblogs.com /0127519/categories/hackRelated/2003/08/05.html (487 words)

	Doug's Dynamic Drivel: Just for the Elk of it (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Mac users like to heap scorn on Windows users for the large amount of viruses that attack computers running Windows (completey forgetting of course that they are such a miniscule percentage of the desktops and servers out there that it simply isn't worth the time or efforst of a virus writer to focus on them).
		however, it is worthwhile remembering that the very first virus to spread in the wild was the Elk Cloner virus
		Richard Skrenta, then fifteen years old, wrote the virus for the Apple II operating system, which was stored on floppy diskettes.
	www.thealders.net /blogs/archive/001964.html (262 words)

	Lycos Ricerca: cloner
		Elk Cloner is the first known computer virus that has spread "in the wild," i.e., outside the...
		Elk Cloner spread by infecting the Apple II's...
		Elk Cloner (circa 1982) Elk Cloner: The program with a personality It will get on all your disks It will infiltrate your chips Yes it's Cloner!
	cerca.lycos.it /cgi-bin/pursuit?query=cloner (271 words)

	Amazon.com: "Elk Cloner": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Message displayed by the Elk Cloner virus Elk Cloner: The program with a personality It will get on all your disks It will infiltrate your chips...
		Elk Cloner's payloads included inverting the screen and displaying a text message.
		The very first PC virus, called Elk Cloner, was written in 1981 for the Apple Macintosh.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Elk-Cloner (544 words)

	A History of Viruses
		I realized that a self-propagating program could be written, but rather than blowing up quickly, to the extent that it laid low it could spread beyond the first person to others as well.
		Skrenta's choice of platform is perhaps the only reason why Elk Cloner is not often seen "in the wild" today - in the history of viruses, non-PC-based malware has never flourished as widely as those written for IBM-compatible systems.
		We've already come a long way from the Elk Cloner virus, which infected only one type of file (the boot sector) on one particular operating system (Apple DOS).
	www.securityfocus.com /infocus/1286 (2036 words)

	History of Malware, Viruses, and Worms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		They were executable environments where each user's programming instructions tried to live as long as possible before being killed off by someone else's program.
		In 1982, a ninth-grade high school student, Richard Skrenta, wrote the first PC-based virus, an Apple II boot program called Elk Cloner.
		Like Elk Cloner, it spread around the world.
	www.computersecurityfaq.com /history_of_malware.html (479 words)

	Digital Life: Viruses
		Real-life computer viruses were in existence in the early 1980s, with perhaps the earliest one being Elk Cloner, written for DOS 3.3 on the Apple ][ (circa 1982).
		Cloner infected disks, and counted the number of times an infected disk had been used.
		There were several other viruses for Apple platforms (including the Macintosh) in the 1980s, such as Festering Hate, Scores, and a peace-loving virus that conveyed a "UNIVERSAL MESSAGE OF PEACE" to "all Macintosh users around the world" on a specific date.
	www.kernelthread.com /publications/security/viruses.html (1662 words)

	Realtime Nexus - The Digital Library • The Definitive Guide to Controlling Malware, Spyware, Phishing, and Spam - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The basic goal was to get the virus loaded into memory when the legitimate program was executed and then to infect other programs.
		For example, the Elk Cloner virus, written in 1982 by a 15-year-old high school student is generally regarded as the first computer virus outside a research institution (where predecessors of viruses and worms were experimented with since the 1960s).
		Elk Cloner and Brain are examples of parasitic viruses; they used hosts to replicate but did not damage the host systems.
	cc.realtimepublishers.com /previews/DGCMSPS_ch3.htm (1490 words)

	The New Virus Threat - Fun Facts, Questions, Answers, Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It was called 'Elk Cloner' and displayed a little rhyme on the screen, delivered by the floppy disks that contained the operating system.
		Apple II A 15 year-old High School student, Richard Skrenta, wrote Elk Cloner.
		It was the first virus that could change its signature (binary pattern) with each new replication in an attempt to escape detection from antivirus software.
	www.funtrivia.com /en/subtopics/The-New-Virus-Threat-189341.html (1164 words)

	As Computer Virus Celebrates 20th Anniversery, The Battle Continues And Gets Tougher
		Apple computers had been hit a few years earlier by something called Elk Cloner, written by a ninth-grade student from Pittsburgh, Penn.
		In the days before the Internet, viruses were spread by infected diskettes which were used to boot computers and store programs.
		Cloner displayed this message the 50th time a disk was used to boot a computer: "Elk Cloner: The program with a personality.
	www.accessible-devices.com /tougher.html (812 words)

	The Risks Digest Volume 6: Issue 71
		Here are descriptions of a virus and a nasty program header which run on the Apple II family.
		=============== The Elk Cloner V2.0 I found the Elk Cloner V2.0 #005 on a disk of mine in 1981 or 82.
		I'm not sure how it initially gains control; apparently it is loaded in with some trash from T0 SA which DOS loads for no apparent reason.
	catless.ncl.ac.uk /Risks/6.71.html (2344 words)

	Are You Up To Date On Your Virus and Worm History? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		They were essentially executable environments where each user’s programming instructions tried to live as long as possible before being killed off by someone else’s program.
		Fast forward to 1982, when Richard Skrenta, a ninth-grade high school student from Pittsburgh, Pa., wrote the first PC-based virus, a 400-line Apple II boot program called Elk Cloner.
		Several other computer worms followed, and the Apple computer became the platform of choice for virus writers.
	www.accessible-devices.com /history.html (591 words)

	Computer virus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A program called "Elk Cloner" is credited with being the first computer virus to appear "in the wild" -- that is, outside the single computer or lab where it was created.
		Only this time, instead of playing the game, it would change to a blank screen that read a poem about the virus named Elk Cloner.
		The first PC virus was a boot sector virus called (c)Brain, created in 1986 by two brothers, Basit and Amjad Farooq Alvi, operating out of Lahore, Pakistan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Computer_virus (6879 words)

	Computer Knowledge - Virus History Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It was spread on Apple II floppy disks (which contained the operating system) and reputed to have spread from Texas AandM.
		For more info on Elk Cloner see http://www.skrenta.com/cloner/
		Fred Cohen's seminal paper Computer Viruses - Theory and Experiments from 1984 defines a computer virus and describes the experiments he and others performed to prove that the concept of a computer virus was viable.
	www.cknow.com /vtutor/HistoryofViruses.html (3449 words)

	Episode BritishMac003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Virus news for Mac and PC Although Brain was the first PC virus, it was not the first malicious computer program.
		It was written around 1982 by a 15-year-old high school student named
		Like many of the early viruses, Elk Cloner did not cause any deliberate harm, although it could harm disks not containing the standard
	www.britishmac.com /show_notes/volume_one/pages/66.html (3367 words)

	Waxy.org: Daily Log: Pervading Animal and Elk Cloner
		This site will look much, much better in a browser that supports web standards, but it is accessible to any browser or Internet device.
		Home: Daily Log: Pervading Animal and Elk Cloner
		In January of 1975, John Walker discovered a new way of distributing his Univac game files and inadvertently wrote the world's first computer virus.
	www.waxy.org /archive/2003/08/03/pervadin.shtml (457 words)

	Know Your Enemy to Defeat It
		Get to know the basics of malware and what to do about it.
		From the very first virus in the wild -- "Elk Cloner" -- which infected Apple II systems back in 1982, to "Sasser", "Blaster" and "MyDoom", viruses are as much a part of the PC as the operating system.
		Unfortunately, their role on the PC has evolved from simple jokes to causing millions of dollars in damage due to employee hours consumed and hardware replacement costs.
	www.serveriq.net /article2/0,1895,1984346,00.asp (1180 words)

	Blacklist Versus Whitelist Software Solutions
		The first virus-like program called Hipboot was seen in the 1970s.
		The first virus in the wild, seen in 1981, was called Elk Cloner, and was propagated via Apple II floppy disks.
		Later on, in 1986, two brothers from Pakistan infected the boot sector of a floppy disk with a virus called Brain.1 This is generally known as the first computer virus in history.
	www.faronics.com /htmldocs/Blacklist_vs_Whitelist.asp (2031 words)

	ThinkGeek :: Pet Computer Viruses - Starter Collection
		Why nobody has thought of collecting and packaging viruses into a networked device is beyond us.
		The world at large has been enthralled with computer viruses ever since 1981 when the virus from Texas A&M, named 'Elk Cloner', propagated on Apple II floppies and repeatedly displayed the following prose on many screens:
		Since then, viruses have come along way in both creativity and intent.
	www.thinkgeek.com /stuff/41/virus.shtml (308 words)

	That's Plenty: The Broken Windows Theory 1864 Style. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		That's Plenty: The Broken Windows Theory 1864 Style.
		1982, was the year of my birth, the birth of the first computer virus ("Elk Cloner"), and the beginning of what would become the...uhhgg...Yuppies, or as they were first called YUPS.
		This term was first coined in 1981 but was made popular in the Chicago Reader's reprinting of Alice Kahn's East Bay Express Article.
	www.thatsplenty.com /2006/11/the_broken_windows_theory_1864.html (1468 words)

	History of Viruses
		On the other hand, viruses which have been seen with any regularity are termed ``in the wild.'' The first computer viruses were developed in the early 1980s.
		The first viruses found in the wild were Apple II viruses, such as Elk Cloner, which was reported in 1981 [Den90].
		Viruses have now been found on the following platforms:
	csrc.nist.gov /publications/nistir/threats/subsubsection3_3_1_1.html (806 words)

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