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	Ellen Swallow Richards and Progressive women's movements
		Richards was the first woman admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the first scientist to conduct stream by stream water surveys in the United States.
		Richards never expected to be admitted to MIT when she wrote to ask if women were permitted to study there, but her former teachers at Vassar College gave her such strong references that MIT's president gave her a provisional admission.
		Richards believed that environment was the major factor in the quality of life and argued vehemently against "eugenic" attempts to improve "the race" of people by scientific selection of parental partners.
	www.radford.edu /~wkovarik/envhist/richards.html (1399 words)

	Ellen Swallow Richards: Tributes: Institute Archives & Special Collections: MIT
		Richards was born at Dunstable, Mass., in 1842, the daughter of Peter and Fanny G. Swallow.
		Richards was appointed instructor in Sanitary Chemistry at the Institute of Technology, a position which she held at the time of her death.
		Richards was the inspirer of the enterprise, and has not only given it the benefit of her experience and thorough scientific training, but has lavished upon it time, and strength, and money.
	libraries.mit.edu /archives/exhibits/esr/esr-tributes.html (2463 words)

	What Was Home Economics?
		Ellen Henrietta Swallow Richards (1842 - 1911) spent the early years of her adult life tending to her ill mother, until in 1868 at the age of twenty-five, she entered Vassar College as a junior.
		In June 1875 Ellen Swallow married Professor Robert Hallowell Richards, and in November, she created a Woman's Laboratory at MIT that would remain in operation until 1883, when women were allowed to join the men in MIT's classrooms.
		Ellen Richards had "faith in science as a cure-all." She used this faith to provide new avenues for women in the scientific arena, and in the process, she created the field of home economics.
	rmc.library.cornell.edu /homeEc/bios/ellenrichards.html (412 words)

	Ellen Swallow Richards - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ellen Swallow Richards (December 3, 1842 — March 30, 1911) was the foremost female industrial and environmental chemist in the United States in the 1800s, pioneering the field of home economics.
		Richards was the first woman admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and its first female instructor, the first woman in America accepted to any school of science and technology, and the first American woman to earn a degree in chemistry.
		Richards was a consulting chemist for the Massachusetts State Board of Health from 1872 to 1875, and the official water analyst from 1887 until 1897.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards (942 words)

	Women in Chemistry: Ellen Swallow Richards
		Richards then pursued chemical studies to determine the ingredients in groceries, along with their quality, which eventually led to state food and drug standards.
		Ellen Swallow Richards (1842–1911) was the daughter of an old but relatively poor New England family.
		Richards was very concerned to apply scientific principles to domestic topics—good nutrition, pure foods, proper clothing, physical fitness, sanitation, and efficient practices that would allow women more time for pursuits other than cooking and cleaning.
	www.chemheritage.org /women_chemistry/health/richards.html (535 words)

	Ellen Swallow Richards Biography \| World of Chemistry
		Swallow was born on December 3, 1842, in Dunstable, Massachusetts.
		Richards learned that women were seeking help with a wide range of problems, not all of which were scientific in nature, including manners of dress, food preparation, and exercise.
		Richards died of heart disease in 1911 at the age of 68.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/ellen-swallow-richards-woc (886 words)

	Ellen Swallow Richards
		Ellen Henrietta Swallow (1842-1911) was the first woman awarded a Bachelor of Science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston in 1873.
		The faculty of the new school were not as open-minded: admission of female students was not consistent with the present condition of the school and the organization of the classes.
		When Ellen Swallow applied, the faculty admitted her without tuition: the admission of women is as yet in the nature of an experiment.
	www.mit-amita.org /esr/swallow.html (264 words)

	Ellen Swallow Richards House -- NRHP Travel Itinerary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Ellen Swallow Richards, a 19th-century advocate for public sanitation and good health, is now recognized as the woman who created the fields of ecology and home economics.
		Despite her eventual fame, Richard's hopes for a higher education were frustrated until, at the age of 25, she entered Vassar College and studied under Maria Mitchell.
		In 1876, the Richards purchased this Italianate home and began systematically remodeling it to fit Ellen Swallow Richard's concerns as a pioneering environmental scientist as well as to serve as the laboratory for the Center for Right Living.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/travel/pwwmh/ma67.htm (357 words)

	Open Collections Program: Women Working: Ellen Richards
		Ellen Richards was a pioneering woman chemist, and one of the founders of the academic study of home economics.
		Ellen was the daughter of a poor Massachusetts family, and until the age of twenty-five she helped to financially support her family and care for her ill mother.
		Ellen was then admitted as a "special student" (without any financial charge) to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), because the school did not want to acknowledge admitting a female student by having her pay tuition.
	ocp.hul.harvard.edu /ww/people_richards.html (522 words)

	JCE Online: Biographical Snapshots: Snapshot
		Ellen was born on December 3, 1842 in Dunstable, Massachusetts to Peter Swallow and Fanny Gould Taylor.
		Ellen was fortunate to be able to attend and graduate from Westford Academy in Westford, Massachusetts.
		In 1883 Ellen received her first official appointment, albeit nonpaying, at MIT as instructor in the laboratory of sanitary chemistry.
	jchemed.chem.wisc.edu /JCEWWW/Features/eChemists/Bios/Richards.html (758 words)

	Women in Science: Ellen Swallow Richard--Chemical Engineer
		Ellen Swallow Richards (1842-1911), who introduced the word ecology in the United States in 1892, was an early and far-seeing exponent of that science.
		Raised on a Massachusetts farm, Richards was sporadically schooled until she made her way to Vassar College, where she first planned to follow in the footsteps of astronomer Maria Mitchell.
		Richards also made important contributions to industrial chemistry, metallurgy and domestic science and was a founder of the Association of Collegiate Alumni, percursor to the American Association of University Women.
	www.inventions.org /culture/science/women/richards.html (198 words)

	Ellen Swallow Richards
		The most prominent female American chemist of the 19th century, Ellen Swallow Richards (1842–1911), was another pioneer in sanitary engineering and a founder of home economics in the United States.
		Swallow, the daughter of an old but relatively poor New England family, was taught that a good education was important.
		Ellen Swallow Richards (left rear) with women students at MIT in 1888.
	www.chemheritage.org /classroom/chemach/environment/richards.html (561 words)

	Ellen Swallow Richards Papers, 1882-1910 : Biographical/Historical Note (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Ellen Swallow was born 3 December 1842 in Dunstable, Massachusetts.
		Richards was the first woman elected to the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers and in 1882 she helped found the Association of Collegiate Alumnae (later the American Association of University Women).
		During this time, Richards devised the first water purity tests and, beginning in 1887, she was put in charge of the laboratory; she ran it during the groundbreaking study of water pollution in Massachusetts that modernized sewage treatment ("The Great Sanitary Survey"), commissioned by the State Board of Health.
	asteria.fivecolleges.edu /findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss59_bioghist.html (323 words)

	Ellen Henrietta Swallow Richards
		The founder of home economics, Ellen Henrietta Swallow was the first woman admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. She was born December 3, 1842 in Dunstable, Massachusetts.
		Richards lobbied for providing school lunches and for the introduction of courses in domestic science into Boston public schools.
		Ellen Swallow Richards died March 30, 1911 in Boston, Massachusetts.
	www.distinguishedwomen.com /biographies/richards-es.html (736 words)

	Mass Moments: Ellen Swallow Marries Robert Richards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Ellen Swallow longed to continue her formal education, but there was no money to spare.
		The Richardses had no children, and after her marriage, Ellen Swallow Richards was able to devote herself to a cause very close to her heart, the scientific education of women.
		Ellen Swallow Richards's students from the Woman's Laboratory began to gain admission to regular courses at M.I.T. A group of local women raised $10,000 for a new building equipped with chemical laboratories and a parlor and reading room for women students.
	www.massmoments.org /moment.cfm?mid=165 (1133 words)

	_For Her Own Good_ (p. 152-153), Ellen Swallow Richards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Ellen Swallow Richards was facing the Woman Question ("what does a woman _do_ with her life?") at just about the time that Matthew Vassar endowed a college for women.
		Richards graduated from MIT -- with a second bachelor's degree -- there were still no places for her in the male world of chemistry.
		The section goes on to tell about how Richards, with her scorn for women's groups and then-modern feminism, swallowed (pun not intended) her indignation and went about, lecturing at women's groups, to get them so hyped to wanting to learn (what finally became called) Domestic Science that they would demand classes in it.
	www.holysmoke.org /fem/fem0365.htm (526 words)

	November 2, 2001 UNT Inhouse publication: UNT faculty member to write book about pioneering female food chemist
		But Richards' idea was radical for 1893, when she opened the Rumford Kitchen to provide lunch to people attending the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.
		Despite Richards' contributions to ecology, home economics and science, Lippincott says only two books were written about her – one in 1912 shortly after her death, and one in 1973.
		Lippincott conducted research on Richards this summer at the archives at MIT and the University of Chicago, which acquired the equipment for the Rumford Kitchen after it closed.
	www.unt.edu /inhouse/november22001/richardsresearch.htm (918 words)

	No. 794: Ellen Swallow Richards
		The very first woman in that lineage was Ellen Swallow, born in 1842 in a small New England town.
		Ruth Cowan tells us that Ellen's parents were schoolteacher/farmers -- that they gave her all the education she got until she was 25.
		Ellen Swallow finished her degree and stayed on as a chemistry assistant.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi794.htm (482 words)

	Fachhochschule Lübeck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		1868 Ellen Swallow begins her study of chemistry at the famous Vassar College in New York — the oldest “Women College” in the USA.
		Ellen Swallow Richards was the first woman in America to receive a degree in chemistry.
		Ellen Swallow Richards analyzed water and waste water systems, and developed quality standardsw for water.
	www.fh-luebeck.de /content/01_05_15_19/5/0.html (402 words)

	Innovation Odyssey - The Technology Trail
		In 1875, Ellen Richards appealed to the Women's Education Association of Boston for assistance in opening a Women's Laboratory to encourage women's participation in science.
		From 1884 until her death, she was an instructor at MIT, teaching courses in the analysis of air, water, and sewage.
		Richards was one of the founders of the discipline of sanitary engineering in the United States as well as being among the few women employed as a scientist.
	www.lit-trail.org /bostoninnovation/water.htm (404 words)

	Women in Science
		However, she stayed on as an assistant to her professor and set up a laboratory in a new discipline, “sanitary chemistry.” In 1884, she was appointed to the faculty as an instructor in the new field, teaching the analysis of food, water, sewage, and air to future sanitary engineers.
		Richards is also remembered for her work for the Massachusetts State Board of Health.
		Ellen Kovner came to Vassar on full scholarship, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, and graduated summa cum laude without ever having set foot in a science classroom.
	www.vassar.edu /SciWomen (1534 words)

	Ellen Swallow Richards (1842-1911) : Library of Congress Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Author: Richards, Ellen H. (Ellen Henrietta), Title: The dietary computer [microform] : explanatory pamphlet : the pamphlet containing tables of food composition, lists of prices, weights, and measures, selected recipes for the slips, directions for the using the same / by Ellen H. Richards, assisted by Louise Harding Williams.
		A biography of Ellen Swallow Richards, the first woman to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, founder of the American home economics movement, and first professional woman chemist.
		Heading: Richards, Ellen H. (Ellen Henrietta), 1842-1911 References: Swallow, Ellen, 1842-1911 Richards, Ellen Henrietta, 1842-1911 Notes: nuc86-18885: Her The relation of college women...
	www.mala.bc.ca /~Mcneil/cit/citlcrichards.htm (548 words)

	NWHM Biographies
		Richards was home-schooled by her parents, both teachers, and studied at Vassar College, where she became interested in chemistry.
		Richards was the first scientist to conduct stream by stream water surveys in the United States, and she was recognized worldwide for her analyses of minerals in the earth.
		Although not an outspoken activist for woman suffrage, Richards viewed improvements in scientific education as a key to the progress of women and the country.
	www.nmwh.org /Education/biography_esrichards.html (308 words)

	Ellen Swallow Richards: Institute Archives & Special Collections: MIT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In 1875 she appealed to the Women's Education Association of Boston for help in establishing a laboratory at MIT for the instruction of women in chemistry.
		She held the position of instructor in chemistry and mineralogy in the Women's Laboratory until it closed in 1883.
		From 1884 to her death in 1911, Richards was instructor in sanitary chemistry at MIT.
	libraries.mit.edu /archives/exhibits/esr/index.html (126 words)

	Ellen H. Richards Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Ellen H. Richards (1842-1911), a chemist and leader in applied science, was instrumental in creating the field of home economics and in broadening opportunities for women in science education.
		Peter and Fanny Swallow valued a good education, and they instilled in their only child Ellen ("Nellie") a passion for learning and meticulous attention to detail that later became the foundation for her life's work.
		Ellen Richard's parents met while attending New Ipswich Academy in New Hampshire and after their marriage, Peter Swallow combined teaching with farming.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/ellen-h-richards (201 words)

	Ellen Swallow Richards: Rumford Kitchen
		In the Department of Hygiene and Sanitation was the exhibit known as "The Rumford Kitchen," an outgrowth of the work in the application of the principles of chemistry to the science of cooking, which has for three years been carried on as an educational agency by Mrs.
		Richards which follows, and takes great satisfaction in the interest which this exhibit, endorsed as it was by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, awakened among the visitors from all parts of the world.
		Richards and those associated with her must of necessity be far-reaching and tend to popularize the very great importance of the subject to which it related.
	www.rumford.com /RumfordKitchen.html (884 words)

	Ellen Swallow Richards: The "Science of Right Living"
		Ellen Swallow Richards, Vassar class of 1870, didn't actually coin the term "ecology," but she might as well have.
		They never granted Richards the Ph.D., but they did finally officially hire her as their first woman faculty member in 1882, and she helped develop a new curriculum in air, water, and sewage chemistry.
		Richards established the discipline of "home economics" as a field of study - organized a summer conference in Lake Placid, New York, to hammer out the standards for teacher training and to devise the curriculum, cocreated the American Home Economics Association, and served as its first president.
	innovators.vassar.edu /innovator.html?id=43 (414 words)

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