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Topic: Elongation factor

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	[No title]
		Translation elongation factors are responsible for two main processes during protein synthesis on the ribosome [1, 2, 3].
		Elongation factors are responsible for achieving accuracy of translation and both EF1A and EF2 are remarkably conserved throughout evolution.
		Elongation factor EF1B (also known as EF-Ts or EF-1beta/gamma/delta) is a nucleotide exchange factor that is required to regenerate EF1A from its inactive form (EF1A-GDP) to its active form (EF1A-GTP).
	www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR001816 (487 words)

	Oxford Evolutionary Biology - The phylogenetic analysis of variable-length sequence data: elongation factor-1alpha ...
		Oxford Evolutionary Biology - The phylogenetic analysis of variable-length sequence data: elongation factor-1alpha introns in European populations of the parasitoid wasp genus Pauesia (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae).
		The phylogenetic analysis of variable-length sequence data: elongation factor-1alpha introns in European populations of the parasitoid wasp genus Pauesia (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae).
		Elongation factor-1alpha (EF-1alpha) is a highly conserved nuclear coding gene that can be used to investigate recent divergences due to the presence of rapidly evolving introns.
	evolve.zps.ox.ac.uk /publications.html?id=281 (430 words)

	Aging research; molecular concepts of aging, related diseases and cloning.
		Increased phosphorylation of elongation factor 2 during mitosis in transformed human amnion cells correlates with a decreased rate of protein synthesis.
		Elongation factor 2-specific calcium and calmodulin dependent protein kinase III activity in rat livers varies with age and calorie restriction.
		Dephosphorylation of the phosphorylated elongation factor-2 in the livers of calorie-restricted and freely-fed rats during aging.
	www.innovitaresearch.org /survey/Chapter_6_References.html (1147 words)

	Olga A. Dontsova
		During the elongation cycle, aminoacyl-tRNA, in a complex with elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and GTP, binds to the ribosome carrying a peptidyl-tRNA at the ribosomal P-site and deacylated tRNA at the E-site.
		Elongation factor G, which catalyzes the translocation, must recognize the completeness of peptidyltransferase reaction, bind to the ribosome, hydrolyze GTP, and stimulate mRNA and tRNA movement.
		Thus, during the elongation cycle, a signal from either the decoding center or the PTC should reach the elongation factors that are bound to the ribosome at a binding site located a significant distance from the other ribosomal functional centers.
	www.hhmi.org /research/scholars/dontsova.html (1152 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Translation elongation factor eEF1A2 is a potential oncoprotein that is overexpressed in ...
		The tissue-specific translation elongation factor eEF1A2 was recently shown to be a potential oncogene that is overexpressed in ovarian cancer.
		The translation elongation factor eEF1A2 was first identified as a tissue-specific variant of eEF1A1 (formerly known as EF-1α) in the early 1990s [2,3].
		Chambers DM, Peters J, Abbott CM: The lethal mutation of the mouse wasted (wst) is a deletion that abolishes expression of a tissue-specific isoform of translation elongation factor 1alpha, encoded by the Eef1a2 gene.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2407/5/113 (3202 words)

	Mutations in a GTP-binding Motif of Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 1A Reduce Both Translational Fidelity and the ...
		Mutations in a GTP-binding Motif of Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 1A Reduce Both Translational Fidelity and the Requirement for Nucleotide Exchange -- Carr-Schmid et al.
		Mutations in a GTP-binding Motif of Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 1A Reduce Both Translational Fidelity and the Requirement for Nucleotide Exchange
		A Novel Post-translational Modification of Yeast Elongation Factor 1A.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/abstract/274/42/30297 (807 words)

	Increased Phosphorylation of Elongation Factor 2 During Mitosis in Transformed Human Amnion Cells Correlates with a ...
		Increased Phosphorylation of Elongation Factor 2 During Mitosis in Transformed Human Amnion Cells Correlates with a Decreased Rate of Protein Synthesis -- Celis et al.
		Elongation factor 2 was identified in the two-dimensional gel patterns of asynchronous human amnion cells (AMA) by comigration with purified rabbit reticulocyte elongation factor 2 and by two-dimensional gel immunoblot analysis using a specific rabbit polyclonal antibody.
		Since phosphorylation is known to render elongation factor 2 inactive in translation, this observation may partly explain the decline in the rate of protein synthesis observed during cell division.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/87/11/4231 (506 words)

	Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 6 \| Article 33
		Methylation of elongation factor 1 alpha from the fungus Mucor.
		Elongation factor 1 alpha resolves the monophyly of the haplodiploid ambrosia beetles Xyleborini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).
		Phosphorylation of elongation factor 1 (EF-1) and valyl-tRNA synthetase by protein kinase C and stimulation of EF-1 activity.
	www.insectscience.org /6.33 (4178 words)

	Elongation factor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Elongation factors are a set of proteins that facilitate the events of translational elongation, the steps in protein synthesis from the formation of the first peptide bond to the formation of the last one.
		Elongation is the most rapid step in translation; in prokaryotes it proceeds at a rate of 15 to 20 amino acids added per second, while in eukaryotes the rate is about two amino acids per second.
		Elongation factors play a role in orchestrating the events of this process, and in ensuring the 99.99% accuracy of translation at this speed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Elongation_factor (622 words)

	DNA-RNA-Protein
		Elongation is the stepwise addition of amino acids to the growing protein chain.
		Protein factors, eEFs (eukaryotic elongation factors), are necessary to speed up the elongation cycle.
		The process is facilitated by elongation factor eEF-2 and GTP.
	nobelprize.org /educational_games/medicine/dna/a/translation/elongation.html (315 words)

	Human protein: Q15560 - Transcription elongation factor A protein 2 (Transcription elongation factor S-II protein 2) ...
		The protein encoded by this gene is found in the nucleus, where it functions as an SII class transcription elongation factor.
		Elongation factors in this class are responsible for releasing RNA polymerase II ternary complexes from transcriptional arrest at template-encoded arresting sites.
		Transcription elongation factor A protein 2 (Transcription elongation factor S-II protein 2) (Testis-specific S-II) (Transcription elongation factor TFIIS.l).
	harvester.embl.de /harvester/Q155/Q15560.htm (987 words)

	An RNA Polymerase II Elongation Factor Encoded by the Human ELL Gene -- Shilatifard et al. 271 (5257): 1873 -- Science
		The discovery of a second elongation factor implicated in oncogenesis provides further support for a close connection between the regulation of transcription elongation and cell growth.
		Identification and Characterization of a Schizosaccharomyces pombe RNA Polymerase II Elongation Factor with Similarity to the Metazoan Transcription Factor ELL.
		ELL-associated factors 1 and 2 are positive regulators of RNA polymerase II elongation factor ELL.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/271/5257/1873 (2216 words)

	Interactive Fly, Drosophila
		Important progress in the understanding of elongation control by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) has come from the recent identification of the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) and the demonstration that this factor is a protein kinase that phosphorylates the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the RNAPII largest subunit.
		The function of Tat in elongation is similar to the function of P-TEFb in that the transcriptional stimulation by Tat is sensitive to DRB and requires the CTD of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II.
		However, in the presence of Tat, the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), consisting of the cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (Cdk9) and cyclin T1 (CycT1), is recruited to the transactivation response (TAR) element, which forms a stable RNA stem-loop at the 5' end of all viral transcripts.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/polycomb/cdk9-2.htm (8365 words)

	Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 1delta Is Hyperphosphorylated by the Protein Kinase Encoded by the UL13 Gene of Herpes ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 1delta Is Hyperphosphorylated by the Protein Kinase Encoded by the UL13 Gene of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 -- Kawaguchi et al.
		GDP as a regulator of phosphorylation of elongation factor 1 by casein kinase II.
		Phosphorylation of valyl-tRNA synthetase and elongation factor 1 in response to phorbol esters is associated with stimulation of both activities.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/72/3/1731 (4977 words)

	Subnuclear Localization and Cajal Body Targeting of Transcription Elongation Factor TFIIS in Amphibian Oocytes -- Smith ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Ishiguro, A., Nogi, Y., Hisatake, K., Muramatsu, M., and Ishihama, A. The Rpb6 subunit of fission yeast RNA polymerase II is a contact target of the transcription elongation factor TFIIS.
		Labhart, P., and Morgan, G.T. Identification of novel genes encoding transcription elongation factor TFIIS (TCEA) in vertebrates: conservation of three distinct TFIIS isoforms in frog, mouse, and human.
		Pan, G., Aso, T., and Greenblatt, J. Interaction of elongation factors TFIIS and elongin A with a human RNA polymerase II holoenzyme capable of promoter-specific initiation and responsive to transcriptional activators.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/14/3/1255 (8379 words)

	Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology \| Full text \| The role of protein elongation factor eEF1A2 in ovarian cancer
		Tatsuka and colleagues were the first to implicate the protein elongation machinery in cell transformation [29].
		Chambers DM, Peters J, Abbott CM: The lethal mutation of the mouse wasted (wst) is a deletion that abolishes expression of a tissue-specific isoform of translation elongation factor 1alpha, encoded by the Eef1a2 gene.
		Condeelis J: Elongation factor 1 alpha, translation and the cytoskeleton.
	www.rbej.com /content/1/1/69 (3820 words)

	Role of Domains in Escherichia coli and Mammalian Mitochondrial Elongation Factor Ts in the Interaction with Elongation ...
		Role of Domains in Escherichia coli and Mammalian Mitochondrial Elongation Factor Ts in the Interaction with Elongation Factor Tu -- Zhang et al.
		Role of Domains in Escherichia coli and Mammalian Mitochondrial Elongation Factor Ts in the Interaction with Elongation Factor Tu
		Characterization of the interaction between the nucleotide exchange factor EF-Ts from nematode mitochondria and elongation factor Tu
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/abstract/272/35/21956 (387 words)

	[No title]
		Transcription factor S-II (TFIIS) is a eukaryotic protein which induces mRNA cleavage by enhancing the intrinsic nuclease activity of RNA polymerase (Pol) II, past template-encoded pause sites.
		TFIIS is a modular factor that comprises an N-terminal domain I, a central domain II, and a C-terminal domain III [5].
		Langer D. Zillig W. Putative tfIIs gene of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius encoding an archaeal transcription elongation factor is situated directly downstream of the gene for a small subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
	www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/DisplayIproEntry?ac=IPR006289 (717 words)

	Truncated elongation factor G lacking the G domain promotes translocation of the 3' end but not of the anticodon domain ...
		Truncated elongation factor G lacking the G domain promotes translocation of the 3' end but not of the anticodon domain of peptidyl-tRNA -- Borowski et al.
		Truncated elongation factor G lacking the G domain promotes translocation of the 3' end but not of the anticodon domain of peptidyl-tRNA
		The mechanism by which elongation factor G (EF-G) catalyzes the translocation of tRNAs and mRNA on the ribosome is not known.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/93/9/4202 (579 words)

	Elongation factor-1 messenger-RNA levels in cultured cells are high compared to tissue and are not drastically affected ...
		Elongation factor-1 messenger-RNA levels in cultured cells are high compared to tissue and are not drastically affected further by oncogenic transformation -- Sanders et al.
		Elongation factor-1 messenger-RNA levels in cultured cells are high compared to tissue and are not drastically affected further by oncogenic transformation
		Elongation Factor-17 mRNA have been isolated and characterized.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/20/22/5907?vol=20&fp=5907&view=abstract (402 words)

	Journal of Biology \| Full text \| Guanine-nucleotide exchange on ribosome-bound elongation factor G initiates the ...
		When release factor RF2 was added to transT* ribosomes, there was slow release of peptide (Figure 6c), suggesting that there was partial availability of the UAA stop codon in the A site, a necessary condition for termination by class-1 release factors [8].
		The class-1 release factor RF1 or RF2, which normally binds to the stop codon of the preTerm state, here appearing in an identical conformation to the postT state (Figure 8k), also induces slow peptide release from the peptidyl-tRNA in the transT* ribosome (Figure 6c).
		This means that the driving force, generated by the strong affinity of RF2 for the relaxed postTerm ribosome [10], is sufficient to overcome the counteracting force provided by the affinity of the anticodon end of the peptidyl-tRNA for the decoding center in the preT ribosome.
	jbiol.com /content/4/2/9 (8716 words)

	Human protein: O00418 - Elongation factor 2 kinase (EC ) (eEF-2 kinase) (eEF-2K) (Calcium/calmodulin-dependent ...
		It phosphorylates eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (EEF2) and thus inhibits the EEF2 function.
		Elongation factor 2 kinase (EC 2.7.11.20) (eEF-2 kinase) (eEF-2K) (Calcium/calmodulin-dependent eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase).
		Identification of a new class of protein kinases represented by eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase.
	harvester.embl.de /harvester/O004/O00418.htm (766 words)

	RWJMS Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology (Terry Goss-Kinzy) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		These components are targets for antibiotics and antifungals, mutant forms and inappropriate expression of these proteins are found in several human carcinomas, and mutations in several components affect the accuracy and efficiency of protein synthesis and viral replication.
		The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) eEF1Balpha is essential in yeast and responsible for catalyzing the exchange of GDP for GTP to maintain the pool of active protein.
		Integrating an analysis of the two other factors involved in elongation, the translocase for the growing peptide chain eEF2 and the fungal specific factor eEF3 allows us to fully dissect the elongation cycle and to better understand their potential as drug targets.
	www2.umdnj.edu /mgenmweb/people/faculty/kinzy/index.htm (918 words)

	Exercise rapidly increases eukaryotic elongation factor 2 phosphorylation in skeletal muscle of men -- Rose et al. 569 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Elongation factor-2 phosphorylation and the regulation of protein synthesis by calcium.
		Purification and phosphorylation of elongation factor-2 kinase from rabbit reticulocytes.
		Regulation of oxidative enzyme activity and eukaryotic elongation factor 2 in human skeletal muscle: influence of gender and exercise.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/569/1/223 (3396 words)

	Cloning and Characterization of the str Operon and Elongation Factor Tu Expression in Bacillus stearothermophilus -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Cloning and Characterization of the str Operon and Elongation Factor Tu Expression in Bacillus stearothermophilus -- Krásny et al.
		Cloning and Characterization of the str Operon and Elongation Factor Tu Expression in Bacillus stearothermophilus
		Organization and nucleotide sequence of a transcriptional unit of Methanococcus vannileii comprising genes for protein synthesis elongation factors and ribosomal proteins.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/182/21/6114 (5174 words)

	Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2, Homo sapiens - UniGene Hs.515070
		Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2, Homo sapiens - UniGene Hs.515070
		Human elongation factor 2 (EF-2) mRNA, 3' end
		Homo sapiens eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (EEF2), mRNA
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /UniGene/clust.cgi?ORG=Hs&CID=515070 (267 words)

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