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Topic: Emancipation of Labor

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	MD Labor History 1830-1865
		Bound labor, the backbone of the workforce before the Revolutionary War, was to disappear with the emancipation of the slaves.
		Know-Nothings in Maryland were disturbed by electoral and labor violence, but most of all by "foreign ungrateful refugees." In Baltimore, much of their animus was directed at the city's Jewish community, which numbered nearly 7,000 by the late 1850s (Brugger 260).
		Emancipation Proclamation, freeing slaves in southern areas occupied by union forces, and in 1865, the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banned slavery throughout the nation.
	oriole.umd.edu /~mddlmddl/791/labor/html/antebellum.html (1050 words)

	SAN FRANCISCO LABOR HONORS HAITI BICENTENNIAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		San Francisco, California, December 10, 2003 -- The San Francisco Labor Council voted this week to send "warm greetings of solidarity to the working people and government of Haiti, on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Haitian Revolution, which abolished slavery and ended colonial rule in Haiti" on January 1, 1804.
		It was a general strike in 1791, by the enslaved labor force in Haiti, that set in motion the "armed rebellion that defeated the pro-slavery French army of Napoleon Bonaparte at a time when the trans-Atlantic slave trade was at its height," according to the Labor Council statement.
		The Council, voice of organized labor in San Francisco, had earlier passed a resolution calling for an end to the current US government-led embargo on international financial aid to Haiti, and demanding release of the approximately $500 million in blocked humanitarian and developmental aid.
	www.iacenter.org /haiti-sflabor03.htm (539 words)

	CLR James on the Paris Commune (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This for him was the greatest crime of capitalism, that while, on the one hand, it created the possibility of a truly human existence for all mankind, by the very nature of the process of capitalist production, it degraded the individual worker to the level of being merely an appendage to a machine.
		Such a man, according to Marx, would be fit for a variety of labors, ready to face any change of production, a man to whom the different social functions he performed were but so many means of giving free scope to his own natural and acquired powers.
		Such was his vision that this student of political economy and the labor process has unfolded perhaps the most poetic and far- seeing perspective for human society ever propounded by any philosopher or poet.
	www.revolutionary-history.co.uk /James/james1.htm (1523 words)

	Lincoln And Emancipation
		The stereotyped picture of the emancipator suddenly striking the shackles from millions of slaves by a stroke of the presidential pen is altogether inaccurate.
		are hereby emancipated and discharged therefrom, and they and their posterity shall be forever free." Owing to Lincoln's veto this bill never became law; indeed one of his objections was this very clause, for he did not believe that Congress possessed even in war the power to abolish slavery in the South by ordinary statute.
		In passing the British emancipation act of 1833 the Parliament granted the amount of £20,000,000 as compensation for the destruction of slave property.
	www.civilwarhome.com /lincolnandproclamation.htm (5931 words)

	SA7: Slaves and workers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This is a very interesting and well-written study which attempts to discuss not only the process of slave emancipation in the Sudan, but also the fate of the liberated slaves in the Three Towns and their role in the emergence and shaping of the Sudanese labour movement.
		In the fourth chapter, Sikainga studies the legacy of slavery from 1920 until 1956 arguing that the emancipated slaves remained stigmatised as the prevailing social values were not changed by abolition and other legal measures.
		Then, in the fifth chapter, leaving aside the emancipated slaves for the moment, the author focuses on colonial labour policies concerning the formation of agricultural labour and the immigration and settlement in the country of thousands of West African labourers who mainly worked in the Gezira.
	www.hf.uib.no /smi/sa/7Sikainga.html (778 words)

	Gotha
		The emancipation of labor must be the work of the laboring class itself, opposed to which all other classes are reactionary groups.
		The socialist labor party of Germany, although for the time being confining its activity within national bounds, is fully conscious of the international character of the labor movement, and is resolved to meet all the obligations which this lays upon the laborer, in order to bring the brotherhood of all mankind to a full realization.
		The Socialist labor party of Germany, in order to prepare the way for the solution of the social question, demands the establishment of socialistic productive associations with the support of the state and under the democratic control of the working people.
	history.hanover.edu /texts/gotha.html (356 words)

	Class, Labor and the Cyber
		Leaving aside that such a de-hierarchicalization of the division of labor is not possible under capitalism, this argument ignores that it is capitalism that simplifies and increasing eliminates laborers in the drive to reduce socially necessary labor time in order to intensify exploitation and increase the rate of profit.
		Replacing the exploitation of labor, which is the specific characteristic of class societies, with the concept of "work," a transhistorical concept that conceals the historicity of the relations in which "work" takes place, is an attempt to naturalize the system of wage-labor.
		Labor of Dionysus: A Critique of the State-Form.
	redcritique.org /spring2001/classlaborandthecyber.htm (2095 words)

	Labor History: Slaves into Workers: Emancipation and Labor in Colonial Sudan. - book reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In this volume the author, a gifted social historian for whom the Sudan is home, has undertaken to explore the transition out of a 19th century in which slave labor was important into new 20th century arrangements increasingly structured by a young market in wage labor.
		The newly-imposed alien authority was very cautious; it "tried to maintain the status quo and tolerated the institution of slavery during the early decades of this century." "Nevertheless," the author argues, "the establishment of the colonial economy generated a great demand for wage labor...
		The government proposed simultaneously to alleviate urban blight and to satisfy the labor shortage through the simple expedient of coercing the urban poor to enroll as wage laborers for diverse enterprises in the countryside.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0348/is_n1_v39/ai_20641679 (1109 words)

	Emancipating Labor Internationalism
		As early-industrial capitalism developed into a national-industrial-colonial capitalism, the internationalism of labor became literally international, and simultaneously lost its emancipatory aspiration and capacity (or vice versa).
		The dramatic — and labor-devastating — development of a globalised-networked-informatised capitalism is raising the necessity and possibility of a new kind of labor internationalism, capable not only of defence against neo-liberal globalisation but also of an emancipatory challenge to capitalism as such.
		Such an emancipation can be assisted by a recognition of the work and workers produced by a globalized-networked-informatized capitalism.
	repositories.cdlib.org /cgirs/CGIRS-2004-6 (209 words)

	*Bulletin for the Emancipation of Labor*
		Boston (July 20) This evening, a supporter of the Bulletin for the Emancipation of Labor, speaking from the floor at an ISO meeting, confronted the ISO's treacherous accommodation to the bourgeois Green Party and its multi-millionaire, union-busting candidate Ralph Nader.
		The Emancipation supporter related that Nader had repudiated socialism in a talk at the University of Maryland on March 9 (see below) and emphasized that millions of people in the U.S. are simply invisible to Nader, who does not talk about racism or anti-gay discrimination in his speeches.
		During the question period, the Emancipation supporter pointed out that Nader had declined to support the defense of Mumia Abu Jamal and Shaka Sankofa and demanded to know when the Green candidate was going to endorse the effort to free Mumia.
	www.angelfire.com /ma/khaver/EMANCIPATION(mac).html (2027 words)

	George, Protection or Free Trade, Chapter 29: Library of Economics and Liberty
		They see the absurdity and waste of protection, and the illogical character of the pleas made for it, and these things offend their sense of fitness and truth; but they do not see that free trade really means the emancipation of labor, the abolition of poverty, the restoring to the disinherited of their birthright.
		They have been awakening to the fact that there is some deep wrong in the constitution of society, although they may not see clearly what that wrong is; they have been gradually coming to feel that to emancipate labor radical measures are needed, although they may not know what those measures are.
		Therefore it is that I would urge earnest men who aim at the emancipation of labor and the establishment of social justice, to throw themselves into the free-trade movement with might and main, and to force the tariff question to the front.
	www.econlib.org /LIBRARY/YPDBooks/George/grgPFT29.html (2936 words)

	EI Women and Labor in Guyana
		The planters were well aware that Indian women were accustomed to agriculture labor in India and used this knowledge as a justification to work Indian women on the plantations.
		Under the indentured system, men and women were seen as labor units and therefore Indian women’s reproductive and productive role to which they were so accustomed in India was not seen as important in Guyana.
		Indentured emancipation also allowed Indian women to move away from the plantations and accept jobs in urban areas as domestic servants and civil service workers.
	saxakali.com /indocarib/lroopnarine.htm (1549 words)

	Plekhanov, Georgi Valentinovich on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Turning to Marxist socialism, he became one of the chief founders of the League for the Emancipation of Labor (1883), the nucleus of the Russian Social Democratic Labor party, and in 1900 with V. Lenin began to publish the Socialist newspaper Iskra [spark].
		In his writings Plekhanov took the view that conditions in Russia would not be ripe for socialism until capitalism and industrialization had progressed sufficiently.
		This opinion was the basis of Menshevik thought after the split (1903) of the Social Democratic Labor party into Bolshevism and Menshevism.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/p/plekhano.asp (273 words)

	HADC - People's Exhibit 51, The Alarm (Newspaper) article, "Eight Hours," 1885 Oct. 17.
		He gave an exhaustive review of the unsatisfactory condition existing between capital and labor, evidenced by the frequency of strikes resulting from the constant tendency to diminish rates of wages and extend the hours of labor.
		He dwelled upon the "grinding tyranny" of capital which makes it difficult for the working masses to achieve the emancipation of labor.
		Ben Butler stated at Grand Rapids that he got more out of his employes by reducing their hours of labor than he did when they were working longer hours.
	www.chicagohs.org /hadc/transcript/Exhibits/X051-100/X0510.htm (684 words)

	Vladimir Lenin - InfoshopOpenWiki
		Petersburg in 1893, Lenin's experience with the oppression of the peasantry in Russia, coupled with the revolutionary teachings of G V Plekhanov, guided Lenin to meet with revolutionary groups.
		In April 1895, his comrades helped send Lenin abroad to get up to speed with the revolutionary movement in Europe, and in particular, to meet the Emancipation of Labor Group, of which Plekhanov headed.
		On returning to Russia, Lenin and Martov created the League for the Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, uniting the Marxist circles in Petrograd at the time.
	www.infoshop.org /wiki/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&printable=yes (492 words)

	Polemic: The Labor Theory of (Anti)Abortion
		In other words, they do not regard the emancipation of labor and freedom from necessity to be conditions for the emancipation of women.
		Thus, contrary to the effects of the pro-choice position, which limits the labor force, the consequences of the pro-life view expand the labor force, particularly among the poor and peoples of color.
		To say that the pro-life position is an enactment of the ruling class's need for an abundant and cheap labor force may strike many as odd and counter-intuitive because the majority of pro-life advocates are from the working and lower-middle classes.
	redcritique.org /SeptOct02/printversions/labortheoryofantiabortionprint.htm (1569 words)

	Greenwood Publishing Group I1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This distinguished volume accomplishes a smooth merger of the labor situation in the early 1860s with the need to end the isolation of radical political theory.
		He surveys the First International in the context of the general history of the period from 1846 to 1874, as well as in the context of the worldwide movements of liberation that included the freeing of American slaves, the emancipation of Russian serfs, and the unification of Italy.
		Working from primary and secondary sources, Katz presents a "secularized" history of the International that will be a valuable reference tool for both libraries and a wide variety of history, political science, and sociology courses.
	info.greenwood.com /books/0313274/0313274479.html (468 words)

	[WW] San Francisco Labor Council salutes Haiti Revolution
		The San Francisco Labor Council voted in early December to send "warm greetings of solidarity to the working people and government of Haiti on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Haitian Revolution, which abolished slavery and ended colonial rule."
		It was a general strike in 1791, by the enslaved labor force in Haiti, that set in motion the "armed rebellion that defeated the pro-slavery French army of Napoleon Bonaparte at a time when the trans-Atlan tic slave trade was at its height," according to the Labor Council statement.
		The council, the voice of organized labor in San Francisco, had earlier passed a resolution calling for an end to the current U.S. government- led embargo on international financial aid to Haiti, and demanding release of the approximately $500 million in blocked humanitarian and developmental aid.
	www.mail-archive.com /wwnews@wwpublish.com/msg03024.html (513 words)

	Labor History \| Worker History \| Labor Movement \| Questia.com Online Library
		Labor and the Left: A Study of Socialist and Radical Influences in the American Labor Movement, 1881-1924
		American Labor in the Era of World War II by Sally M. Miller, Daniel A. Cornford.
		...thrust of much of the "new" labor history is away from concern with unions...recent generation of scholars in labor history have led us to expect.
	www.questia.com /library/sociology-and-anthropology/labor-and-work/labor-history.jsp (660 words)

	Curwick
		Socialist papers of the Tacoma, Washington area, "TRUTH" and "The Socialist Worker" were lively left-wing papers that called for the "revolution and emancipation of labor from its brutal slavery." These militant socialist papers were critical in exposing problems that capitalism had reaped upon labor.
		TRUTH, a lively voice for the socialist party in Tacoma, called for the "revolution and emancipation of labor from its brutal slavery." Such revolution could only be accomplished once labor finally realized the capitalist system had outgrown its usefulness.
		Any employer of labor that is farsighted enough to give his employee better wages, shorter hours and better working conditions than those endured by the slaves of his compeers, will always have loyal workmen.
	faculty.washington.edu /gregoryj/laborpress/Curwick.htm (2295 words)

	Marx's concept of 'labor' -- News & Letters, December 2004
		The revolt of the laborer against his exploiter, the capitalist, was also directed against the ideology, the false consciousness, which represented him as what he is not.
		The center point of Marx's CAPITAL is the analysis of "The Labor Process and the Process of Producing Surplus-Value." There he traces the laborer as he is turned into an appendage of a machine.
		This dead labor (labor congealed into the form of machine) dominates living labor, after which "it," as commodity, be he employed or unemployed, is traced back into the market.
	www.newsandletters.org /Issues/2004/December/FTA_Dec2004.htm (2047 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		For example, the Gotha Program says "The emancipation of labor must be the work of the laboring class itself, opposed to which all other classes are reactionary groups" (http://www.assumption.edu/HTML/Academic/history/HI14Net/Gotha.html).
		Common property and social regulation of all labor are thought to be for the good of the people.
		According to the Gotha Program, Bismarck also agrees that labor is the source of wealth and should be distributed equally among all members of every class.
	www.assumption.edu /acad/ii/Academic/history/HI14Net/Feb7.html (2006 words)

	Gotha
		[3] The emancipation of labor requires the conversion of the means of production into the common property of society and the social regulation of all labor and its application for the general good, together with the just distribution of the product of labor.
		[4] The emancipation of labor must be the work of the laboring class itself, opposed to which all other classes are reactionary groups.
		[7] The Socialist labor party of Germany, in order to prepare the way for the solution of the social question, demands the establishment of socialistic productive associations; with the support of the state and under the democratic control of the working people.
	history.hanover.edu /courses/excerpts/111gotha.html (563 words)

	Matthew Pratt Guterl \| After Slavery: Asian Labor, the American South, and the Age of Emancipation \| Journal of World ...
		Much like contract laborers in Cuba, they knew their rights under the law, they seemed acutely aware of the value of their labor, and they expressed a confounding familiarity with both organized and disorganized resistance.
		In Cuba, the shift to free labor had been the most gradual of any colony or settlement in the Atlantic world, and the continuation (and acceleration) of the illegal slave trade in the 1850s, repeated investment in technological upgrades, and the widespread coolie trade softened the process.
		Emancipation in the South had been anything but gradual, and the freedom of former slaves and the indignities of Reconstruction routinely resurrected the sting of loss in war.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/jwh/14.2/guterl.html (11688 words)

	History of Anarchism in Russia, by E. Yaroslansky
		In 1884 the first Russian Marxist group, known as the Emancipation of Labor, was founded in Switzerland by Plekhanov, Axelrod, Deutsch and Zasulich.
		The founders of the latter group afterwards formed the Emancipation of Labor, carrying with them their old anarchist views on the revolution and the state.
		From their Bakuninist anarchism Plekhanov, Axelrod and their supporters in the Emancipation of Labor group soon went over to Menshevism and became the leaders of the Menshevik movement.
	dwardmac.pitzer.edu /ANARCHIST_ARCHIVES/worldwidemovements/anarchisminrussia2.html (3088 words)

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