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Topic: Emancipation of the serfs

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Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia

Russian serfdom

Serf

Zemstvo

State Duma

Emancipation

Alexander II of Russia

Stolypin reform

Russian Provisional Government, 1917

Russian Revolution of 1905

October Manifesto

Russian Empire

League of the Three Emperors

Alexander Gorchakov

Nicholas I of Russia

	Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia performed by tsar Alexander II of Russia amounted to liquidation of serf dependence of Russian peasants.
		Originating from the year the Russian Serfs were emancipated, 1861, their impact and relation on the development of revolutionary consciousness in Imperial Russia, was dependent upon two lingering factors–where a newly freed Serf lived, whether a rural or urban setting, and also Russia’s economic condition, it could be either expanding or declining.
		Therefore, urban Serfs would be more susceptible to abuse and manipulation at the hands of industrialists and the government in cities of Russia, rather than their previous abuse at the hands of the landowning gentry.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emancipation_of_the_serfs (2299 words)

	Alexander II of Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The emancipation was not merely a humanitarian question capable of being solved instantaneously by imperial ukase.
		The main point at issue was whether the serfs should become agricultural labourers dependent economically and administratively on the landlords, or whether they should be transformed into a class of independent communal proprietors.
		On March 3, 1861, the sixth anniversary of his accession, the emancipation law was signed and published.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia (1964 words)

	Emancipation of the serfs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The emancipation was not merely a humanitarianquestion capable of being solved instantaneously by imperial ukaz (edict).
		The main point at issue was whether the serfs shouldbecome agricultural laborers dependent economically and administratively on the landlords, or whether they should be transformedinto a class of independent communal proprietors.
		On March 3, 1861, the sixth anniversary of hisaccession, the emancipation law was signed and published.
	www.therfcc.org /emancipation-of-the-serfs-66052.html (1268 words)

	Imperial Russia, 1815-1917 - Position Paper
		Although one could expect industry to benefit from the new-found 'freedom' of emancipated serfs, the majority were legally bound to their village commune and were therefore just as unable to migrate to urban industrialising areas as before.
		It is often argued that the emancipation of the serfs in 1861 was the single most important act in the history of Russia, although, it can also be said that it was not worth the paper that it was written on.
		The serfs were not really asked about what the reforms should entail, and as a result there was a large gulf between what was enacted in 1861, and the hopes and expectations of the serfs.
	www.st-andrews.ac.uk /~pvteach/imprus/papers/04b.html (1735 words)

	chekhov in and out of his time (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Czar Alexander II's emancipation of the serfs in 1861 set in motion an unforeseen and irreversible chain of events that forever altered the landscape of Russian life, dragging it reluctantly into the Industrial Age and precipitating the Revolution of 1917.
		Burks specifies three primary village institutions in force at the time of the serf's emancipation: the tiaglo, or married couple as the base productive unit; the dvor or peasant household as the base labor unit; and the obshchina, or peasant commune as the base unit of social interaction and control (17).
		Serfs did not achieve their freedom and immediately flee the rural land they worked for the cities.
	www.theater2k.com /ChekhovEssay1.html (2601 words)

	National History Day 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Serfs either paid their obligation in labor on their lord's land (barshchina), or they paid in money or dues (obrok).
		Most scholars agree that the two major reasons motivating Alexander II to emancipate the serfs were Russia's experience in the Crimean War and the rising number of peasant revolts.
		And now we confidently hope that the freed serfs, in the presence of the new future which is opened before them, will appreciate and recognize the considerable sacrifices which the nobility has made on their behalf.
	nationalhistoryday.org /03_educators/2003curbook/14-feudal/feudal.html (2743 words)

	Russia - Chapter XXIX
		Probably it hoped that by that time the proprietors and their emancipated serfs would have invented some convenient modus vivendi, and that nothing but a little legislative regulation would be necessary.
		The task to be performed was to transform the serfs at once, and with the least possible disturbance of the existing economic conditions, into a class of small Communal proprietors--that is to say, a class of free peasants possessing a house and garden and a share of the Communal land.
		To effect this it was merely necessary to declare the serf personally free, to draw a clear line of demarcation between the Communal land and the rest of the estate, and to determine the price or rent which should be paid for this Communal property, inclusive of the land on which the village was built.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/hst/russian/Russia/chap43.html (3651 words)

	29
		The task to be performed was to transform the serfs at once, and with the least possible disturbance of the existing economic conditions, into a class of small Communal proprietors—that is to say, a class of free peasants possessing a house and garden and a share of the Communal land.
		With regard to the domestic serfs, it was enacted that they should continue to serve their masters during two years, and that thereafter they should be completely free, but they should have no claim to a share of the land.
		The total number of male serfs emancipated was about nine millions and three- quarters,* and of these, only about seven millions and a quarter had, at the beginning of 1875, made redemption contracts.
	home.freeuk.net /russica2/books/russia/29.html (7978 words)

	The Avalon Project : Modern Customs and Ancient Laws of Russia - Lecture VI
		In this way the serf would become a private owner, so that in case he should rent any land from the squire, the squire would be able to seize the peasant's plot in case of non-payment of his rent.
		In 1812 a peasant rising took place in the Government of Pensa, the revolted serfs expressing their wants by the old motto "liberty and Land." In 1826 again the same motto was the watchword of another rising, this time provoked by a rumour that land and liberty would shortly be secured to the serfs.
		The emancipation of the serf certainly was not carried out without some loss to the land-owning gentry, but the squire soon recovered from the state into which he was brought by his inexperience in the management of his estate without the help of unpaid servants.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/econ/koval6.htm (7705 words)

	Emancipation of the Serfs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		But they lost out partly because the bureaucrats were able to persuade the tsar that the overwhelming majority of the provincial committees were opposed to emancipation, and partly because the tsar took umbrage at the audacity of nobles who dared to question his will.
		During this two-year period the necessary surveys and arrangements for emancipation were to be made for each property.
		A Commission was then established in Russian Poland which freed the serfs and gave larger allotments to the peasants than the Russian peasants got in 1864.
	mars.acnet.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/russia/lectures/20emancipation.html (2569 words)

	Digital Termpapers: Term Papers on Why Did Alexander Emancipate The Serfs And To Whose Benefit?
		It is not known precisely why Alexander emancipated the serfs, but the strong sense of duty he had towards the preservation of the state meant that, once he had decided that emancipation was necessary for the welfare of the autocracy, little could be done to prevent it.
		Because of this, the serfs were forced to complete a twenty-five year conscription if they were required for the army, this way very few would return to spread the news of revolution to their villages.
		As the serfs were required to pay money for their freedom, and this money was in turn given to banks by the heavily indebted nobility, banks also became major investors in Russian industry.
	www.antigone.ltd.cx /b1510d.htm (672 words)

	The Russian Empire, 1855 to 1900
		Payments by freed serfs were to be annual, to the government, for forty-nine years, while the lords for the time being were to keep title to their lands, including that portion - perhaps half - given to the serf commune.
		Some serf communities failed to receive forested areas or access to a river and were forced to bargain with their former lords for access to these.
		According to one source, the former serfs received 18 percent less land than they had been promised, and 42 percent of the former serfs received allotments of land insufficient to maintain their families.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h47-ru.htm (5790 words)

	Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia - TheBestLinks.com - Emancipation of the serfs, Alexander II of Russia, March 3, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia - TheBestLinks.com - Emancipation of the serfs, Alexander II of Russia, March 3, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub,...
		Emancipation of the serfs, Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia, Alexander II Print friendly version
		The legal basis of the reform was tsar's Emancipation Manifesto of March 3 (February 19, O.S., accompanied by the set of legislative acts under the general name Regulations Concerning Peasants Leaving Serf Dependence"(Положения о крестьянах выходящих из крепостной зависимости, Polozheniya o krestyanakh vykhodyashchikh iz krepostnoi zavisimosti).
	www.thebestlinks.com /Emancipation_of_the_serfs.html (200 words)

	Emancipation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		After the massive success of The Emancipation of Mimi, Mariah Carey is getting set to release a reissue of the disc featuring four new tracks.
		Jewish emancipation in which the Jews were given citizenship rights in France in 1791 and in the rest of Europe through the nineteenth century, particularly after 1848.
		In some parts of eastern Europe such as Romania Jews were not emancipated until after the First World War.
	www.wikiverse.org /emancipation (275 words)

	The Emancipation Question by Karl Marx
		The personal serfs, such as are not attached to a particular estate, but to the family mansion or the person of their lord, will have to serve their lords for ten years, but will receive wages.
		The whole of the serf population of Russia (excluding the Crown peasants) amounts to 23,750,000 (census of 1857).
		To crown the whole, the numerous nobles who held their property, So to say, in trust for their serfs, were by the same ukase enabled and encouraged to break this trust and to recover full possession of their estates; all pleas on the part of the serfs being expressly excluded from the courts of’ law.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1858/12/31.htm (2642 words)

	Emancipation of Serfs
		What legally belongs to nobles cannot be taken away from them without adequate compensation, or through their voluntary concession; it would be contrary to all justice to use the land of the nobles without assuming responsibility for it.
		And now We confidently expect that the freed serfs, on the eve of a new future which is opening to them, will appreciate and recognize the considerable sacrifices which the nobility has made on their behalf.
		They should understand that by acquiring property and greater freedom to dispose of their possessions, they have an obligation to society and to themselves to live up to the letter of the new law by a loyal and judicious use of the rights which are now granted to them.
	www.pvchico.org /~bsilva/projects/russia/Alex_II/Emancipation%20of%20Serfs.htm (1461 words)

	30
		When the Emancipation question was raised there was a considerable diversity of opinion as to the effect which the abolition of serfage would have on the material interests of the two classes directly concerned.
		On the eve of the Emancipation there were about ten millions of male serfs on private properties, and of these nearly seven millions remained under the old system of paying their dues in labour.
		On the eve of the Emancipation the proprietors were indebted to the Government for the sum of 425 millions of roubles, and 69 per cent.
	home.freeuk.net /russica2/books/russia/30.html (3886 words)

	Terms of Labor: Slavery, Serfdom, and Free Labor
		In his chapter, Seymour Drescher discusses the attempts to reconcile Smith's theory with the decline in output and its ideological impact on the abolitionist movement in the United States.
		As argued by Peter Kolchin, the emancipation of Russian serfs was long and complex.
		Serfs were required to pay for the land over time and they faced communal responsibility to the lords.
	www.eh.net /bookreviews/library/0400.shtml (1150 words)

	Russian Alexander II, czar Alexander II of Russia, tsar Alexander II of Russia, Russian Alexander II of russia, ...
		Neither of the government's expectations was realistic, however, and emancipation left both former serfs and their former owners dissatisfied.
		One of the chief reasons for the emancipation of the serfs was to facilitate the transition from a large standing army to a reserve army by instituting territorial levies and mobilization in times of need.
		Before emancipation, serfs could not receive military training and then return to their owners.
	www.russiansabroad.com /russian_history_38.html (1003 words)

	Russian Reforms and Their Limits, 1855-1892 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In 1861 he proclaimed the emancipation of about 20 million privately held serfs.
		Local commissions, which were dominated by landlords, effected emancipation by giving land and limited freedom to the serfs.
		The former serfs usually remained in the village commune, but they were required to make redemption payments to the government over a period of almost fifty years.
	www.portaljuice.com /russian_reforms_and_their_limits__1855_1892.html (1103 words)

	Nikolai Turgenieff on the Emancipation Of Russian Serfs
		Yet the opposition was directed not so much against the personal emancipation of the serfs as against the appropriation to them, when liberated, of the land they held.
		The proprietors, assembled in different committees which were established all over the empire to discuss the matter, ended even by giving up their right of possession in the person of the serf, and, mentioning only their right to the land occupied by the peasants, claimed pecuniary indemnities if that land were delivered to them.
		The honorable gentlemen whom the Emperor intrusted with this important task, forming a committee ad hoc, declared from the first as a principle that the emancipated peasants must have land, about in the same quantity as they had hitherto, occupied, on condition of a pecuniary indemnity to be paid to the proprietors.
	www.shsu.edu /%7Ehis_ncp/Serfeman.html (1085 words)

	Laura Hargadon, Estate Life
		The country estate survived through the emancipation of the serfs in 1861, but soon after fell into economic decline, having a lot to do with the change that took place after emancipation.
		For boys, before the emancipation of the serfs, they would often enroll in cadet corps or military training schools, such as Vronsky did, where they would prepare for their careers in the military.
		For women, both before and after emancipation, their careers continued to be in the home, managing the daily affairs that it entailed, however after emancipation, many women took more control in regards to the care of their children.
	pirate.shu.edu /~knightna/karenina/abstracts/hargadon.htm (731 words)

	Russian Life Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In some cases, serfs lived in town, practiced a craft or trade and paid and agreed fee to their master.
		The master was obligated, by law, to collect the annual taxes from each serf and present the sum to the government.
		In the first half of the 19th century, serfs comprised roughly one-third of the total population of Russia.
	www.rispubs.com /article.cfm?Number=579 (945 words)

	Untitled Document
		1848: Emancipation of serfs in Austrian-controlled Poland and Ukraine.
		When Austria declared the emancipation of all serfs under its jurisdiction in 1848 the Polish nobles were hardly prepared for such a drastic upheaval.
		Land was simply looked upon as a source of revenue but when the Emancipation Act decreed the end of free labour, the chief factor on which this wealth depended, most landowners were unable or unwilling to commit themselves to ensuring the economic viability of their estates by reorganizing them on capitalist lines.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~reak/ssc/serfs1dw.htm (8137 words)

	The Emancipation of the Serfs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Though it is impossible to pinpoint something as broad as the fall of the Romonav dynasty, for convenience sake I will start with the emancipation of the serfs in 1861.
		Though technically emancipation abolished all legal obligations the peasantry had towards the land-owning nobility and allotted them their own strips of land, they were required to reimburse the landowners.
		The situation the serfdom found themselves in after emancipation caused such strong resentment that many serfs took to seizing the land of non-peasants.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~dcarring/emancipation.htm (172 words)

	Paul Lesniak, Russian Economic History
		The sector of the economy that was first affected by the emancipation of the serfs was the agriculture industry.
		The serfs, who had previously worked the farms on a share crop basis, now had to be hired at a wage to work on the farms, or they where even free to be employed in the new emerging industries during this period of industrialization.
		In the novel Anna Karenina this result of the emancipation is portrayed on the farm of Levin.
	pirate.shu.edu /~knightna/karenina/abstracts/lesniak.htm (650 words)

	Michael Chen, Noble response to emancipation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The first key to understand how emancipation led to the Revolutions of 1905 and 1917 is to understand the concept of the social contract that existed between the tsar and his nobles.
		Although members of the nobility had initially been asked for their views on how emancipation should be enacted, the final legislation was written and passed without any consultation between the tsar and the first estate.
		In effect, Alexander II’s process of emancipating the serfs had unwittingly doomed his nation to Revolution when the social strife boiled over in 1905 and later in 1917.
	pirate.shu.edu /~knightna/karenina/abstracts/chen.htm (361 words)

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