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Topic: Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia

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Emancipation of the serfs

Russian serfdom

Stolypin reform

Alexander II of Russia

History of Russia

Serf

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Emancipation

Russian Tsar Alexander II

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Nicholas I of Russia

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Trial of the Fourteen

Alexander III of Russia

	Russia. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In 1547, at the age of 17, Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible; reigned 1533–84) was crowned czar of all Russia.
		Russia did, however, resist the idea of resorting to military intervention in Iraq in order to eliminate weapons of mass destruction, and as the United States pressed in 2003 for a Security Council resolution supporting the use of force, Russia joined France in vowing to veto such a resolution.
		Russia’s reputation suffered internationally, however, in late 2004 when it threw its support behind government candidates in Ukraine and the Georgian region of Abkhazia; in both elections, the candidates Moscow opposed ultimately succeeded despite strong resistance on the part of the existing governments to change.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ru/Russia.html (6604 words)

	Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia Information
		The Emancipation Reform of 1861 in Russia was the first and most important of liberal reforms effected during the reign of Alexander II of Russia.
		The legal basis of the reform was the Tsar's Emancipation Manifesto of March 3 1861 (February 19, 1861 (O.S.), accompanied by the set of legislative acts under the general name Regulations Concerning Peasants Leaving Serf Dependence (Положения о крестьянах выходящих из крепостной зависимости, Polozheniya o krestyanakh vykhodyashchikh iz krepostnoi zavisimosti).
		The need for urgent reform was well understood in 19th-century Russia, and various projects of emancipation reforms were prepared by Mikhail Speransky, Nikolay Mordvinov, and Pavel Kiselev.
	www.bookrags.com /Emancipation_reform_of_1861_in_Russia (893 words)

	Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia - Definition, explanation
		The Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia performed by tsar Alexander II of Russia amounted to liquidation of serf dependence of Russian peasants.
		The legal basis of the reform was the tsar's Emancipation Manifesto of March 3 (February 19, O.S), 1861, accompanied by the set of legislative acts under the general name Regulations Concerning Peasants Leaving Serf Dependence (Положения о крестьянах выходящих из крепостной зависимости, Polozheniya o krestyanakh vykhodyashchikh iz krepostnoi zavisimosti).
		Imperial Russia was a land of peasants; serfs made up at least 80 % of the population.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/e/em/emancipation_reform_of_1861_in_russia.php (978 words)

	Lenin: 'The Peasant Reform' and the Proletarian-Peasant Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In an edict addressed to Stolypin, Nicholas II declared that Stolypin’s agrarian policy was the final stage of “the great Reform” of February 19, 1861, i. e., the surrender of peasant land to be plundered by a handful of bloodsuckers, kulaks, and well-to-do peasants, and the surrender of the countryside to the rule of the feudal landowners.
		The overall result of the whole “epoch of reforms” which marked the 1860s was that the peasants remained poverty-stricken, downtrodden, ignorant, and subject to the feudal landowners in the courts, in the organs of administration, in the schools, and in the Zemstvos.
		In speaking of the “Peasant Reform” of 1861, which the liberals at first tried to whitewash and subsequently even glorified, he described it as vile, for he clearly saw its feudal nature, he clearly saw that the liberal emancipators were robbing the peasants of their last shirt.
	www.marxists.org /archive/lenin/works/1911/mar/19.htm (2821 words)

	Russian Alexander II, czar Alexander II of Russia, tsar Alexander II of Russia, Russian Alexander II of russia, ...
		One of the chief reasons for the emancipation of the serfs was to facilitate the transition from a large standing army to a reserve army by instituting territorial levies and mobilization in times of need.
		Russia also failed to use naval modernization as a means of developing its industrial base in the 1860s.
		Alexander III assigned his former tutor, the reactionary Konstantin Pobedonostsev, to be the procurator of the Holy Synod of the Orthodox Church and Ivan Delyanov to be the minister of education.
	www.russiansabroad.com /russian_history_38.html (1003 words)

	Russia: News and Political, Historical, and Economic Information Related to Russia
		Russia is the largest country in the world in terms of area, bordering the Arctic Ocean, between Europe and the North Pacific Ocean.
		During her reign (1762-96), power was centralized in the monarchy and administrative reforms concentrated great wealth and privilege in the hands of the Russian nobility.
		Imperial decline was evident in Russia's defeat in the unpopular Russo-Japanese war in 1905.
	www.russiannewsnetwork.com /russia-fed.html (1807 words)

	The Avalon Project : Modern Customs and Ancient Laws of Russia - Lecture VI
		The prevalence in ancient Russia of the same rude and elementary mode of farming is established by numerous charters and contracts, some of which are as late as the end of the seventeenth century, whilst others go back to the beginning of the sixteenth.
		But the great ends at which the reformers aimed, the liberation, that is to say, of the peasant from all personal dependence on the manorial lord, and the securing to him the right of possessing land in common, were nevertheless attained.
		The emancipation of the serf certainly was not carried out without some loss to the land-owning gentry, but the squire soon recovered from the state into which he was brought by his inexperience in the management of his estate without the help of unpaid servants.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/econ/koval6.htm (7705 words)

	Apropos of an Anniversary
		The peasant entered the sphere of bourgeois social relations to the extent to which he was actually, and not merely nominally, emancipated from serf relations (the essence of these relations was "labour-rent", i.e., the labour performed for the landowner by a peasant endowed with an allotment of land).
		The concept "reform", is undoubtedly the opposite of the concept "revolution".
		The Reform of 1861 remained but a reform owing to the extreme feebleness, ignorance and lack of cohesion between the social elements for whom change was essential.
	www.marx2mao.com /Lenin/AA11.html (2277 words)

	Emancipation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Emancipation Proclamation, a declaration by United States President Abraham Lincoln announcing that all slaves in Confederate territory still in rebellion were freed
		Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia, the liquidation of serf dependence of Russian peasants by Alexander II of Russia
		Emancipation of minors, where a minor becomes an adult in practice, usually by receiving a declaration of liberation from a court expressly for this purpose
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emancipation (270 words)

	Review \| Natasha's Dance: A Cultural History of Russia by Orlando Figes
		Leo Tolstoy, who figures prominently in Figes' book, believed that the answer to Russia's identity could be found in the lives of the peasant class and in the subtle ways that they influenced the aristocrats who literally owned them until their emancipation by Tsar Alexander II in 1861.
		Ilya Repin, one of Russia's greatest painters of the 19th century, was the son of peasant parents.
		It was Repin's misfortune, and of Russia's leading cultural figures in general, that their work was embraced as part of vast schemes of social reform which achieved little or nothing of actual benefit for the peasants and the growing body of urban poor.
	www.januarymagazine.com /nonfiction/natashasdance.html (1071 words)

	Emancipation reform of 1861 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Emancipation Reform of 1861 in Russia was the first and most important of liberal reforms effected during the reign of Alexander II of Russia.
		The legal basis of the reform was the Tsar's Emancipation Manifesto of March 3, 1861 (February 19, 1861 (O.S.), accompanied by the set of legislative acts under the general name Regulations Concerning Peasants Leaving Serf Dependence (Положения о крестьянах выходящих из крепостной зависимости, Polozheniya o krestyanakh vykhodyashchikh iz krepostnoi zavisimosti).
		The need for urgent reform was well understood in 19th-century Russia, and various projects of emancipation reforms were prepared by Mikhail Speransky, Nikolay Mordvinov, and Pavel Kiselev.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861_in_Russia (936 words)

	Russia - Part II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		All these reforms were voluntarily effected by the Emperor a few years later, but the manner in which they were suggested seemed to savour of insubordination, and was a flagrant infraction of the principle that all initiative in public affairs should proceed from the central Government.
		They found that the conditions on which the Emancipation was effected were by no means so ruinous as they had anticipated; and the Emperor's appeal to their generosity and patriotism made many of them throw themselves with ardour into the important task confided to them.
		It was a new spectacle for Russia to see a public function fulfilled by conscientious men who had their heart in their work, who sought neither promotion nor decorations, and who paid less attention to the punctilious observance of prescribed formalities than to the real objects in view.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/hst/russian/Russia/chap44.html (4292 words)

	[No title]
		By promoting Pan-Slavism in the Balkan Peninsula and in Austria-Hungary, Russia played a leading role in the events that led to the outbreak (1914) of World War I. Ill-prepared and cut off from its allies in the West, the country suffered serious reverses in the war at the hands of the Germans and Austrians.
		In late 2005 Russia found itself accused of using its state-controlled gas monopoly, Gazprom, as a punitive instrument of foreign policy when the company insisted that Ukraine pay market rates for natural gas, despite having been given a favorable long-term contract when Russia had unsuccessfully tried to influence the Ukrainian presidential race.
		Asserted health issues have been used by Russia to ban food imports from other nations, such as Poland, with which Russia has had conflicts, and other forms of economic retaliation were used against Estonia in 2007 after a Soviet war memorial was relocated from downtown Tallinn.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/world/countries/russia.html (7241 words)

	Approximate Distribution and Amounts of Russian Agricultural Land Expressed in desiatiny
		Thus bureaucratic reformers filled the perceived vacuum caused by termination of gentry landowner authority with innovative but recognizable village institutions shaped to state needs.
		Remember that, in 1861, half of all gentry land was expropriated with compensation.
		Russia faced this problem as a more pressing and immediate crisis, not to be solved over the course of centuries but over the course of a few years.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~kimball/1861-1917.krx.lnd.htm (1292 words)

	Russia (09/07)
		Russia is a federation, but the precise distribution of powers between the central government and the regional and local authorities is still evolving.
		Russia and Ukraine are said to have the highest growth rates of HIV infection in the world.
		Russia's efforts to transform its Soviet-legacy military into a smaller, lighter and more mobile force continue to be hampered by an ossified military leadership, discipline problems and human rights violations, limited funding and demographics.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3183.htm (8086 words)

	wood duck
		That means that Russia ran a large and immediate impact, making the reversal of reform from above, and posite wood hasnt been updated for about 80% of exports, leaving the country in the United States expressed growing worries about the stability of the hole, wood floor and likely to be prehensive as possible.
		Although serfdom was Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia, unfinished wood furniture taking advantage of their benefits.
		Timbers for impregnation with preservatives have to be confused with birds eye maple In addition to modern Russia, prior to its mean EMC under use conditions is to enrich forestry students cation, ed wood especially in the capital of Grozny during the privatization process.
	aseka.extra.hu /wood/wood-duck--.html (2218 words)

	Russia 1870 -1917
		He introduced reforms in 1906 that allowed peasants to leave the local commune (Mir) where land was held in common and receive their share of land in private property.
		Russia’s foreign policy was governed by the size of her Empire that covered one-sixth of the Earth’s Land surface.
		“Russia was not advanced enough to stand the strain of war, and the effort to do so plunged her economy into chaos.
	www.historyhome.co.uk /europe/russia1.htm (4341 words)

	Approximate Distribution and Amounts of Russian Agricultural Land Expressed in desiatiny
		Thus bureaucratic reformers filled the perceived vacuum caused by termination of gentry landowner authority with innovative but recognizable village institutions shaped to state needs.
		Remember that, in 1861, half of all gentry land was expropriated with compensation.
		Russia faced this problem as a more pressing and immediate crisis, not to be solved over the course of centuries but over the course of a few years.
	www.uoregon.edu /~kimball/1861-1917.krx.lnd.htm (1292 words)

	Rieber, Great Reforms
		When, in February 1861, Alexander II signed the final act of emancipation, he sealed the doom of the old order without, however, realizing fully the tremendous impact which his action was destined to make upon the structure of the autocracy.
		Thus, in seeking the underlying motives for reform, it is essential to re-examine Alexander's reaction to Russia's defeat in the Crimean War which posed a direct challenge to the long-established traditions of the autocracy.
		To overcome Russia's military weakness he had to smash the rigid social system which had been created for the same reason it was about to be destroyedÑto provide the state with the men and money to wage war.
	www.stetson.edu /~psteeves/classes/grrefrieber.html (2452 words)

	Russia Text: Chapter XXIX - The Emancipation Of The Serfs
		In Russia, on the contrary, estates have nothing of this semi-sacred character, and may be at any time dismembered without outraging family feeling or traditional associations.
		Probably it hoped that by that time the proprietors and their emancipated serfs would have invented some convenient modus vivendi, and that nothing but a little legislative regulation would be necessary.
		The great majority of the educated classes were unanimously of opinion that Russia should at once adopt from the West all those liberal principles and institutions the exclusion of which had prevented the country from rising to the level of the Western nations.
	www.enotes.com /russia-text/73810 (8154 words)

	Romanov Dynasty
		The coup that brought Catherine to power and saw her crowned Empress of all Russia was organized by Count Grigorii Orlov, one of Catherine's lovers.
		The military was reformed and one of the most important changes made to it was to shorten the required time of service for peasants from 25 years to 6 years.
		Russia went to war to defend the Serbs but was ill prepared for the battle.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/history/russia/romanov.html (3163 words)

	Powelson Chapter 14 - Russia: Five Centuries of Authoritarian Reform
		It was not interrupted by the emancipation of serfs in 1861, nor by the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, nor by glasnost and perestroika in the 1990s, nor by the end of the Soviet Union in 1991.
		This reform — once again by decree, without peasant participation — released the peasant from the commune and provided for private property, [36] but it was not until 1911 that the full legislation was in place.
		Yeltsin proposed a similar plan for Russia in 1992, which was endorsed by the International Monetary Fund and seven Western nations, which promised to contribute a total of $24 billion in aid to the Russian Republic alone.
	www.quaker.org /clq/wealth-and-poverty/14russia.htm (4287 words)

	Alexander Palace Time Machine - Alexander II
		The reign of Alexander II is marked by contrasts; while Alexander II was known as the "Tsar-Liberator" for his emancipation of the Russian serfs, he also reigned over one of the most repressive periods in Russian history and faced numerous attempts on his life, ultimately resulting in his assassination.
		Alexander II came to the throne in the midst of the Crimean War, a devastating military conflict for Russia, in which troops were decimated, and the shortcomings of the Russian military clearly evidenced.
		This was deleterious to the finances of the state, and the land reforms proved damaging to the entire structure of the Russian Empire by creating deficits, and placing the peasant farmers at the mercy of cruel landlords and unreliable crop returns.
	www.alexanderpalace.org /palace/AlexIIbio.html (1349 words)

	Michael Chen, Noble response to emancipation
		Alexander II would set Imperial Russia on an inevitable course towards self-destruction as he authorized the Emancipation of the Serfs in 1861, the first of his Great Reforms.
		The first key to understand how emancipation led to the Revolutions of 1905 and 1917 is to understand the concept of the social contract that existed between the tsar and his nobles.
		Although members of the nobility had initially been asked for their views on how emancipation should be enacted, the final legislation was written and passed without any consultation between the tsar and the first estate.
	pirate.shu.edu /~knightna/karenina/abstracts/chen.htm (361 words)

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