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Topic: Embodied philosophy

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Embodied cognition

Embodiment

George Lakoff

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Mark Johnson (professor)

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	Embodied philosophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The goals of this school of philosophy include a more localized political science, perhaps one tied to ecoregions rather than to global ideology, and a non-dualistic account of the body to complement the more dualistic accounts of philosophy of law and philosophy of medicine, which literally dispose of the body and parts of the body.
		This is distinct from the "social constructivism" view in the philosophy of mathematics.
		Likewise, some of embodied philosophy is clearly convergent with postmodernism, feminism, "queer" and other social construction paradigms that discuss socially-enforced metaphorical construction as a product not only of an "embodied" cognitive bias or an "isomorphic" notation bias but also of culture bias.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Embodied_philosophy (444 words)

	Steen: Grasping Philosophy by the Roots
		Philosophy In the Flesh is an adventurous elaboration of the thesis of the metaphoricity of language and the ubiquity of metaphor in everyday thought spelled out in the authors’ groundbreaking Metaphors We Live By.
		While they argue that Anglo-American analytic philosophy’s insistence on non-figurative language is itself enabled by an unconscious act of figuration, this contradiction is in their view a manageable and corrigible failure, requiring nothing but a healthy respect for empirical evidence and a dose of clear thinking.
		On the contrary, embodied philosophy grounds truth, although -- in a contemporary version of the skeptic’s adage that man is the measure of all things -- it grounds it in ourselves rather than in transcendent reality.
	cogweb.ucla.edu /CogSci/SteenOnLakoff_Johnson.html (2580 words)

	George Lakoff
		When Lakoff claims the mind is "embodied", he is arguing that almost all of human cognition, up through the most abstract reasoning, depends on and makes use of such concrete and "low-level" facilities as the sensorimotor system and the emotions.
		Second, based on cognitive linguistics' analysis of figurative language, he argues that the reasoning we use for such abstract topics as warfare, economics, or morality is somehow rooted in the reasoning we use for such mundane topics as spatial relationships.
		Finally, based on research cognitive psychology and some investigations in the philosophy of language, he argues that very few of the categories used by humans are actually of the fl and white type amenable to analysis in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/g/ge/george_lakoff.html (1397 words)

	Mark Johnson (professor) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mark L. Johnson is Knight Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Oregon.
		He is well-known for contributions to embodied philosophy, cognitive science and cognitive linguistics with George Lakoff, but he has also written extensively on philosophical topics such as John Dewey, Kant and ethics.
		However, where Kant wanted schemata to serve as a bridge between the empirical and logical (or phenomenal and noumenal) worlds, Johnson maintained that image schema are regularly recurring embodied patterns of experience that are acquired during the course of early child development.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mark_Johnson_(professor) (471 words)

	Embodied Cognition [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Embodied cognition theorists view cognitivist/classicist accounts as problematic for many reasons, but they are especially concerned that these accounts result in an isolationist assumption that attempts to understand cognition by focusing almost exclusively on an organism's internal cognitive processes.
		The contemporary notion of embodied cognition stands in contrast to the prevailing cognitivist stance which sees the mind as a device to manipulate symbols and is thus concerned with the formal rules and processes by which the symbols appropriately represent the world (xx).
		Yet, embodied cognition theorists question the evolutionary viability of viewing cognition as passive retrieval; they maintain it is too time-consuming and unnecessary for organisms to formulate representations that completely mirror environmental features that are unrelated to the goal-directed activity the organism is currently performing.
	www.iep.utm.edu /e/embodcog.htm (6572 words)

	Maurice Merleau-Ponty [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		His philosophy was heavily influenced by the work of Husserl, and his own particular brand of phenomenology was preoccupied with refuting what he saw as the twin tendencies of Western philosophy; those being empiricism, and what he termed intellectualism, but which is more commonly referred to as idealism.
		In this repudiation of traditional metaphysical philosophy and its governing subject-object relationship, it is perhaps unsurprising that Merleau-Ponty, when speaking of his phenomenological method, suggests that "the demand for a pure description excludes equally the procedure of analytical reflection on the one hand, and that of scientific explanation on the other" (PP ix).
		Philosophy is hence a means to improve our ways of living, and reason has a role in this, providing that it is based in the phenomenological exigencies of the subject and their life-world.
	www.iep.utm.edu /m/merleau.htm (12785 words)

	Edge: A TALK BY GEORGE LAKOFF [page 4]
		Mind instead is embodied, not in the trivial sense of being implementable in a brain, but in the crucial sense that conceptual structure and the mechanisms of reason arise ultimately and are shaped by from the sensory-motor system of the brain and body.
		Research on the embodied mind did tend to start on the West Coast, but even then the geographical characterization was oversimplified.
		Our answer is that the ordinary embodied mind, with its image schemas, conceptual metaphors, and mental spaces, has the capacity to create the most sophisticated of mathematics via using everyday conceptual mechanisms.
	www.edge.org /3rd_culture/lakoff/lakoff_p4.html (2324 words)

	Main Page - Embodiment
		This wiki is hoped to become roughly one-third hard cognitive science and embodied philosophy, one-third social science and general embodiment to develop the embodiment view, and one-third instructional capital that will form as a reference/textbook for some future embodiment training.
		Politically, The Embodiment is devoted to protecting all wild homo habitat and educating local human populations to protect, not prey on, those near-humans.
		The most abstract instructional capital is the embodiment view statement which is a broad attempt to organize an active ontology as a trellis on which a living ontology can grow.
	www.embodimentwiki.org (793 words)

	Teaching Philosophy
		In a discipline such as philosophy, which already "enjoys" a reputation of otioseness among many undergraduates, a bad experience with an unprepared instructor can be all that is needed to extinguish any flicker of interest in a student, who may be “forced” to take a philosophy course to meet the curriculum requirement.
		I assume a sound teaching philosophy to be one that is human-centered in that it supports an instructional approach fostering the intellectual, emotional and social development of students and teachers.
		Philosophy can help satisfy these needs by helping them develop their own opinions and beliefs, increasing their self-awareness, equipping them to deal with uncertainty, eliciting creativity, and aiding them in clearly conceptualizing their value systems.
	faculty.juniata.edu /wang/teaching_philosophy.htm (1065 words)

	Philosophy of Embodiment
		THE PHILOSOPHY OF EMBODIMENT forum (philosembodiment@yahoogroups.com) explores the philosophic ideas behind the thesis that we are dynamic and emergent processes of embodied interaction with the socio-physical environment.
		The embodied self is the whole human being, being neither a body with a mind or a mind in a body; the whole interactive, co-inhered self.
		Philosophy itself, particularly philosophy of mind, existentialism, process philosophy, action theory, and philosophy's sociological partner, ethnomethodology, as well as psychology, all contribute tools for this work.
	www.expage.com /philosembod (392 words)

	20th WCP: From Apocalyptic to Messianic: Philosophia Universalis
		A long history of stripping philosophy in Western culture from its traditional objects and replacing philosophy by religion, science, ideology, etc. (something that never occurred in classical India) prompts Zilberman to scrutinize Hindu philosophies as an embodied philosophy and thus as what might be closed to Philosophia Universalis.
		Philosophy becomes in classical India a polemic dramatization which has its philosophical reason in what Zilberman called a partnership or sharing of a work, and the responsibility of the philosophers involved (due to complementariness of their systems) in the same Universe of philosophizing.
		Messianic vision of philosophy reviving from the ashes of non-being, of transforming "cinders into diamonds" in Western culture, thus, is clearly inspired for Zilberman by the Hindu universe of philosophical knowledge.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Cont/ContGour.htm (2705 words)

	Faculty - Mark L. Johnson
		I have been fortunate to teach topics in several areas of philosophy and to be involved in a considerable amount of interdisciplinary collaboration.
		The seminar on Philosophy and Cognitive Science is an ongoing investigation of how empirical research from the cognitive sciences has profound implications for our understanding of philosophy.
		A second focus is the philosophy of art, including courses in aesthetics, philosophy of art, and music and meaning.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~uophil/faculty/mjohnson/mjohnson.html (1032 words)

	Philosophy in the Flesh
		Rather, the mind is inherently embodied, reason is shaped by the body, and since most thought is unconscious, the mind cannot be known simply by self-reflection.
		The mind is not merely embodied, but embodied in such a way that our conceptual systems draw largely upon the commonalities of our bodies and of the environments we live in.
		But once we understand the importance of the cognitive unconscious, the embodiment of mind, and metaphorical thought, we can never go back to a priori philosophizing about mind and language or to philosophical ideas of what a person is that are inconsistent with what we are learning about the mind.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/l/lakoff-philosophy.html (2276 words)

	Ephilosopher :: Metaphysics and Epistemology :: Embodied consciousness and Darwinian evolution: Can the two really be ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		First off, the theory that consciousness is embodied, by definition, means that there exists a physical representation for all conscious thought/sense/qualia.
		Thus, from a Darwinian perspective, embodied consciousness is entirely useless, as it simply mirrors what is already happening in the physical processes of the brain (and thus offers no selective advantage over purely unconscious creatures).
		His view is precisely the one that I am dealing with, the theory of the "embodied mind": that the mind and consciousness DO exist, but that they are explicitly represented in the biochemistry of the brain/body.
	www.ephilosopher.com /phpBB_14-action-viewtopic-topic-3209.html (6714 words)

	Review of Lakoff & Johnson
		Part IV presents arguments for "empirically responsible philosophy" and its potential for understanding "who we are, how we experience our world, and how we ought to live." Finally, the appendix summarizes research inspired by this philosophy that has produced computational simulations of certain aspects of embodied minds.
		Instead of challenging all of western philosophy, they should have concentrated on their major opponent, Noam Chomsky and his philosophy of language.
		A glaring omission in a book on embodied minds that discusses Aristotle is the failure to mention his theory of the psyche, which is the earliest and one of the best characterizations of the embodied mind.
	users.bestweb.net /~sowa/direct/lakoff.htm (1609 words)

	Amazon.de: Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought: English Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		They re-propose philosophy as an attempt to perfect such conceptual metaphors so that we can understand how our thought processes shape our experience; they even make a tentative effort toward rescuing spirituality from the heavy blows dealt by the disproving of the disembodied mind or "soul" by re-imagining "transcendence" as "imaginative empathetic projection".
		Lakoff and Johnson's book "Philosophy in the Flesh" adds the voice of cognitive linguistics to the growing chorus of voices from science of mind that have informed philosophers: the Platonic World View is nearing the end of its reign over Western philosophy.
		Many critics of "Philosophy in the Flesh" are adherents to the Platonic World View and they have voiced exactly the complaints about "Philosophy in the Flesh" that Lakoff and Johnson explicitly anticipated and accounted for with their meta-story line.
	www.amazon.de /exec/obidos/ASIN/0465056733 (2076 words)

	::: Events ::: Endowed Series ::: Harry Girvetz Memorial Lecture Series
		Harry Girvetz, Professor of Philosophy, was a major force in shaping the history of the Santa Barbara campus of the University of California.
		As a scholar, Professor Girvetz was an authoritative and widely known exponent of the philosophy of liberalism.
		Many of Professor Girvetz's most deeply held views about the history and significance of philosophy were embodied in the book, Science, Folklore, and Philosophy, which he edited, and in substantial part wrote.
	www.ihc.ucsb.edu /events/endowed/girvetz.html (431 words)

	PCC - Philosophy, Cosmology & Consciousness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Topics include theextended cartography of the human psyche suggested by modern consciousnessresearch and experiential therapies, analysis of birth charts and planetarytransits, archetypal and perinatal patterns in art and culture, and therelevance of this evidence both to the larger tradition of depth psychologyand to the cultural emergence of a radically integrated world view.
		An exploration of possibilities for philosophy that are both embodied andecologically/ cosmologically embedded.
		This course explores literaryresponses to a philosophy problem: the core discontinuities in Westernthought between humans and nature, body and mind, and self and the restof the world.
	www.ciis.edu /pcc/COURSES/courses_9899.html (2163 words)

	Philosophy
		The Department of Philosophy at Washington University has strengths in contemporary philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of science and in ethics and social-political philosophy.
		These are areas in which the department is not only on the cutting edge of philosophical debates, but also has overlapping and complementary interests that create an atmosphere that is very conducive to collaboration and conversation.
		Her most recent book is titled Autonomy, Gender, Politics and defends the importance of autonomy for women, with a focus on social issues such as domestic violence and women's situation...
	news-info.wustl.edu /group/page/normal/42.html (636 words)

	Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind - Kant, Immanuel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thus Kant’s account of "embodied cognition" did not merely assert that the quality of the sensory material provided by the body affects the quality of cognition, but he argued that the soul is dependent for any change—and thus for cognition, which involves a temporal sequence of mental states—on the successive states of the body.
		One idea, that the soul is an object of inner sense that possesses a virtual presence in space and not a local presence, provided Kant with a new explanation of the mind/body problem and allowed him to resolve a number of the difficulties that had left him perplexed when he wrote Dreams of a Spirit-Seer.
		Kant thus turned his back on the positive philosophy of mind that he had struggled to construct in the 1740s, 1750s, 1760s, and 1770s.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~philos/MindDict/kant.html (2237 words)

	Contemporary Philosophers List
		Academic philosophy involves the history and process of that thinking which thoughtful men and women have constructed over the last several thousand years in response to the deeper questions of meaning, being, value and knowing.
		Looked upon this way philosophy becomes the exciting process of Humankind's attempt to unravel those mysteries which have concerned thinking people from the origin of the reflective life, i.e., what is, how do we know what exists, and what is the value and meaning such existence.
		That is, Ancient and Medieval philosophy focused more on ontology, cosmology, and metaphysics, the 16th through 18th century philosophers on epistemology, and the 19th and 20th century thinkers centering on language.
	www.regent.edu /acad/schcom/phd/com707/Assign1.html (832 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This is a danger in any field of knowledge that claims objectivity and universality, such as philosophy and the natural sciences.
		The problem of cultural bias is central to social and human sciences, such as economics, psychology, anthropology and sociology, which have had to develop methods and theories to compensate for or eliminate cultural bias.
		As one might expect, the effects on philosophy are profound, and not merely limited to ethics.
	cultural_bias.iqexpand.com (864 words)

	Metapsychology Online Reviews - Erotic Morality
		Holler's handling of the psychological literature does however resemble an "outsider" more than an "insider." She doesn't bother to address the thornier issues about embodiment, cognition and emotion that psychologists are currently debating, and psychologists who are interested in reading an addition to this debate should look elsewhere.
		An erotic morality would, on the contrary, be based on embodied awareness, and its central metaphor would be the sensation of touch, in contrast to the cultural hegemony of vision.
		For Holler, mindfulness meditation is emblematic of the kind of embodied practice necessary to cultivate erotic morality.
	mentalhelp.net /books/books.php?type=de&id=1859 (2392 words)

	Giving the Truth a Hand
		An ''embodied'' philosophy, on the other hand, would show the laws of thought to be metaphorical, not logical; truth would be a metaphorical construction, not an attribute of objective reality.
		To justify such an ''embodied'' philosophy, the authors engage in a sort of metaphorical genome project, attempting to delineate the genetic code of human thought.
		In some ways, this philosophy resembles a version of simplistic Freudianism, in which varied experiences are treated as metaphorical transformations of primal relationships.
	www.uwm.edu /~wash/lakoff.htm (1339 words)

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