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Topic: Embryo drawings

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Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

Phylogeny

Ernst Haeckel

In the News (Mon 16 Nov 09)

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Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

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Mickey Rourke

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Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	Embryo Images Online- Credits
		Embryo Images Normal and Abnormal Mammalian Development is a tutorial that uses scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) as the primary resource to teach mammalian embryology.
		All of the images have a legend that indicates the age of the embryo.
		The line drawings have been used with permission from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins and are from the 6th and 7th editions of Langman's Medical Embryology by T.W. Sadler.
	www.med.unc.edu /embryo_images/unit-welcome/welcome_htms/akgs.htm (340 words)

	Introduction
		He claims that he knew that the drawings of embryos presented in textbooks were false because he was a developmental biologist.
		Many of the general "differences" in early embryo development that Wells mentions are a result of organization due to the yolk size rather than being specific differences in the basic body-plan of the embryo (Arendt and Nübler-Jung, 1999).
		Embryos do reveal phylogenetic information in terms of specific shared features, shared early developmental features such as the formation of a germinal disc and primitive streak in all amniotes or the neural crest cells of all vertebrates.
	www.ncseweb.org /icons/icon4haeckel.html (0 words)

	embryo-compare
		Although a human embryo does not "recapitulate" the adult stage of any previous ancestor, certain ancestral conditions and particular structures are clearly recapitulated.
		Mayr is not claiming that human embryos actually have the gill slits of a fish.
		Embryos of all vertebrates have deep structural similarities and these deep similarities are said to clearly show evidence for evolutionary relationships.
	home.honolulu.hawaii.edu /~pine/book1qts/embryo-compare.html (269 words)

	Darwinism Refuted.com
		It is now known that the "gills" that supposedly appear in the early stages of the human embryo are in fact the initial phases of the middle-ear canal, parathyroid, and thymus.
		That part of the embryo that was likened to the "egg yolk pouch" turns out to be a pouch that produces blood for the infant.
		In short, the fact that Haeckel's drawings were falsified had already emerged in 1901, but the whole world of science continued to be deceived by them for a century.
	www.darwinismrefuted.com /embryology_04.html (0 words)

	THE ERRORS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES BOOKLET
		In an interview, Bruce Roberts stated that Haeckel's counterfeit embryo drawings (which we shall be examining in the pages that follow) would be removed from the subsequent edition of the book Molecular Biology of the Cell, which he co-authored.
		Moreover, half of the embryos he selected belonged to mammals, and all belonged to the same subclass (placentals); he did not include any examples from the other two subclasses of mammals (monotremes and marsupials).
		The impression they [Haeckel's drawings] give, that the embryos are exactly alike, is wrong, says Michael Richardson, an embryologist at St. George's Hospital Medical School in London So he and his colleagues did their own comparative study, reexamining and photographing embryos roughly matched by species and age with those Haeckel drew.
	www.nationalacademyofsciencesrefuted.com /portraying_distribution_species_evidence_evolution.php (0 words)

	Haeckel's embryo drawings were proven wrong in 1874 and are still in biology books - EvoWiki
		Haeckel's embryo drawings were proven wrong in 1874 and are still in biology books.
		The observations and principles of the Baltic-German school are the earliest foundations of modern embryology and are not, in fact, in dispute.
		It is dishonest to attribute the discovery of gills in vertebrate embryos to Haeckel, in fact, it is as dishonest as Haeckel fudging his drawings.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Haeckel's_embryo_drawings_were_proven_wrong_in_1874_and_are_still_in_biology_books (0 words)

	Embryodynamics - Embryology and medical computer animated drawings
		Embryodynamics is the name under which Radivoj Krstic and Alexandre Krstic provide computer animated drawings explaining the normal development and the malformation of tissues and organs in the human embryo.
		The embryological aspects, structure and drawings are realised by Radivoj Krstic, Honorary Professor of the Medical Faculty, in Lausanne, Switzerland, and author of many histological books.
		By using simple and accurate drawings, an Embryodynamics animation brings action to static drawings usually found in embryology books, while still keeping every pedagogical benefit of a streamlined illustration.
	www.embryodynamics.com /faq.en.html (0 words)

	Evolution News & Views: Evolving Embryo Drawings at London’s The Science Museum Website
		But on December 2, 2006, Truth in Science, a British group which supports intelligent design, reported that London’s The Science Museum had colorized versions of Haeckel’s embryo drawings on their website.
		Originally, The Science Museum had colorized versions of Haeckel's fraudulent embryo drawings posted on their website as a line of evidence supporting evolution.
		Next, Truth in Science posted documentation that the embryo drawings were “one of the most famous fakes in biology.” Then the museum removed the faked drawings and replaced them with photographs.
	www.evolutionnews.org /2007/02/evolving_embryo_drawings_at_lo.html (344 words)

	Wells and Haeckel's Embryos
		At this time in development, vertebrate embryos all express a suite of characters that are common to the entire vertebrate lineage: they have a notochord and a dorsal nerve cord, they have pharyngeal arches and a tail, and they have a repeating series of blocks of muscle called somites.
		Whether the embryo is a ball of cells or a mass on top of a yolk, though, all vertebrates carry out equivalent movements during gastrulation; again, the differences are superficial, depending on whether the cluster of cells is balled up or flattened.
		The head of all vertebrate embryos, whether they are a fish or a human, can be simply described as a curved tube largely made up of presumptive brain (Figure 2), with a series of 4 to 7 finger-like tissues hanging down from it, the pharyngeal arches.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/wells/haeckel.html (4844 words)

	Haeckel's drawings
		Photographing actual embryos at these stages, Richardson and colleagues show that Haeckel's drawings are oversimplified to the point of obscuring important differences between classes of vertebrates.
		Haeckel's drawings were not trusted (see Goldschmidt, 1956), and Haeckel was accused of scientific fraud by a university court in Jena, where he worked and by other embryologists, as well (see Hamblin, 1997; Richardson et al., 1997b).
		Certainly, the early embryos of certain vertebrate classes are very similar (for instance, the chick and mouse twenty-somite embryos), and the processes of somitogenesis, limb formation, axis generation, etc. are probably conserved throughout the vertebrate groups).
	zygote.swarthmore.edu /evo5.html (1398 words)

	Embryology - CreationWiki, the encyclopedia of creation science
		Embryology is the branch of developmental biology that studies the beginning and early growth of sexually reproducing organisms.
		The embryo is an animal or plant in its earliest stage of life.
		The (now discredited) theory of recapitulation was first set forth in 1866 by Ernst Haeckel, who stated that organisms repeat their evolutionary history during embryo development.
	creationwiki.org /Embryology (128 words)

	CB701: Haeckel's embryo pictures.
		Haeckel faked his pictures of embryos to make them look more alike than they are.
		Haeckel's pictures are irrelevant to the question of whether the embryos are similar.
		Professor Agassiz in 1849, for example, said, "We find, too, that the young bat, or bird, or the young serpent, in certain periods of their growth, resemble one another so much that he would defy any one to tell one from the other--or distinguish between a bat and a snake." (Scientific American 1849)
	www.talkorigins.org /indexcc/CB/CB701.html (266 words)

	Embryo Sorter Website - Home
		The machine functions by determining the levels of fluorescence of embryos that are suspended in a buffer.
		Embryos randomly enter this fluid stream and pass through an optical cuvette (see below) where they are excited by an argon laser.
		Currently all of the embryo timing and sorting decisions are being made through hardware and we are sorting based upon the peak values for GFP.
	www.stanford.edu /~profitt/EmbryoPaper/index.html (439 words)

	ZFIN Embyonic Developmental Stages
		Camera lucida drawings of face views during cleavage, showing lineal relationships of the blastomeres from the 4-cell stage through the 64-cell stage.
		The dorsal side of the blastoderm in a midgastrula embryo, at the 75%-epiboly stage.
		The embryo's small open mouth (arrow) lies between the two eyes at the pec-fin stage (60 h).
	zfish.uoregon.edu /zf_info/zfbook/stages/stages.html (448 words)

	ZFIN Embyonic Developmental Stages
		Camera lucida drawings of face views during cleavage, showing lineal relationships of the blastomeres from the 4-cell stage through the 64-cell stage.
		The dorsal side of the blastoderm in a midgastrula embryo, at the 75%-epiboly stage.
		The embryo's small open mouth (arrow) lies between the two eyes at the pec-fin stage (60 h).
	zfin.org /zf_info/zfbook/stages/stages.html (448 words)

	www.iconsofevolution.com
		Over the past decade known scientific frauds were put forth as evidence for evolution, such as Haeckel's faked embryo drawings and the myth of the peppered moth."
		Many leading high school and undergraduate biology textbooks present students with drawings of similarities between fish and human embryos, and claim that these similarities are evidence that fish and humans share a common ancestor.
		Photographs of light- and dark- colored moths on tree trunks are used to teach students how natural selection altered the proportions of the two forms when trees were darkened by pollution during the industrial revolution.
	www.iconsofevolution.com /press (0 words)

	Living Drawings Created with Bioluminescent Bacteria
		Hunter O’Reilly creates controlled line drawings using bioluminescent bacteria.
		First appearing with bright light, bacteria in the drawing are photographed as it uses up available nutrients, gradually dying-off over a two-week period.
		Both an internationally shown artist and also experienced geneticist, O'Reilly reinterprets science as art through abstractions, digital art and installations.
	www.artbyhunter.com /artgallery/livingbacterialdrawings (0 words)

	YouTube - Haeckel's Bogus Embryo Drawings
		Discovery's Center for Science & Culture (CSC) has launched a webpage, hoaxofdodos.com, detailing the false facts in the film.
		Perhaps the most outlandish error is the claim that modern biology textbooks have not used illustrations derived from Ernst Haeckel's fraudulent 19th century embryo drawings as evidence for evolution.
		Olson tries to convince viewers that critics of Darwin's theory have been lying when they claim these drawings are in textbooks.
	www.youtube.com /watch?v=ecH5SKxL9wk (0 words)

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