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Topic: Embryonic development

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embryonic hemoglobin

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stem cell Embryonic stem cells

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	ScienceDaily: Embryonic stem cell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a human embryo.
		Embryonic stem cell -- Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a human embryo.
		Neural development -- The study of neural development draws on both neuroscience and developmental biology to describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which complex nervous systems emerge during embryonic...
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/Embryonic_stem_cell (1531 words)

	Morphogenesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The study of morphogenesis involves an attempt to understand the processes that control the organized spatial distribution of cells that arises during the embryonic development of an organism and which give rise to the characteristic forms of tissues, organs and overall body anatomy.
		In 1995, the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was awarded for studies concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development to Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Edward B. Lewis and Eric Wieschaus.
		The term morphogenesis can also be used to describe the development of unicellular life forms that do not have an embryonic stage in their life cycle, or to refer to the evolution of a body structure within a taxonomic group.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Morphogenesis (1674 words)

	Embryogenesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Embryogenesis is the process by which the embryo is formed and develops.
		The zygote undergoes rapid mitotic divisions with no significant growth (a process known as cleavage) and cellular differentiation, leading to development of an embryo.
		The hatching of the larva, which must then undergo metamorphosis, marks the end of embryonic development.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Embryonic_development (616 words)

	University of Oulu \|
		The developing kidney is a useful model organ in the study of embryonic development.
		embryonic development, cell proliferation is controlled in contrary to cancer; 2) many hereditary developmental disorders are known; 3) embryonic development and reproduction is essential for any population and increasing strain on environment increases risks of developmental defects and 4) to understand evolution, development must be understood.
		Ontogeny of 17 beta-hybrosteroid dehydrogenase tupe 2 mRNA expression in the developing mouse placenta.
	www.biochem.oulu.fi /tutkimus/vainio/index_e.html (627 words)

	Embryonic Development: Getting Started
		Mitosis and cytokinesis of the zygote, an unusually large cell, produces an increasing number of smaller cells, each with an exact copy of the genome present in the zygote.
		There is little visible differentiation of the cells in the various layers, but probes for cell-specific proteins reveal that different groups of cells have already started on specific paths of future development.
		This is done by gradients of mRNAs and proteins encoded by the mother's genes and placed in the egg by her.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/E/EmbryonicDevelopment.html (1807 words)

	What are embryonic stem cells? [Stem Cell Information]
		Specifically, embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in vitro—in an in vitro fertilization clinic—and then donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors.
		The blastocyst includes three structures: the trophoblast, which is the layer of cells that surrounds the blastocyst; the blastocoel, which is the hollow cavity inside the blastocyst; and the inner cell mass, which is a group of approximately 30 cells at one end of the blastocoel.
		Embryonic stem cells that have proliferated in cell culture for six or more months without differentiating, are pluripotent, and appear genetically normal are referred to as an embryonic stem cell line.
	stemcells.nih.gov /info/basics/basics3.asp (1114 words)

	NASA - Exploration Systems - Avian Development Facility - Skeletal Development in Embryonic Quail (ADF-Skeletal)
		The Avian Development Facility (ADF) was an incubator used to study embryogenesis (development and growth of an embryo) in space.
		The anatomical development of the receptor cell organization and the afferent innervation patterns of day 4, 7, and 12 quail embryos were collected for comparison across the different gravity conditions and developmental stages.
		The bone that developed during spaceflight (top) shows less mineral compared to the control sample (bottom); the control sample clearly shows mineral deposits (dark spots) that are absent in the flight sample.
	exploration.nasa.gov /programs/station/ADF-Skeletal_lite.html (2146 words)

	Comparative Placentation
		In comparing the development of different mouse strains, Dickson (1967) found that blastocysts do not always develop equally well and also, that their development is not necessarily synchronous.
		Their chapter is replete with color pictures of the normally developing placenta and membranes and discusses apoptosis in the placenta and various organs and attempts to devise guidelines to differentiate causes of prenatal demise.
		Surani, M.A.H. and Barton, S.C.: Development of gynecogenetic eggs in the mouse: Implications for parthenogenetic embryos.
	medicine.ucsd.edu /cpa/mous.html (6124 words)

	Basic Sciences - Embryonic Development Lab
		Furthermore, key processes in development, including differential cell proliferation, programmed cell death, migration, and cell-cell interactions, are recapitulated in a pathologic manner during oncogenesis and metastasis, suggesting an aberrant regulation or "reactivation" of such processes.
		Chick tail development is a continuation of gastrulation and we have demonstrated that the tail tip retains true Spemann-type organizer activity (induces a secondary embryonic axis) including neural induction, cell recruitment into paraxial mesoderm, and induction of gastrulation-like morphogenetic movements to produce elongated mesodermal outgrowths.
		In a collaborative effort, we have developed a rapid in situ assay using a chimeric glucocorticoid/retinoic acid receptor/ GFP fusion protein.
	home.ncifcrf.gov /ccr/lop/Research/embryonic/default.asp (922 words)

	UNSW Embryology- Cardiovascular System Development - Embryonic Heart Rate
		Low ERH is correlated with embryonic loss and is often used as a predictor for risk of spontaneous miscarriage, the majority of ERH research articles focus on this aspect as an indicator.
		Embryonic heart rate has been suggested as an indicator of sex (male/female), scientific research to date does not support any correlation between EHR and the sex of the embryo/fetus.
		Decline of EHR afterwards is interpreted as a functional adaption to muscular development of the heart.
	embryology.med.unsw.edu.au /Notes/heart8.htm (1969 words)

	Intercellular Adhesion in Embryonic Development
		Townes and Holtfreter (1955) demonstrated that dissociated cells from amphibian embryos would adhere to form random aggregates that in time would sort out according to the germ layer of their origin, with ectoderm forming an outer surface layer, endoderm forming a compact central ball and mesoderm producing a loose array of cells in between.
		The surface tension values for five chick embryonic tissues reflect the ability of the cohesive forces within the tissue to resist the force applied to the aggregate.
		The role of ß-catenin in development is discussed further in Initiating the Embryonic Body Plan: Dorsalization of the Xenopus Embryo.
	www.ucalgary.ca /UofC/eduweb/virtualembryo/adhesion.html (1018 words)

	2. The Embryonic Stem Cell [Stem Cell Information]
		The blastocyst is the stage of embryonic development prior to implantation in the uterine wall.
		One goal for embryonic stem cell research is the development of specialized cells such as neurons, heart muscle cells, endothelial cells of blood vessels, and insulin secreting cells similar to those found in the pancreas.
		Cell-cell interactions are critical to normal embryonic development, so allowing some of these "natural" in vivo interactions to occur in the culture dish is a fundamental strategy for inducing mouse or human ES cell differentiation in vitro.
	stemcells.nih.gov /info/scireport/chapter2.asp (3216 words)

	Embryonic Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The events of the six-week embryonic stage include differentiation of germ layers into specific body cavities and the formation of the placenta, the umbilical cord, and the embryonic membranes which provide sustenance and protection to the embryo.
		At this stage, the developing organism is referred to as an embryo.
		During the fourth week, the embryo increases in size and develops a connecting body stalk from the embryonic body to the placenta.
	www.innerbody.com /text/repo52.html (383 words)

	Embryonic development
		Another marvelous reflection of creation is the astonishing process of embryonic development, including the way a human being develops in his or her mother’s womb.
		The marvelous development of the human embryo should make everyone a creationist, it seems to me, but evolutionists say that the so-called “gill slits, yolk sac, and tail” are useless evolutionary leftovers (vestiges) that virtually “prove” we evolved from fish, reptiles, and apes.
		Embryonic development is not even analogous to evolution, which is meant to indicate a progressive increase in potential.
	www.answersingenesis.org /home/area/cfol/ch1-development.asp (2681 words)

	Animal Developmental Biology
		Embryonic development basically takes the basically rudimentary organism found at the end of pre-embryonic development, and produces and a recognizable organism complete with all of its developing organ sytem.
		Much of organ development, however, is left to the post-embryonic developmental period known as fetal development.
		Note that a human embryo at the end of its embryonic development is no more than about an 2.5 cm (an inch) in length and about a gram in mass.
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/biol1130.htm (1894 words)

	Incubation and Embryonic Development, Bulletin 633, Embryonic Development
		Embryonic development starts again when the temperature is increased.
		In the incubation process, these mistakes cause "early deads." If the biological mistake is not as serious, the embryo may develop longer before dying, or it may survive with a congenital defect.
		The one that is visible at the earliest stage of development is the amnion.
	ohioline.osu.edu /b633/b633_5.html (558 words)

	Development of the Embryonic Mammary Gland
		Mammary epithelia grown in the mesenchyme of the salivary gland developed a salivary-like morphology (Sakakura et al.,1976).
		Embryonic mammary glands are able to respond to lactogenic hormones in culture.
		Kratochwil, K. (1977) Development and loss of androgen responsiveness in the embryonic rudiment of the mouse mammary gland.
	mammary.nih.gov /reviews/development/robinson001/slide/main.html (908 words)

	PREGNANCY - FETAL DEVELOPMENT
		Brain is developed into 5 components and lumen of spinal cord is continuous with brain vesicles allowing free cerebral spinal fluid flow.
		This is the end of the embryonic stage.
		Brain developed to the point that baby can suck, swallow and make irregular breathing movements.
	www.dcdoctor.com /pages/rightpages_wellnesscenter/pregnancy/fetaldevelopment.html (273 words)

	The Magic School Bus: From Two Cells To Many: Cell Differentiation and Embryonic Development
		For instance, development of the retina induces the development of the lens and cornea of the eye.
		That is why sensory deprivation in the early childhood is detrimental to the proper development of the child.
		The details of embryonic development and mechanisms of cell differentiation differ between plants, fungi, protists, and various invertebrate and vertebrate animals.
	themagicschoolbus.blogspot.com /2006/05/from-two-cells-to-many-cell.html (1026 words)

	New Class Of Genes For Embryonic Development Found
		Biologists at the University of California, San Diego have discovered in the roundworm C. elegans a new class of genes necessary for the normal development of the earliest stages of embryonic development in animals.
		In normal embryos, the larger of these cells develops into the outer layers of an organism, such as its skin and nervous system, while the smaller of the two cells develops into the inner portions, such as its muscle, gut and reproductive organs.
		Another set of genes known to regulate the polarity in the developing embryo is known as PAR, because mutations in these genes lead to errors in the partitioning of germline granules that, in a healthy embryo, all flow into the smaller of the first two dividing cells.
	unisci.com /stories/20012/0501014.htm (700 words)

	eMedicine - Embryonic Demise : Article Excerpt by: Faye C Laing, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Background: The embryonic phase of development is complete by the end of the 10th menstrual or gestational week (this corresponds to 10 wk following the onset of the last normal menstrual period).
		During this critical period of development, a single fertilized cell undergoes dramatic transformation as the cell mass evolves into major organs and a recognizable human form.
		Studies confirm that during embryonic development, the rate of pregnancy failure is inversely related to GA and that with onset of fetal development (beginning at 11 wk GA), demise becomes relatively unusual.
	www.emedicine.com /radio/byname/embryonic-demise.htm (614 words)

	Human embryonic period
		Human prenatal development is divided into an embryonic period and a fetal period.
		It is important to note that each of the 23 Carnegie stages represents an arbitary point along the time-line of development, akin to a "freeze-frame" in a movie.
		As the description of each stage is based on the features seen in an "average" embryo individual embryos may not fit exactly into a particular stage.
	virtualhumanembryo.lsuhsc.edu /HEIRLOOM/Stages/HEP.htm (199 words)

	NOVA Online/Odyssey of Life/Timing is Everything
		So if you watch developing embryos through the lens of evolutionary biology, they can carry you on even more amazing journeys -- outward to the odyssey of life's history, and inward, into the invisible world of genes.
		Specifically, Haeckel proposed that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny." This pithy bit of jargon, when translated into English, asserts that as an embryo develops, it passes through stages that are equivalent to the adult forms of its ancestors.
		Their actions are coordinated by master control genes that act like orchestra conductors -- determining which genes are turned on and which are turned off, in what cells, at what stages in development, and for what lengths of time.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/odyssey/timing.html (1438 words)

	HON Mother & Child Glossary, Implantation & Embryonic Development
		The outer layer of this cell mass or trophoblast, attaches itself by secreting proteolytic enzymes, which erode the uterine wall cells, gradually embedding itself firmly in the uterine wall.
		We have now entered the embryonic period of development (2 to 8 weeks post-conception), where the zygote is now referred to as the embryo.
		The next stage of development, from month 2 until birth, is the foetal period of development.
	www.hon.ch /Dossier/MotherChild/pregnancy/implantation.html (292 words)

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