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	Linus Pauling and the Peace Movement - p. 1 of 8
		You were a member of Einstein's Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, one of the first efforts.
		When the atomic bombs were dropped, exploded, over Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, I was very soon asked by the Rotary Club in Hollywood to talk about nuclear fission, about the nature of these weapons.
		But then I was asked to join the Board of Trustees of the Einstein Committee, the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, which consisted only of the Board of Trustees, half a dozen scientists, Albert Einstein as chairman and Harold Urey as vice chairman.
	globetrotter.berkeley.edu /conversations/Pauling/pauling1.html (501 words)

	Board Members \| thebulletin.org
		Member of Einstein's Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists; professor and director of the Institute of Radiobiology and Biophysics at the University of Chicago; member of the American Physical Society.
		Manhattan Project scientist at Los Alamos; chairman of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; chairman of the Physics Department, provost, and dean of the faculty at Dartmouth College; chairman of the Board of Directors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
		Senior research fellow at the Hoover Institution; member of the general advisory committee to the Atomic Energy Commission; chairman of the Nuclear Reaction Safeguard Committee; director of the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory; recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 2003, and the National Medal of Science, 1983.
	www.thebulletin.org /about_us/board_sponsors.htm (2998 words)

	Physics Today December 2001
		Scientists who advocated arms control, international cooperation in science, greater US-Soviet accommodation, civil rights, labor unionism, and other causes outside the circumscribed boundaries of cold war politics soon found their political commitments closely scrutinized for evidence of subversive intent.
		He became a leading figure in the atomic scientists' movement, composed of former Manhattan Project scientists who sought to teach the public about the dangers of the nuclear age, influence domestic atomic energy legislation, and push for international control of atomic energy.
		Condon aided the atomic scientists' opposition to the May-Johnson bill, which contained strict secrecy regulations and placed atomic energy under military control, and he and Leo Szilard helped to spearhead the scientists' case that atomic energy should be under civilian, not military, authority.
	www.physicstoday.org /vol-54/iss-12/p35.html (4415 words)

	[No title]
		Their objective was to encourage and further the peaceful uses of atomic energy and to do this they would solicit private contributions in support of the work of the National Committee for Atomic Information.
		The Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, while supporting these various groups of scientists' organization whose ends were the education of the public and the United States' government in the potential uses and misuses of atomic energy, also carried on extensive educational programs.
		On March 14, 1952 the records of the Committee were transferred to the Library of the University of Chicago on the authority of the Board of Trustees and the Executive Vice-Chairman of the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, Inc.
	www.lib.uchicago.edu /ead/rlg/ecas.xml (1334 words)

	The Nobel Peace Prize 1962 - Presentation Speech
		The most important task of this committee was to bring to the notice of people everywhere the tremendous change that had taken place in the world after the splitting of the atom and the production of the atomic bomb had become fact.
		Tireless and undaunted, and supported in his views by numerous scientists, he continued to draw attention to the fearful destruction and mass annihilation of human life that might result if hydrogen bombs were used.
		Scientists from fifteen countries attended, and the main point in the resolution adopted was that nuclear weapons must not be allowed to spread to other countries, since such a spread would inevitably increase the danger of some power's willfully unleashing nuclear warfare.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1962/press.html (4470 words)

	Linus Pauling - Nobel Lecture
		These changes have resulted from the discoveries of scientists, and during the last two decades scientists have taken a leading part in bringing them to the attention of their fellow human beings and in urging that vigorous action be taken to prevent the use of the new weapons and to abolish war from the world.
		Scientists differ in their opinion about the carcinogenic activity of small doses of radiation, such as produced by fallout and carbon 14.
		One estimate, reported in the 1957 Hearings before the Special Subcommittee on Radiation of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy of the Congress of the United States, was for an attack on population and industrial centers and military installations in the United States with 250 bombs totaling 2,500 megatons.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1962/pauling-lecture.html (5810 words)

	Einstein was suspected of disloyalty and publicly opposed McCarthyism
		"We scientists, whose tragic destiny it has been to help make the methods of annihilation ever more gruesome and more effective, must consider it our solemn and transcendent duty to do all in our power in preventing these weapons from being used....
		-- successor to the Emergency Committee that Einstein helped establish.
		Brought to you by The Center for History of Physics
	www.aip.org /history/einstein/ae45.htm (99 words)

	Nuclear Files: Library: Biographies: Leo Szilard
		This letter was a catalyst in involving the US government in atomic research, which led to establishing the Manhattan Project.
		In 1946, Szilard co-founded the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists with Einstein.
		In 1957, he began participating the Pugwash Conferences, which were established to bring scientists from the East and West together to discuss peace and security.
	www.nuclearfiles.org /menu/library/biographies/bio_szilard-leo.htm (516 words)

	Albert Einstein
		He was chairman of the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, set up in 1946; its aims were to educate the public about the dangers of atomic warfare, to promote the benign use of atomic energy, and to work for the abolition of war as the only answer to weapons of mass destruction.
		That is, he must be prepared for jail and economic ruin, in short for the sacrifice of his personal welfare in the interest of the cultural welfare of his country....based on the assertion that it is shameful for a blameless citizen to submit to such an inquisition....
		This is one of the questions Einstein and the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists posed in 1948: 'We are all citizens of a world community sharing common perils.
	www.ppu.org.uk /learn/infodocs/people/pp-einstein4.html (1716 words)

	yorkblog.com: Publishing legend Gitt vocal about nuclear power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Their letters discussed the feasibility of organizing a committee in York, similar to others across the country, to launch an educational campaign about atomic energy.
		Local groups would confer with the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists in Princeton, chaired by Einstein and with a membership drawn from scientists worried about the destructive powers unleashed on the world after Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
		He sought advice from the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists about bringing speakers to York as well as permission to reprint articles in his newspaper.
	www.yorkblog.com /archives/2006/05/publishing_lege_1.html (1335 words)

	NAPF Programs: Youth Outreach: Peace Heroes: Linus Pauling, by Craig Johnson
		The scientist, especially the chemist, is often viewed as nothing but a white coat whose field often harms the Earth more than it helps.
		The British magazine, New Scientist ranked Dr. Pauling as one of the twenty greatest scientists to ever live, an honor shared with such impressive figures as Albert Einstein, Charles Darwin, and Isaac Newton.
		He felt that as a scientist and as a citizen, it was his responsibility to speak out in support of pacifism and nuclear disarmament.
	www.wagingpeace.org /menu/programs/youth-outreach/peace-heroes/pauling-linus.htm (598 words)

	Joseph Hansen: Fear and the Bomb (June 1949) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Atomic destruction can be avoided only by understanding the relationship between atomic energy and the great economic and political issues of our time and acting in accordance with a correct political program.
		The writings of the scientists on the destructiveness of these new weapons have even played into the hands of the military madmen who talk about a surprise attack on the Soviet Union, an easy lightning war which – they claim – would be over within a few days.
		In 1945, he points out, the leading atomic scientists pleaded with Truman and his advisers not to use the bomb in a surprise attack on civilians.
	www.marxists.org /archive/hansen/1949/06/atom.htm (1405 words)

	Home > News & Updates > The Nobel Soapbox
		Speaking for themselves and "other independent scientists," the signers urged the president not to "deploy an anti-ballistic missile system," because it would be "premature, wasteful, and dangerous." These hard scientists presented soft opinions, but no hard facts, to buttress their advice.
		A participant in Albert Einstein's Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists and other "peace" organizations, he was sharply critical of many U.S. foreign and defense policies.
		Unfortunately, a small band of politically active scientists continue to pontificate in complex areas where hard facts, while essential, are only a part of the problem.
	www.eppc.org /news/newsID.1400/news_detail.asp (1917 words)

	LIFE HERO OF THE WEEK
		He also began to understand that any use of this geopolitical atomic chess piece posed a serious risk to life on the planet.
		In 1958, Pauling and his wife presented 11,021 signatures to the U.N. from scientists in 49 countries demanding an immediate end to all nuclear tests.
		As scientists we have knowledge of the dangers involved and therefore a special responsibility to make those dangers known." But the U.S. Senate, rather than acting on the message, turned against the messenger.
	www.life.com /Life/heroes/how/pauling2.html (696 words)

	Einstein's Page
		Discussion groups had sprung up at all the major atomic installations, and despite considerable diversity of opinion, many people agreed that every possible effort should be made to make sure that the survival of the human race be never threatened by atomic weapons.
		Further, scientists were not always able to spare the time necessary to prepare the kind of articles which would meet the increasing public demand for information, and the task was too great for amateur publicists.
		Today the atomic bomb has altered profoundly the nature of the world as we know it, and the human race consequently finds itself in a new habitat to which it must adapt its thinking.
	www.turnthetide.info /id54.htm (4548 words)

	Hans Bethe
		After the war, Bethe argued that a crash project for the hydrogen bomb should not be attempted, though after President Truman announced the beginning of such a project, and the outbreak of the Korean War, Bethe signed up and played a key role in the weapon's development.
		Bethe later campaigned together with Albert Einstein in the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists against nuclear testing and the nuclear arms race.
		After the Chernobyl accident, Bethe put together a committee of experts that analyzed the incident, and concluded that a similar episode would not happen in any good U.S. reactor, as the Russian reactor suffered from a fundamentally faulty design and human error also had significantly contributed to the accident.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/biography/bethe.html (1285 words)

	Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers - 12. Peace, 1 - 7
		Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists -- Correspondence: L-Mi, 1946-1948.
		Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists -- Correspondence: Mo-Sh, 1946-1948.
		Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists -- Individual and Organizational Correspondence, 1946-1948.
	osulibrary.orst.edu /specialcollections/coll/pauling/catalogue/pauling12_1-7.html (771 words)

	Hans Bethe
		The first atomic bomb was detonated at the Trinity site in the Jornada del Muerto Desert, southwestern United States, on 16 July 1945.
		When the first atomic bomb was detonated in the New Mexico desert in July, 1945, Bethe's only immediate concern at the time was for its efficient working, and not for its moral implications.
		After the Chernobyl accident, Bethe put together a committee of experts that analysed the incident, and concluded that a similar episode would not happen in any good US reactor, as the Russian reactor suffered from a fundamentally faulty design and human error also had significantly contributed to the accident.
	www.mlahanas.de /Physics/Bios/HansBethe.html (1664 words)

	Peace Facts
		A 1948 letter on the letterhead of the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, Princeton, N.J, typewritten and signed by Albert Einstein was discovered in a Mississauga flea market book.
		The Defence Department's claim that no debate is necessary—since ADI "is not SDI"—is unsatisfactory, given the close relationship between the two programs and the challenge posed by strategic defences to the stability of deterrence.
		Scientists and non-scientists jointly hold events then announce their activities as part of a world-wide event.
	perc.ca /PEN/1987-11/facts.html (585 words)

	Linus Pauling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		When you circulated a 1958 petition which was signed by 2,000 American scientists, and I think 8,000 foreign scientists from 49 different countries, there was government harassment, there was harassment in the press, and charges of working for the enemy.
		I first announced that 2,000 American scientists had signed the petition asking for cessation of the testing of nuclear weapons on the atmosphere where they were liberating radioactive fallout over the whole world that would cause defective children to be born and that would damage living human beings, causing cancer and other diseases.
		He was still under attack in 1960, as the House Un-American Activities Committee tried to coerce him into revealing the names of the individuals who had helped him to circulate the petition.
	www.columbia.edu /~kj75/social/AntiWar/Linus_Pauling.htm (683 words)

	TIME Magazine Archive Article -- Two-Thirds -- Jul 7, 1947 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		At Princeton this week, the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists met under the chairmanship of Albert Einstein to consider what they had accomplished in the year since their organization was founded.
		Harold C. Urey of the University of Chicago said that atomic scientists generally approve the U.S. plan for international control of atomic development.
		He predicted that the U.S.S.R. would have a stockpile of atomic bombs in eight years "unless they were lucky" and got it sooner.
	www.time.com /time/archive/printout/0,23657,934621,00.html (190 words)

	Linus Pauling: A Centenary Exhibit
		Einstein headed the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, organized to tell the public that the atomic bomb required new thinking about peace and politics.
		After Pauling joined the Committee, he became friends with Einstein, and took him as an example of moral action by scientists in the modern world.
		Awarded to Pauling for his overall work on the chemical bond - a departure from the usual award of the prize for a single important discovery.
	pauling.library.oregonstate.edu /exhibit/column21.htm (142 words)

	After fifty years, do we remember our humanity? Humanist - Find Articles
		Fifty years ago, near the midpoint of the twentieth century, a document was issued that awakened the world to the defining crisis of its time--a crisis that remains with us still.
		And it constituted the last public appeal of scientist and humanitarian Albert Einstein before his death; in a sense, it was his final testament to humanity.
		Its formulation occurred against a backdrop of cold war threats and posturing, and it became a clarion call to scientists, world leaders, and the public--warning all of unprecedented dangers to humanity with the advent of thermonuclear weapons.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1374/is_4_65/ai_n14835464/pg_11 (907 words)

	{TITLE}
		After the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Professor Bethe joined the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists chaired by Albert Einstein to enlighten the public on the dangers of atomic warfare and to establish international controls over atomic power.
		This committee was directed by Dr. Fletcher of the University of Pittsburgh, and it came out with a report.
		One of the first actions of the Agency was to get together a panel of people who had worked on this beforehand including some scientists, including myself, where we thought what we should do and could do, and what we came out with is still as good as it was twenty-five years ago.
	sun3.lib.uci.edu /racyberlib/Social/interviews/bethe.html (2762 words)

	Biology and "The Bomb" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		After the hearings, Lewis was asked to serve on the National Advisory Committee on Radiation, which reported to the Surgeon General under the umbrella of the Public Health Service; it had no statutory authority, but brought together scientists from outside the radiation establishment.
		The Joint Committee on Atomic Energy held another round of hearings in May 1959, this time on “Fallout from Nuclear Weapons Tests.” Representative Chester “Chet” Holifield (D-California) convened the hearings, but unlike the 1957 hearings, which he also organized, these were designed to show the public that fear of fallout was unfounded.
		These activists relied heavily on the credibility of Lewis and other scientists who were careful to limit their statements to their areas of expertise and to remain as much outside the political quagmire as possible.
	pr.caltech.edu /periodicals/Eands/articles/LXVII2/bomb.html (5727 words)

	J. Robert Oppenheimer Papers (Library of Congress)
		There is a considerable amount of correspondence documenting these activities, but little material pertaining to his chairmanship of the Atomic Energy Commission's General Advisory Committee and the Committee on Atomic Energy of the Research and Development Board.
		These files also contain information on other professional organizations, including the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, and the reevaluation by universities of the growing role of science and government within their own operations.
		The control of atomic energy and its role in international affairs is a major theme in these papers.
	www.loc.gov /rr/mss/text/oppnheim.html (2101 words)

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