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Topic: Emergent algorithm

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	Emergent Algorithms: A New Method for Enhancing Survivability in Unbounded Systems
		Emergent algorithms, however, are concerned not just with survivability, but with simultaneous satisfaction of mission requirements which typically include the functionality of the mission and a variety of additional constraints in the form of software quality attributes including global nonfunctional properties.
		Emergent algorithms are inherently distributed in character, often involve unreliable information and untrustworthy participants (automated or human) including those outside the administrative control of the system, may be implemented on platforms that are dynamically changing and not fully known, and may involve components that have been compromised.
		Emergent algorithms offer the possibility of practical solutions to problems of survivability in unbounded systems and other domains where mission goals include generation and maintenance of global nonfunctional properties, or where solutions are being developed in the context of unbounded networks.
	www.cert.org /archive/html/emergent-algor.html (6827 words)

	NYU Center for Health and Public Service Research - Current Projects
		The algorithm was developed with the advice of a panel of ED and primary care physicians, and it is based on an examination of a sample of almost 6,000 full ED records.
		Emergent - ED Care Needed - Not Preventable/Avoidable - Emergency department care was required and ambulatory care treatment could not have prevented the condition (e.g., trauma, appendicitis, myocardial infarction, etc.).
		It is important to recognize that the algorithm is not intended as a triage tool or a mechanism to determine whether ED use in a specific case is "appropriate" (e.g., for reimbursement purposes).
	www.nyu.edu /wagner/chpsr/ed_background.shtml (751 words)

	ISW'98 no.17
		The emergent character of attributes for survivability and the need for more effective methods to generate and maintain other global nonfunctional properties in unbounded networks, suggest an approach analogous to those of natural processes in biological systems, social behavior, and economic systems in generating emergent properties.
		An emergent algorithm may produce results that are distributed globally but do not exist locally, that are entirely local, or that are represented both locally and globally.
		Emergent algorithms are inherently distributed in character, may involve unreliable information and untrustworthy participants (automated or human) including those outside the administrative control of the system, may be implemented on platforms that are dynamically changing or not fully known, and may involve components that have been compromised.
	www.cert.org /research/isw/isw98/all_the_papers/no17.html (1634 words)

	Emergence [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Emergent structures are a favorite strategy found in many animal groups: colonies of ants, piles of termites, swarms of bees, flocks of birds, herds of mammals, shoals/schools of fish, and packs of wolves.
		Emergent processes or behaviours can be seen in many places, from any multicellular biological organism to traffic patterns, cities or organizational phenomena in computer simulations and cellular automataA cellular automaton (plural: cellular automata) is a discrete model studied in computability theory and mathematics.
		Emergent algorithmsAn emergent algorithm is an algorithm that has the following characteristics: it achieves predictable global effects; it does not require global visibility; it does not assume any kind of centralized control; it is self-stabilizing.
	www.wikimirror.com /Emergence (4351 words)

	FeedAdvisor FAQ
		The algorithms are proprietary, but you here is a brief overview.
		The FeedAdvisor algorithm identifies emergent behaviors in the subscription patterns.
		The important part of the algorithm is how the results are generated.
	www.feedblitz.com /feedadvisor_faq.asp (823 words)

	Survivability and Simulation
		Emergent algorithms differ from conventional hierarchical and distributed algorithms; they operate in the absence of complete and precise information, do not have central control, hierarchical structure or other single point vulnerabilities, and achieve cooperation without coordination.
		Although the benefits of ad hoc development of emergent algorithms has been demonstrated, a rigorous process for deriving emergent algorithms from mission requirements is prerequisite to their widespread use in automated systems.
		The problem of designing emergent algorithms is especially difficult, because it begins with the desired global properties and attempts to determine what simple combinations of local actions and interaction would produce those effects over time in a large scale network.
	www.sei.cmu.edu /community/easel/survsimesl.html (1759 words)

	Faculty of Informatics and Communication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Emergent computation can often be viewed when separate components combine and form something new, in which they act harmoniously together.
		The importance of emergent computation to global optimization is clear as an increasing number of algorithms are developed to mimic it (for example, simulated annealing, genetic and evolution algorithms).
		The algorithm gives an experimental verification of the principle by a connection with period doubling, an observable phenomenon of self-organization in nature.
	www.infocom.cqu.edu.au /Staff/Victor_Korotkich/Publications/coec (4901 words)

	EETimes.com - Neutron beam reveals new spin on magnetism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Zinc-chromium-oxide structures were known to exhibit exotic magnetic properties, which result from the inability of the lattice's magnetic spins to adopt a stable configuration because of the peculiar geometry of the crystal lattice.
		The new observations have detected emergent structures that were not predicted by theory, showing that the spin configurations do have a type of order.
		Emergent behavior is a key concept in neural-network theory for example, where it is able to explain how high-level "intelligent" components arise from the unintelligent behavior of electrons.
	www.eet.com /story/OEG20020916S0080 (1000 words)

	Algorithmic Complexity in English Studies
		If algorithms can be described as a recipe, or a set of instructions written in some kind of formal language, it follows that two such recipes are somewhat equivalent if they produce the same output from the same input.
		She defines algorithm as "a set of procedures a computer uses to solve a problem" (161), which is a common computer science definition.
		Algorithmic complexity theory is "concerned with defining and calculating the amount of information an algorithm contains," which basically translates as naming the size or complexity of the name of the shortest computer program that can print whatever sequence.
	www.cwrl.utexas.edu /~tonya/Tonya/algorithm.html (4571 words)

	The Fractal Organization of Nature: Part 6. Summary
		The algorithm is expressed through the conservation laws and forces of physics, the families of elementary particles, the dimensions of spacetime, the quantum rules of atomic order, the structure of baryons, alpha particles, carbon atoms, carbon's molecular and crystal bonds, DNA, the genetic code, gravitation, and the nucleosynthetic pathway of stars.
		In its most general form, the 4-part algorithm consists of an input of energy, followed by two complementary conservation modes, concluding with a restorative force which either returns the system to its original state, or elevates it to a "harmonic complexion" or resonant analog of the original state.
		In the Microphysical Realm this center is the atomic nucleus; in the Biophysical Realm it is the nucleus of the cell; in the Astrophysical Realm it is the galactic nucleus; in the Metaphysical Realm, it is the human brain, contemplating body/spirit (intuitive mode), or unified theories of matter/energy (rational mode).
	www.people.cornell.edu /pages/jag8/fractal.html (5929 words)

	Generation5 Forum - The Emergence Hypothesis
		The emergent approach hopes to come to understand what intelligence is by a "guess-and-check" method, where the guess is through some algorithm and randomness and the check is through intuition.
		Another unfortunate side effect of emergent algorithms is that, should they actually reach their goals, there is no insight gained into how or why they work.
		I do agree that emergent algorithms have a place, either as an engineering solution to the problem (albeit a rather limited solution) or as a tool to help scientists further understand the bigger problems of intelligence, which is what I see as your proposition.
	www.generation5.org /forums/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=133 (2377 words)

	Emergence and Evolution - Constraints on Form
		It may be considered that by saying that emergent properties are not 'explicable' by consideration of the lower level details, that we are claiming that there is an inherent duality between the levels of description (rather like that claimed by Descartes between body functions and those of mind).
		By studying the lower level connectivity of each system we can, in principle (if not always in practice), determine the expected emergent features, and conversely by relating the emergent features to those of systems whose connectivity is not known we may be able to infer their internal connectivity also.
		As we have seen, emergent properties allow for such a downward causation scientifically, and it proves to be philosophically incoherent to deny our own causality as humans (e.g.' who' is causing the self-referential denial?).
	www.calresco.org /emerge.htm (4064 words)

	ISW'98 no.31
		These algorithms may be implemented on highly distributed networks, across unbounded numbers of network nodes that can perceive and affect only local state.
		For analysis, testing and evaluation both of survivability in unbounded networks and of emergent algorithms for survivability systems, simulation is needed.
		This visualization must be global enough to capture the essential semantics of the emergent algorithms and to provide meaningful instrumentation.
	www.cert.org /research/isw/isw98/all_the_papers/no31.html (893 words)

	Behavior OnLine Forums - View Single Post - Richersen & Boyd: Lost in the Pleistocene
		The small, local clusters of dense interconnectivity that we find in emergent networks (and traditional human families and neighborhoods) allow mutual correction as, like a nest of working termites, each member monitors and imitates his neighbor: a very fine focus is kept on small events.
		Emergent networks of very large numbers of participants, hubs and nodes connected by only a few steps from any one participant to any other, and their great resistance to jamming, are nearly the same regardless of who the participants are.
		Emergent networks, power laws, and parallel developmental cascades are now part of biology, sociology, cognitive psychology, mathematics, and statistical physics.
	www.behavior.net /bolforums/showpost.php?p=1353&postcount=1 (1907 words)

	On Emergence and Explanation
		In spite of the existence in mathematics of a large set of yet undecided statements or conjectures about mathematical properties that may exemplify either deductible or observational emergence, it is a general observation that the most transparent and clear-cut cases of the two kinds of emergence are found within the logical and mathematical domain.
		The basic idea is, that an emergent property might be one that supervenes on, without necessarily being definable in terms of (or reducible to) a physical base, even though physical facts somehow fix or determine biological and psychological facts.
		Thus, observationally emergent meaning constitutes a problem for the semantic analysis in the Tarski tradition (which is set theoretical, truth functional and compositional), as well as for classical AI that follows `the formalist motto' of deducing semantics from syntax (cf.
	www.nbi.dk /~emmeche/coPubl/97d.NABCE/ExplEmer.html (4249 words)

	Research \| Databionics
		This leads to the definition of Emergent SOM that have proven their usefulness in many applications.
		The emergent structures describe the system of the individuals at a higher level.
		We have deleloped algorithms that generate abstract descriptions of emergent structures (Ultsch 1991).
	www.mathematik.uni-marburg.de /~databionics/en?q=research (651 words)

	Emergent algorithm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An emergent algorithm is an algorithm that has the following characteristics:
		Emergent Algorithms: A New Method for Enhancing Survivability in Unbounded Systems
		Evolving cellular automata with genetic algorithms (PDF file)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emergent_algorithm (77 words)

	Avionics Magazine
		The use of algorithms derived from insect behavior—and even the behavior of subatomic particles—promises the ability to control UAVs implicitly, from within the group, rather than explicitly from outside the group, to reduce bandwidth consumption, lower software development cost, and improve survivability.
		Swarming algorithms also are beginning to surface in the commercial world, in optimization tools for analyses of the stock market and futures markets, which can exhibit swarm-like behavior.
		But these algorithms will be based on the emergent behavior of highly trained pilots operating in a manned strike package.
	aviationtoday.com /cgi/av/show_mag.cgi?pub=av&mon=1003&file=1003uav.htm (2845 words)

	Re: Central Control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Consider a modification to the algorithm in which the repel-turtle is computed once as part of setup rather than dynamically at each step.
		The repel-turtle then becomes a third "neighbor" and the emergent algorithm does not require global information.
		Here again the emergent algorithm depends only on a fixed third neighbor for each turtle, but that neighbor is at maximum distance in the chain of nodes.
	lcs.www.media.mit.edu /people/starlogo/community/starlogo-users/msg00342.html (404 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This version of the ED algorithm requires that your ED dataset be available in ASCII (text), Access,.DBF, or Excel format, and that your principal diagnosis variable is in character or string format, left-justified, with leading zeroes where appropriate, and WITHOUT embedded decimals.
		Applying the algorithm involves three steps: STEP 1: Put the unzipped files in a directory along with the ED encounter data set you want to classify (containing one record for each ED visit).
		The ED data set should be in the appropriate format (SAS 7, 8, or 9) and contain a variable with the principal discharge diagnosis for the ED visit.
	www.ahcpr.gov /data/safetynet/nyualgorithm.doc (981 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		We present ACE, an algorithm that results in highly uniform, near optimal sized cluster formation.
		By using the self-organizing properties of three rounds of feedback between nodes, the algorithm induces the emergent formation of clusters that are a near-optimal cover of the network, with significantly less overlap than the clusters formed by existing algorithms.
		The algorithm is scale-independent --- it completes in time proportional to the deployment density of the nodes regardless of the overall number of nodes in the network.
	www.ece.cmu.edu /~adrian/projects/ewsn04.bib (102 words)

	The Fourth International Georgia Tech Conference on Bioinformatics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The algorithms proposed here are capable of analyzing any set of time series data obtained from time-course experiments (e.g., transcriptomic or proteomic data) or by in silico simulation of mathematical models of biological processes.
		Here, we propose a novel algorithm that estimates the true genotype calls using the mixture of bivariate t-distributions, which also produces a set of probabilities that the true allele call is a heterozygote, a major allele homozygote, or a minor allele homozygote.
		The algorithms implemented utilized two types of steps to improve the set of probes: Augmentation steps (a probe is added to the current solution), and Pivot steps (a probe in the current solution is replaced by another probe).
	opal.biology.gatech.edu /GeneMark/conference03?display=posters (19378 words)

	Boids (Flocks, Herds, and Schools: a Distributed Behavioral Model)
		Duncan Crombie, examines algorithms to control multiple mobile robots, focuses on behaviors that can be obtained through local control, and demonstrates createing complex behaviours with simple algorithms.
		Emergent Systems presented The Flock, a robotic art installation composed of reactive sculptural and musical elements.
		Information Flocking by Glenn Proctor is a data visualization technique that portrays datapoints as fish that school through a 3d space, revealing correlations in the data by their motion and clustering.
	www.red3d.com /cwr/boids (4703 words)

	Figure 9. Algorithm for Classifying Emergency Department Utilization, New York University-United Health Fund of New York (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Algorithm for Classifying Emergency Department Utilization, New York University-United Health Fund of New York
		Immediate care in an ED setting is needed, and the condition could not have been prevented/avoided with ambulatory care (heart attacks, multiple trauma, and so on).
		In addition, the algorithm separates out visits with a primary diagnosis involving mental health, substance abuse, or injury since these conditions are difficult to classify and may be of special interest to analysts.
	www.ahcpr.gov /data/safetynet/billfig9.htm (185 words)

	Brain Engineering Laboratory - Research
		Our models of individual brain circuits have yielded quite different operations for each region, corresponding to their different circuit designs.
		Each emergent algorithm constitutes a candidate function that can be contributed to overall brain computations.
		The result was compared to standard statistical methods for hierarchical clustering, and was found to have time and space costs that compared favorably with comparable algorithms in this class.
	www.ics.uci.edu /~granger/Research2Paleo.html (961 words)

	IEEE Computer Society Bioinformatics Conference
		The GAML is partitioned into a genetic algorithm (GA) and a fitness evaluation function, with the SW handling the GA and the hardware evaluating the maximum likelihood function.
		We propose a heuristic algorithm for the inference of ancestral gene order in a set of genomes for which at least some genomic segments are partially related by common ancestry to two or more different segments.
		In the present study, wavelet algorithms, in combination with entropy method, are being developed as an alternative way to determine gene locations in genomic DNA sequences.
	conferences.computer.org /Bioinformatics/CSB2003/SectB.html (12419 words)

	Avionics Magazine
		Evolutionary computational methods mimic natural selection by passing algorithms through hundreds or thousands of generations in a short period of time.
		An emergent "flight formation manager" algorithm could be available in two to three years, Clough says.
		According to a DARPA official, the program is exploring "group dynamic" algorithms, which "generate behaviors that are possible as a group but not possible as individuals."
	www.aviationtoday.com /cgi/av/show_mag.cgi?pub=av&mon=1003&file=1003uav.htm (2845 words)

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