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Topic: Emergent disease

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In the News (Tue 29 Dec 09)

Northern Trust

Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	Zoonotic and Emergent Diseases
		The role of the vector is to amplify and transmit the infectious agent.
		Disease transmission can be altered by altering ecosystems and their ecologies.
		The disease was first diagnosed in the United Kingdom in 1986; as of 1997, more than 170,000 cattle had been reported as infected, but modern statistical methods have indicated that about one million cattle had been infected, roughly half of which entered the human food chain in the United Kingdom.
	fig.cox.miami.edu /~cmallery/150/handouts/zoonotic.htm (2062 words)

	ARS Project: Identification of Virulence Determinants, Pathogenetic Mechanisms, ...newcastle Disease/vaccines and ...
		The disease was reported in the United Kingdom in 1985 and prior to 1996 the disease was exotic to North America.
		The initial diagnosis of the disease in the U.S. was delayed because the U.S. isolate was of a different subtype than had been isolated elsewhere and serological assays to detect the new subtype had to be developed.
		Exotic ND is a reportable disease and its presence in commercial poultry will result in embargoes of poultry export from the effected country, a critical event for a major poultry exporter like the U.S. The threat of exposure of commercial poultry to virulent virus is constant and from several sources.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=405248&fy=2002 (2396 words)

	Emerging Zoonoses
		Such investigation may be described in terms of a discovery-to-control continuum: from recognition of a new disease in a new setting to complex phases involving the hard science disciplines pertaining to discovery, the epidemiologic sciences pertaining to risk assessment, and activities pertaining to risk management.
		Nearly all of these emergent disease episodes have involved zoonotic infectious agents; that is, they have involved the transmission of the etiologic agent to humans from an ongoing reservoir life cycle in animals or arthropods, without the permanent establishment of a new life cycle in humans.
		Contributing to the emergence of zoonotic diseases is the capacity of microorganisms and viruses to adapt to extremely diverse and changing econiches.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol4no3/murphy.htm (3944 words)

	SIGHTINGS
		Although officials need to recognize and respond to the critical `disease of the year', it is also necessary to maintain the infrastructure needed to identify emerging diseases as well as to develop effective ways for combating them.
		The rapid recognition of the hantavirus etiology of this disease was important in that it alleviated heightened fear among the general American population, and saved lives by focusing public health recommendations on the avoidance of contact with potentially infected rodents.
		Given the diverse nature of threats from infectious diseases, it is not adequate merely to face each crisis as it emerges, as this may provide a strategy which proves to be too little and too late.
	www.rense.com /health3/emerg.htm (6687 words)

	IHIDSG NEWSLETTER VOL 1 NO. 6 (DECEMBER 1996) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Some of the neglect of infectious disease in international health circles during this period is certainly linked to disappointments regarding disease eradication programs, particularly the failure of malaria eradication during the 1950s and 1960s.
		Of particular concern are diarrheal diseases (and associated dehydration and malnutrition) and acute respiratory infections (ARIs), which continue to be the major killers of children in developing countries.
		The relative lack of anthropological participation in infectious disease research during this period is reflected most poignantly in the fact that smallpox eradication, a major collaborative effort between the scientific and public health communities during the 1970s, was accomplished with virtually no anthropological input (see Chapters 2 and 4 for further details).
	carbon.cudenver.edu /public/sma/ihidsgnews3.htm (6750 words)

	Symposium Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Disease thresholds in multi-host systems are also affected by transmission mode in ways that are not predictable from single-species models.
		The outcome depends on the availability of a suitable host for a particular pathogen, the spatial and phylogenetic structure of the plant community, life history of the pathogen, opportunities for rapid evolution or virulence or resistance, and the presence of a suitable environment.
		With colleagues in genetics and plant pathology I am testing the associations between resistance to fungal, bacterial, and viral potato diseases and the systematics of 204 accessions of 38 wild relatives of potato (and its sister group).
	www.tc.umn.edu /~plpagrad/abstracts (1252 words)

	Aquaculture Development, Health and Wealth
		Different measures to deal with diseases of fish and shellfish are also enumerated in terms of international codes, regionally oriented guidelines, national programmes and legislation (with specific examples from both developing and developed countries), technology for diagnostics, therapy and information communication.
		However, disease is a primary constraint to the growth of many aquaculture species and is now responsible for severely impeding both economic and socio-economic development in many countries of the world.
		During disease outbreaks, the underlying cause is often difficult to ascertain and is usually the end result of a series of linked events involving environmental factors, health condition of the stocks, presence of an infectious agent and/or poor husbandry and management practices.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/003/AB412E/ab412e09.htm (11264 words)

	Agricultural Animal Health Program (AAHP)at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University
		The first working area of disease diagnosis, consultation, and investigation has primary responsibility for regional monitoring of animal health, identification of emergent diseases and changing disease patterns, rapid response to disease outbreaks, and communication of known and emergent disease trends to the animal and public health communities.
		We recognize that this approach to disease control is not novel; rather, it is classical and traditional to solve disease problems through a combination of epidemiologic investigation, laboratory diagnosis, and development of immunoprophylactic or other preventive techniques through research.
		Current projects are all oriented toward disease control by identification of management factors affecting disease occurrence, development of improved diagnostic and immunologic control methods, and understanding the basis for the protective host immune response.
	www.vetmed.wsu.edu /prog-aahp (980 words)

	Exploring the BSE - nvCJD link
		Diseases such as CJD apparently are the result of a polymerization reaction in with the disease isoform of a protein (designated PrPsc, for prion protein scrapie) causes a conversion of the normal host-encoded protein, PrPc (cellular), to the PrPsc isoform through an autocatalytic process (Prusiner, 1991 and Kocisko, 1994).
		BSE is unusually species-nonspecific for a prion disease, and has been shown to cause encephalopathies in many species, including cats and ungulates, sheep and goats (Bruce, 1994).
		Strains of prional disease are hypothesized to be based on differences in conformation, and possibly glycosylation, of the host protein (Bessen and Marsh 1994).
	www.stanford.edu /~siegelr/ajai.html (3545 words)

	THE-BEE - Phillips, WI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Specifically, he found that red squirrels and chipmunks are major carriers for the disease on the Ogema property (Johnson is originally from Wausau and received his doctorate from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the Ogema home has been in his family for decades).
		Moreover, several of the chipmunk and red squirrel specimens carried another lesser-known emergent disease known as human anaplasmosis, which, like Lyme disease, is caused by a bacteria and is transmitted by the deer tick.
		Ed Rhody didn't discover he had the disease until a rash had covered his body and he was sacked with aches and pains.
	www.phillipswi.com /placed/index.php?story_id=203716 (933 words)

	Re-emergent tremor of Parkinson's disease -- Jankovic et al. 67 (5): 646 -- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and ...
		To characterise postural tremors in patients with Parkinson's disease.
		Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases.
		Tremor, the cogwheel phenomenon and clonus in Parkinson's disease.
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/67/5/646 (2615 words)

	AEGiS-GMHC: Roaches of Inner Space
		The Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC) is an annual affair that brings together thousands of infectious disease experts to ponder the progress modern medicine has made in their area of specialty.
		Ho calculated that the time between the creation of a new virus particle and the point that particle starts producing its own progeny within the cell it infects is about 1.2 days, making for about 300 replication cycles per year.
		A similar, though less serious phenomenon is present during d4T and ddC therapy: CD4 count falls and disease progression do not seem related to the emergence of resistant strains.
	www.aegis.com /pubs/gmhc/1995/GM091001.html (2651 words)

	Eco-Friendly Alternatives to Toxic Household Cleaners
		However, KD was independently recognized as a distinct disease in Hawaii in the early 1970's by Dr. Marian Melish, a specialist in pediatric infectious disease, and Dr. Raquel Hicks, a pediatric rheumatologist.
		The disease is most common among children, with 85% of those diagnosed aged less than 5 years, although the peak incidence in the U.S. occurs in infants aged 1-2 years and it is rarely observed in infants under the age of 1 and adolescents.
		The disease occurs in temporally limited regional epidemics, which are most common in the late winter and spring, and boys are more commonly affected than girls, with a male to female ratio of 1.5:1.
	www.xemdar.com /kawasaki.html (3900 words)

	ACSH > Facts & Fears > Archives
		But if you think that the recent flurry of deadly emergent diseases such as SARS, Ebola, bird flu, West Nile, and even AIDS are unrelated to environmental issues -- think again.
		The scourge of Lyme disease in certain states in the U.S., for example, is partially a result of the flourishing of white-footed mice (a reservoir for the disease) in the absence of former predators such as wolves and wild cats, due to deforestation.
		This effect appears to apply to several diseases found in the United States such as West Nile virus, Lyme disease, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever, as well as the Congolese hemorrhagic fevers.
	www.acsh.org /factsfears/newsID.658/news_detail.asp (935 words)

	Webquest
		You are a scientist who specializes in the study of newly emerging diseases.
		You will select a newly emergent disease and determine how serious the threat is, how local and the national communities can prevent this disease from occurring or deal with it after it appears to minimize the impact it will have on our communities.
		You must develop a convincing report for the President and high level policy makers concerning the disease you are researching and offer realistic solutions.
	www.maxwell.syr.edu /plegal/tips/t5prod/demariewq1.html (839 words)

	National Park Service Public Health Program - West Nile Virus Factsheet
		While new to the United States, it is not an emergent disease outside the Western Hemisphere.
		The virus was initially isolated from the blood of a woman in the West Nile District of Uganda in 1937, and subsequently found in humans, birds, and mosquitoes during studies conducted in Egypt throughout the 1950s.
		Mosquito-borne diseases can be prevented in two major ways: personal protective measures to reduce contact with mosquitoes and public health measures to reduce the population of infected mosquitoes in the environment.
	www.nps.gov /public_health/inter/info/factsheets/fs_wnv_gen.htm (909 words)

	CDC - West Nile Virus: A Newly Emergent Epidemic Disease
		The 1999 epidemic/epizootic in New York affected humans (62 laboratory-positive cases of neurologic disease with 7 deaths), birds (thousands of bird deaths, with illness and death documented in 26 species), and horses (25 cases with 9 deaths).
		The recent epidemics/epizootics of WN virus in north Africa and Europe and the unprecedented epidemic/epizootic in the northeastern United States underscore the ease with which exotic pathogens can move between continents and regions today.
		These epidemics/epizootics also reinforce the need to rebuild the public health infrastructure to deal with epidemics of vector-borne diseases and to develop effective surveillance, prevention, and control strategies for these diseases.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol7no3_supp/duebel.htm (702 words)

	Earth Island Institute: Earth Island Journal - Fall 2003
		Incurable and fatal, with a latency period long enough for the infected to unknowingly spread the disease to perhaps hundreds of people, AIDS has taken a dreadful toll around the world.
		Alone among the new diseases of the last 50 years, it has taken a place with malaria, influenza, bubonic plague, and the handful of other ailments with death tolls in the millions.
		The prevalence of AIDS isn't a tragedy just for people who are infected: the disease erodes the very economic underpinnings of affected African societies.
	www.earthisland.org /eijournal/new_articles.cfm?articleID=729&journalID=69 (2074 words)

	c8
		Although diseases of affluence and old age now are the leading causes of death worldwide, bacteria, viruses, and other infectious agents still kill millions of people each year, and cause immense suffering and economic losses.
		Highly lethal emergent diseases, such as Ebola and AIDS, along with new drug-resistant forms of old diseases, are an increasing worry everywhere in the world.
		Answer: A disease is a deleterious change in the body’s condition in response to environmental factors that could be nutritional, chemical, biological, or psychological.
	faculty.pnc.edu /pwilkin/c8.html (1684 words)

	DAR File No. 28152 (Rule R386-702) UT Bull 2005-19 (9/1/2005)
		Any unusual occurrence of infectious or communicable disease or any unusual or increased occurrence of any illness that may indicate an outbreak, epidemic, Bioterrorism event, or public health hazard, including any newly recognized, emergent or re-emergent disease or disease producing agent, including newly identified multi-drug resistant bacteria.
		Household and close contacts shall not be employed in occupations likely to facilitate transmission of the disease, such as food handling, during the period of contact with the infected person until at least two negative feces and urine cultures, taken at least 24 hours apart, are obtained from each contact.
		Any person who gives no history of having had typhoid or who had the disease more than one year previously, and whose feces or urine are found to contain typhoid bacilli is also a chronic carrier.
	www.rules.utah.gov /publicat/bulletin/2005/20050901/28152.htm (1568 words)

	Evaluation of Three Commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Diagnosis of Chagas' Disease -- Oelemann et al. ...
		Chagas' disease is a common cause of morbidity in Latin American countries.
		disease are common (4, 5); the hinterlands of the northeastern
		IgG antibody reactivity with Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania antigens in sera of patients with Chagas' disease and leishmaniasis.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/36/9/2423 (3856 words)

	BASIS+ Tools: Simple Search
		Although it has been demonstrated that both Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD) and Bacterial Coldwater Disease (CWD) may be transmitted horizontally and via intra-ovum infection, there has been little epidemiological study to determine the extent to which horizontal and vertical transmission affects the persistence of within a population.
		4:Both Bacterial Kidney Disease and Coldwater Disease may be transmitted horizontally (fish-to-fish contact) and vertically (parent to offspring via intra-ovum infection) and these routes of infection may affect the severity and persistence of Renibacterium salmoninarum and Flavobacterium psychrophilum at different life stages..
		Hence, the fish could be used to assess the effects of immunosuppression by oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline, and florfenicol on the administration of a bivalent vaccine against both A. salmonicida and Y. ruckeri.
	www.pwrc.usgs.gov /brd/BasisSimpleSearch.cfm?PTS=22869A6.14.0&Show=Logo,PTS,Title,Keywords,Leaders,Narrative,Product (2726 words)

	UT Admin Code R386-702. Communicable Disease Rule.
		All diseases not required to be reported immediately or by number of cases shall be reported within three working days from the time of identification.
		The local health department shall also provide for the detection, reporting, prevention, and control of communicable, infectious, and acute diseases that are dangerous or important or that may affect the public health.
		Any person who violates any provision of R386-702 may be assessed a penalty not to exceed the sum of $5,000 or be punished for violation of a class B misdemeanor for the first violation and for any subsequent similar violation within two years for violation of a class A misdemeanor as provided in Section 26-23-6.
	www.rules.utah.gov /publicat/code/r386/r386-702.htm (5286 words)

	Human Health in the Balance
		Global climate and infectious disease: The cholera paradigm.
		The coming plague.: Newly emergent diseases in a world out of balance.
		Disease in evolution: Global changes and emergence of infectious diseases.
	www.aag.org /HDGC/www/health/appendix/appendixa.htm (300 words)

	Boing Boing: Katrina: disease threat analysis from Laurie Garrett
		Not only are all the mosquitoes that traditionally carry these microbes still thriving in the area, but the Aedes albopictus mosquito == a large, aggressive monster, was introduced to the Americas from Asia about 15 years ago, and now thrives in the Gulf area.
		It is perhaps ironic that the only real experience with this scale of insect control for the last two decades has been in developing countries: the CDC and State health folks should be reaching out to PAHO and the insect control expertises of Africa and the Caribbean right now.
		Members of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, which has mobilized scientists and physicians nationwide in readiness to respond should an outbreak occur, have compiled this list of possible organisms to be concerned about at this time [see full text link for extensive list of diseases]
	www.boingboing.net /2005/09/05/katrina_disease_thre.html (1360 words)

	In The News: Researcher probes links between food, new diseases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		But now, with concerns mounting over the possible links between exotic foods and emergent diseases, the world scientific community is viewing many of these dishes with increasing suspicion.
		Josephine Smart, a University of Calgary anthropologist who studies food and its cultural associations, was recently invited by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta to provide her research expertise to a gathering of international scientists.
		Policies of regulation may be more effective in monitoring and containing emergent infectious disease risks by ensuring that the animals are safe for human consumption, and the conditions regarding the capture, harvest, farming and upkeep of animals meet specific standards.
	www.ucalgary.ca /news/april04/food-diseases-links.html (684 words)

	Monkeypox
		Monkeypox, a disease which closely resembles smallpox, is preventable by the vaccination against smallpox.
		Studies over a twenty year period have shown that the rate of transmission of monkeypox within households was low, suggesting that the disease had a low potential for transmission from person-to-person and that an outbreak could not last long after the first patients recovered.
		The ending of vaccination programmes against smallpox in the late 1970's has probably led to an increase in susceptibility to monkeypox and could explain the larger size of the outbreak, the higher proportion of patients aged 15 and over, and the spread through many generations of transmission.
	www.tulane.edu /~dmsander/WWW/335/Monkeypox.html (692 words)

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