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Topic: Emergent phenomena

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	Emergence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One reason why emergent behaviour occurs is that the number of interactions between components of a system increases combinatorially with the number of components, thus potentially allowing for many new and subtle types of behaviour to emerge.
		Emergent structures are a favorite strategy found in many animal groups: colonies of ants, piles of termites, swarms of bees, flocks of birds, herds of mammals, shoals/schools of fish, and packs of wolves.
		Emergent processes or behaviours can be seen in many places, from any multicellular biological organism to traffic patterns, cities or organizational phenomena in computer simulations and cellular automata.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emergent (2442 words)

	Emergence - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Emergent phenomena occur due to the pattern of interactions between the elements of a system over time.
		Emergent phenomena are often unexpected, nontrivial results of relatively simple interactions of relatively simple components.
		Emergent processes or behaviours can be seen in many places, from any multicellular biological organism to traffic patterns or organizational phenomena to computer simulations and cellular automata.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Emergence (793 words)

	Bedau:Emergent Models of Supple Dynamics in Life and Mind
		The success of emergent models of supple dynamics in artificial life suggests that we might be able to explain the mind's supple dynamics if we could devise models of mental phenomena with an analogous emergent architecture.
		An emergent model of the mind would construe supple mental dynamics as the emergent macro-level effect of an explicit local dynamic in a population of micro-level entities.
		On the one hand, emergent functionalism is not architecture independent; the central tenet of the view is that the mind's supple adaptive dynamics essentially requires a certain kind of emergent architecture.
	www.reed.edu /~mab/papers/emergent.models.htm (8601 words)

	Emergent Pedagogy
		Most importantly, teachers in an emergent classroom are relieved of an uncomfortable burden: They cease to be the setters of standards by which students are judged, becoming instead role models for the kinds of inquiry in which they want their students themselves to be engaged.
		We invited teachers to use an emergent structure for their own curricula and classrooms, providing an alternative to the "banking" and "hub-and-spoke" methods in which the teacher functions as the sole director of learning, from whom knowledge is "efficiently" passed in a downward direction.
		Emergent approaches that emphasize the moment of local interaction may sometimes make it difficult for students to see the bigger picture, which may make it hard for them to mark their progress.
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /sci_edu/emergentpedagogy.html (8545 words)

	Icosystem - Emergence
		Emergent phenomena arise as a consequence of the interactions between the constituent units of a system.
		Emergent phenomena are unpredictable and often counterintuitive because they are properties of the whole that cannot be reduced to the behavior of the parts.
		Examples of emergent phenomena in the business world include organizational behavior that is shaped (or misshaped) through employee bonuses and incentives, markets in which prices are set through the myriad interactions of buyers and sellers, or consumer buzz that propels sleeper products into runaway successes.
	icosystem.com /tech_emergence.htm (265 words)

	ipedia.com: Emergence Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Emergent phenomena occur due to the pattern of interactions between the elements of...
		Emergent processes or behaviours can be seen in a lot of places, from any multicellular biological organism to traffic patterns or organizational phenomena to computer simulations and cellular automata.
		A new model of Christianity is in the process of forming and is known as emerging church.
	www.ipedia.com /emergence.html (760 words)

	Consciousness and mind as emergent phenomena or emergent properties of the brain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		A frequently used materialist argument against the existence of the mind as a non-physical continuum is to claim that it is an 'emergent property' or 'emergent phenomenon' of the brain.
		Emergent properties are usually properties that are more easily understood in their own right than in terms of properties at a lower level.
		One interesting aspect of emergent phenomena is the different causal and organisational relationships which appear at different levels of investigation.
	www.geocities.com /scimah/emergent.htm (1375 words)

	Riding the Waves of Emergence Leadership Innovations in Complex Systems
		Emergent structures have emergent laws that determine their behavior, laws which can not be deduced from lower level components alone.
		Emergent Evolutionism investigated emergent phenomena in terms of novelty, unpredictability, nondeducibility from lower level components in the system, as well its seemingly noncausal connection with pre-existing and lower level conditions.
		Thus, emergent phenomena are anacoluthian in being both consistent and inconsistent with the previous patterns of the system.
	www.plexusinstitute.org /edgeware/archive/think/main_filing2.html (5951 words)

	Emergence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		For a phenomenon to be termed emergent it should generally be unexpected and unpredictable from a lower level description.
		Thus, emergent phenomena can demonstrate why a reductionistic physical theory, viewing all matter in terms of its component parts, which in turn obey a relatively small number of laws, can hope to model complex objects such as living beings.
		However, by the same token, emergent phenomena serve to caution against greedy reductionism, because the microscopic explanation of an emergent phenomenon may be too complicated or "low-level" to be of any practical use.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/E/Emergence.htm (2354 words)

	Emergence
		The causal powers of purported emergents are the focus of much concern (Campbell, D. T., 1974b, 1990; Kim, 1992a, 1993b), but the criteria of novelty and the notion of levels are also of importance and interest (Wimsatt, 1976a, 1976b).
		Emergents in time -- in history or evolution or cosmology, for example -- are simply the first occurrences of whatever the emergent is claimed to be.
		But many critical phenomena, and important kinds of entities, are far-from-equilibrium, thus necessarily open, thus cannot be modeled without taking into account the external relations that maintain such far-from-equilibrium conditions, and the non-constancy of constituents that is involved in those open transactions.
	www.lehigh.edu /~mhb0/emergence.html (9213 words)

	Modeling Emergent Phenomena with StarLogoT
		Such large-scale (macro-) patterns that arise out of the interactions of numerous interacting (micro-) "agents" are called "emergent phenomena" — that is, phenomena that emerge from interactions at a lower level or scale.
		The study of emergent phenomena is the principal occupation of a developing field of science, the study of complex dynamic systems.
		Not only the classic emergent phenomena described in the complex systems literature, but many every day and scientific phenomena can be viewed through the lens of emergent phenomena.
	ccl.northwestern.edu /papers/modelemerg/ModelingEmergentData.html (3046 words)

	Consciousness and mind as emergent phenomena or emergent properties of the brain
		Consciousness and mind as emergent phenomena or emergent properties of the brain.
		Abstract: The mind cannot be an emergent property of the brain or any other physical system, since emergent properties and emergent phenomena are psychological in origin, and require the pre-existence of an observer's mind in order to become manifest.
		One of the quickest ways to convince yourself that the root mind is not physical, (and is not therefore limited by one birth and one death), is to meditate on the formless nature of the mind.
	home.btclick.com /scimah/emergent.htm (2340 words)

	Conflicts as Emergent Phenomena of Complexity - paper by CALResCo
		The essence of the emergent phenomena however is that 'new' descriptive categories are necessary, in other words the features cannot be described within the vocabulary applicable to the parts, we require new terms, new concepts to categorise them.
		By studying the lower level connectivity of each system we can determine the statistically expected emergent features, and conversely by relating the features to those of systems whose connectivity is known we may be able to infer their internal connectivity also.
		The emergent properties cover a wider scope as the system enlarges (and some new properties appear - the concept of nation itself for example), yet a caution is required.
	calresco.org /group/conflict.htm (8167 words)

	On Emergence and Explanation
		In spite of the existence in mathematics of a large set of yet undecided statements or conjectures about mathematical properties that may exemplify either deductible or observational emergence, it is a general observation that the most transparent and clear-cut cases of the two kinds of emergence are found within the logical and mathematical domain.
		The basic idea is, that an emergent property might be one that supervenes on, without necessarily being definable in terms of (or reducible to) a physical base, even though physical facts somehow fix or determine biological and psychological facts.
		Thus, observationally emergent meaning constitutes a problem for the semantic analysis in the Tarski tradition (which is set theoretical, truth functional and compositional), as well as for classical AI that follows `the formalist motto' of deducing semantics from syntax (cf.
	www.nbi.dk /~emmeche/coPubl/97d.NABCE/ExplEmer.html (4249 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Her argument, as applied to emergent political phenomena, reads more that the modeling of human communication creates some arbitrary categories that fall short of a complete ontology; these failings are then responsible for distinct changes in the emergent political phenomena of the organization.
		Step 3: ‘First find the aspects of the car/driver system that give rise to the traffic jam phenomena, then make those part of your formal model.’ The issue, stated in other words, is “can one find the properties of micro-structures that give rise to emergent phenomena in question?” The answer is a mixed one.
		A formal definition of the emergent phenomena in terms of complexity theory (from computer science) is presented in [Darley, 1994].
	www-pcd.stanford.edu /cs378/papers/2002/forster.doc (4227 words)

	Burke Emergence Proposal
		The topic of emergence is one branch of the sprawling body of contemporary research associated with the study of complexity, a general area of academic inquiry that grew rapidly in the 1980s.
		Emergent phenomena are shaped by iterative feedback loops, incorporating both positive and negative feedback, and typically involve autonomous agents acting on a background environment using a set of specified, simple rules that are associated with those agents.
		One of the practical dilemmas that existing software platforms like NetLogo or Mathematica that are used to test or explore emergent phenomena often confront is their relative simplicity compared to the vast majority of real complex systems that researchers have regarded as potentially characterized by emergent dynamics or principles in their development.
	www.swarthmore.edu /SocSci/tburke1/emergenceproposal.html (2554 words)

	physics - Emergence
		Emergent properties arise when a complex system reaches a combined threshold of diversity, organisation, and connectivity.
		Many speculate that consciousness and life itself are emergent properties of a network of many interacting neurons and living cells, respectively.
		In physics, emergence is used to describe a phenomenon which occurs at macroscopic scales but not at microscopic scales, despite the fact that a macroscopic system can be viewed as a very large ensemble of microscopic systems.
	www.physicsdaily.com /physics/Emergence (1947 words)

	Modeling Emergent Phenomena with StarLogoT
		The study of emergent phenomena is the principal occupation of a developing field of science, the study of complex dynamic systems (Gleick, 1987; Waldrop, 1992; Gell-Mann, 1994; Kelly, 1994; Holland, 1995; Kauffman, 1995).
		While, at first glance, the topic of ‘emergent phenomena’ seems like an exotic add-on to the curriculum, we see it as a powerful amplifier of understanding for virtually all scientific topics.
		Generally, the depth of understanding of complex systems and emergent phenomena would be expected to increase as the student more actively builds, modifies, and explores with the model.
	ccl.northwestern.edu /papers/MEE (3352 words)

	Life
		Such phenomena are seen not only in cells and organisms, but in ecosystems, which reinforces the notion that a broader systems perspective is needed as part of the new physics (Ulanowicz 1997).
		Important to such phenomena are the dynamics of non-linear interactions (where responses of a system can be much larger than the stimulus) and autocatalytic cycles (reaction sequences that are closed on themselves and in which more of one or more starting materials is made through the processes).
		One of the biggest and most important of emergent phenomena is that of the origin or emergence of life.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/life (5199 words)

	Emergent Phenomena in a Foreign Exchange Market: Analysis based on an Artificial Market Approach - Izumi, Ueda ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Using this approach, emergent phenomena of markets were explained.
		Finally, the emergent phenomena of markets were analyzed using...
		Izumi,K. and Ueda,K.[1998] "Emergent Phenomena in a Foreign Exchange Market: Analysis Based on an Artificial Market Approach", Artificial Life VI, C. Adami and R.K. Belew and H. Kitano and C.E. Taylor (eds.), Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, pp.398-402.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /izumi98emergent.html (388 words)

	Concord.org - @CONCORD: Volume 4, No. 1, Winter 2000
		Such large-scale (macro-) patterns that arise out of the interactions of numerous interacting (micro-) "agents" are called "emergent phenomena" - that is, phenomena that emerge from interactions at a lower level or scale.
		All of these patterns are emergent; there is no leader bird which other birds follow, no conductor firefly leading the band - these patterns emerge out of the behavior of individuals and the adjustment of that behavior in interaction with other individuals.
		Not only the classic emergent phenomena described in the complex systems literature, but many everyday and scientific phenomena can be viewed through the lens of emergent phenomena.
	www.concord.org /publications/newsletter/2000winter/starlogo.html (1515 words)

	Articles - Emergence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		On the other hand, the microscopic "explanation" of an emergent physical phenomenon is generally too complicated to be of any practical use.
		The only workable methods of attacking such problems, as used condensed matter physics and other fields, is to construct simple models that discard most of the microscopic details of a system, retaining only a handful of physical characteristics that capture the "relevant physics".
		A corollary of this is that the descriptions of emergent physical phenomena are independent of the microscopic details, and remain true even if the underlying physics is changed.
	www.cbasket.com /articles/Emergence (2239 words)

	What is Emergence?
		This does not explain the intricacies and specifics of emergent phenomena, but it will be useful to keep in mind when learning the details.
		Emergent phenomena can be seen as the result of small elements working together to produce a unified whole.
		If an emergent phenomenon is understood well at a lower level, we need not always consider it at that level.
	home.comcast.net /~coggerk/project/emergence.html (807 words)

	MSc Project Proposal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The phenomena that is expected to emerge is threefold: synchrony (groups of neurons entrain themselves into synchronous firing); anticipation (groups of neurons "prepare" to respond to an expected future stimulus); and hierarchy (new groups of neurons form to respond to already formed groups).
		The goal of the project is to create in software the model of the central nervous system described by Holland that is expected to exhibit this phenomena, and then to confirm the existence of the phenomena.
		The model consists of three parts: input (from a 'retina'); a central processor (performed by a large number of neurons that are interconnected at random); and output (in the form of a reflex that controls the movement of the retina).
	cns-web.bu.edu /~nicks/project/html/proposal4.html (579 words)

	Model building (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The emergent phenomena can be created without understanding the details of the forces between the molecules or the equations that describe the flow of the fluid.
		In building a model of this type, it is hoped that the phenomena can be examined in the same sort of way as observing an ant colony (another example of a system with emergent properties).
		In this project, Holland's model was modified for both practical reasons and to build in properties that others have suggested might produce emergent phenomena in a neural network (specifically, William Calvin's hexagonal mosaics), and to extend the building block concept by working with column assemblies.
	cns-web.bu.edu /~nicks/project/html/thesis/node11.html (495 words)

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