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Topic: Emile Clapeyron

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	Clapeyron
		Emile Clapeyron was educated at the École Polytechnique from which he graduated in 1818.
		Clapeyron proposed a railway line from Paris to St Germain and sought funding for the project.
		In 1844 Clapeyron was appointed professor at the École des Ponts et Chaussées then, in 1848, he was elected to the Paris Academy of Sciences.
	www.educ.fc.ul.pt /icm/icm2003/icm14/Clapeyron.htm (493 words)

	Clapeyron (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Emile Clapeyron was educated at the École Polytechnique and went to Russia in 1810, remaining there for 21 years.
		The Clapeyron relation, a differential equation which determines the heat of vaporisation of a liquid, is named after him.
		Rue Clapeyron is in the 8th Arrondissement in Paris.
	members.tripod.com /sfabel/mathematik/database/Clapeyron.html (97 words)

	Clapeyron biography
		Emile Clapeyron was educated at the École Polytechnique from which he graduated in 1818.
		Clapeyron and Lamé went to St Petersburg where the École des Travaux Publics had been set up and these they taught both pure and applied mathematics.
		Clapeyron then approached Sharp, Roberts, and Company, a firm which made railway locomotives in one of the earliest applications of the use of interchangeable parts.
	www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk /Biographies/Clapeyron.html (543 words)

	Gabriel Lamé (1795 – 1870)
		Immediately upon graduation from the École des Mines in 1820, Lamé and his classmate, and long-time friend, Benoit-Pierre-Emile Clapeyron were offered positions by the Russian government to help organize the newly formed Institute of Ways of Communication in St. Petersburg.
		Because of their well-known liberal tendencies, Lamé and Clapeyron decided to return to France.
		After a brief stint working in an engineering firm with Clapeyron in Paris, Lamé was offered a position as the academic chair of Physics at the École Polytechnique.
	www.ce.berkeley.edu /~rlt/ce231/asst2/Lame.htm (668 words)

	Themodynamics: Who Wrote the Laws?
		Lazare Carnot, the father of Sadi, was a noted mathematician as well as Napoleon's Minister of War.
		He also devised the Clapeyron equation, a formula for the heat of vaporization of a liquid based on temperature and volume change.
		Joule is considered the founder of experimental thermodynamics although his lack of advanced mathematical training compelled him to leave the development of thermodynamic derivations to others like Helmholtz, Kelvin, Clausius, and Gibbs.
	mooni.fccj.org /~ethall/thermo/thermo.htm (1051 words)

	Lame
		While at the École des Mines Lamé published his second work, this time on a method he had invented to calculate the angles between faces of crystals.
		Clapeyron seized an opportunity offered to them by successful French engineers already established in Russia who had taken with them the spirit of the early years of the École Polytechnique.
		Important engineers like Betancourt and Bazaine helped them to pursue their careers in a land of scientific opportunity where their ideological convictions were strengthened through contact and discussion with their compatriots.
	www.educ.fc.ul.pt /icm/icm2003/icm14/Lame.htm (1057 words)

	Benoit Paul Émile Clapeyron - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1834, he made his first contribution to the creation of modern thermodynamics by publishing a report entitled the Driving force of the heat (Puissance motrice de la chaleur), in which it developed the work of the physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, deceased two years before.
		Though Carnot had developed a compelling analysis of a generalised heat engine, he had employed the clumsy and already unfashionable caloric theory.
		These foundations enabled him to make substantive extensions of Clausius' work, including the formula, now known as the Clausius-Clapeyron relation, which characterises the phase transition between two phases of matter.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/%C3%89mile_Clapeyron (392 words)

	Benoit Paul Emile Clapeyron: A Short Bibliographical Sketch
		Clapeyron is well known in thermodynamics through the Clausius-Clapeyron equation that describes the variation of the vapor pressure with temperature; few are aware that he made his career as a railroad engineer and locomotive designer.
		Here we give a description of his life and his scientific and professional achievements as an engineer in a turbulent epoch in the history of France and Russia.
		It is shown that Clapeyron was able to develop his equation without making use of the second law and the concepts of absolute temperature and entropy, ideas unknown in his time.
	chemeducator.org /bibs/0005002/00050083.htm (121 words)

	Clapeyron, Benoit Paul Emile - Encyclopedia of Earth
		Benoit Paul Emile Clapeyron (1799-1864), French engineer who developed a mathematical reformulation of Sadi Carnot's Carnot cycle.
		Clapeyron originally designed locomotives and bridges; however, after he was he was offered a chair at the École des Mineurs in St Étienne, France, Clapeyron turned his attention to the study of thermodynamics.
		Clapeyron also found a formula to describe the heat of vaporization of a liquid as a function of its temperature and volume change upon vaporization, called Clapeyron's equation.
	www.eoearth.org /article/Clapeyron,_Benoit_Paul_Emile (217 words)

	Contribution of William Thomson a.k.a. Lord Kelvin
		Ãmile Clapeyron and favor for Mutual convertibility of heat and mechanical work and for their mechanical equivalence.
		This work supported Joule's work with combination of works from Sadi Carnot and Ãmile Clapeyron, gain these discoveries the attention they deserved.
		As soon as Joule read the paper he wrote to Thomson with his comments and questions.
	www.ic.sunysb.edu /Stu/gtam (1560 words)

	The New Physics of Information
		Carnot's work aroused little interest during his lifetime, which ended prematurely during a cholera epidemic in 1832.
		Only later did it attract the attention of Emile Clapeyron, a French engineer who publicized the work through his own writings and designs, and of the British physicist William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin), who developed Carnot's ideas into the science of thermodynamics.
		It was this new science that caused the physics community to shift its focus from force to energy.
	www.siam.org /siamnews/07-01/physics.htm (2177 words)

	Gases and Fluids - Physics - Numericana
		This amounts to a force exceeding 10000 N. This is more than ton of thrust...
		Emile Clapeyron (1799-1864; X1816) gave the law its modern form in 1834.
		Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) had first put all aspects of this relation together around 1802.
	home.att.net /~numericana/answer/gas.htm (4749 words)

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