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Topic: Emission Factor

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	Emission factor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An emission factor can be defined as the average emission rate of a given pollutant for a given source, relative to units of activity.
		Carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of fuel can be estimated with a high degree of certainty whatever the fuel is being used for as these emissions depend almost exclusively on the carbon content of the fuel, which is generally known with a high degree of certainty.
		For instance methane emissions from transport depend on the vehicle type, whether the vehicle has been fitted with emissions controls and so on.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emission_factor (212 words)

	[No title]
		Emission estimates are important for developing emission control strategies, determining applicability of permitting and control programs, ascertaining the effects of sources and appropriate mitigation strategies, and a number of other related applications by an array of users, including federal, state, and local agencies, consultants, and industry.
		An emission factor is a representative value that attempts to relate the quantity of a pollutant released to the atmosphere with an activity associated with the release of that pollutant.
		Whenever factors are used, one should be aware of their limitations in accurately representing a particular facility, and the risks of using emission factors in such situations should be evaluated against the costs of further testing or analyses.
	www.sbcapcd.org /eng/tech/ap42intr.txt (5013 words)

	EPA/OIG: Emission Factor Development
		Emission factors are used to develop estimates of pollutant emissions to the atmosphere from all major categories of air pollution sources.
		An emission factor is a representative value that attempts to estimate the quantity of a pollutant released to the atmosphere based on an activity associated with the release of that pollutant.
		Emission factors are used with varying frequencies by state and local air pollution control agencies and industries to estimate emissions related to all major types of air pollution.
	www.epa.gov /oigearth/reports/1996/emisexsm.htm (1562 words)

	Emission Factor (Code E)
		Emission Factor (Code E) Emission Factor (Code E) An emission factor is based on average measured emissions from several similar processes.
		Emission factors usually express releases as a ratio of quantity released to process or equipment throughput.
		When emission control devices are used, atmospheric releases are estimated by multiplying the "uncontrolled" emission by the quantity (1 — C/100), where C is the control device efficiency.
	www.ec.gc.ca /pdb/npri/2000_Help_files_e/emission_factor_code_e_.html (175 words)

	National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory
		Emissions are calculated from animal population data collected by the June Agricultural census and published in MAFF (1997b) and the appropriate emission factors.
		Emissions of nitrous oxide from the biological fixation of nitrogen by crops are calculated using the IPCC (1997) methodology and IPCC default emission factors.
		Emissions of nitrous oxide from the ploughing in of crop residues are calculated using the IPCC (1997) methodology and IPCC default emission factors.
	www.aeat.co.uk /netcen/airqual/naei/annreport/annrep96/app1_28.htm (1986 words)

	Chapter 6: The simulation of a dilution chamber - Emissions of Rural Wood Burning Cooking Devices - PhD Thesis: Energy, ...
		The aim of this chapter is to compare the emission factors calculated by assuming constant emission rate with the numerical solution using the emission rate measured in this study and thereby to assess the validity of the chamber method.
		Simulated and measured emission factors for two cooking devices, the improved open fire and the one pot metal stove, operated in the same way as is recommended by Ahuja et al (1987) for the chamber method, were compared.
		Differences in emission factors between those of the simulated chamber method and the measured emission factors are statistically significant at 95 % confidence for 6 of the 7 sets of tests for the least squares calculation method, and 3 of the 7 for the simple mean calculation method.
	ecoharmony.com /thesis/PhDch6.htm (3663 words)

	National Pollutant Release Inventory Guidance Manual for the Wastewater Sector
		Emission factors are used for emission estimation when monitoring or measurement data are not available and data required by the mass balance method are lacking.
		Emission factors for wastewater treatment facilities are commonly given either as "quantity emitted per quantity present in wastewater" or "quantity emitted per volume of wastewater treated".
		Emission factors for air release from a dissolved air flotation sludge thickener at municipal wastewater treatment plants are compiled in Table D-15.
	www.ec.gc.ca /pdb/npri/2002guidance/WW2002/WW_2002_annexD_e.cfm (3350 words)

	Great Lakes Regional Air Toxic Emissions Inventory
		The absence of an emission factor in FIRE for a given compound, and the ability to generate an emission estimate from a combination of AP-42, SPECIATE, and critical pollutant emission estimates information, further indicate that the resulting factor (and any emission estimate derived from such a factor) is of poor quality/reliability.
		The factor quality rating is used in both the repository and distribution systems and indicates the quality of the emission factor derived from the source test or other reference data.
		Emissions from on-road motor vehicles are generally obtained from the product of emission factors (expressed in units of mass of pollutant per vehicle mile traveled [VMT]) and vehicle activity data.
	www.glc.org /air/protocol/qaqc3.html (2297 words)

	Hot Mixing Asphalt Facilities
		Emissions during the filling of the tanks (working loss) are governed by the saturation concentration of the liquid stored in the tank and the volume of gas displaced by the addition of liquid to the tank.
		Emissions during other periods (breathing losses) are governed by the saturation concentration of the liquid stored in the tank and the changes in the volume of the gas caused by temperature variations.
		Emission factors for toxic air contaminants are based on the type of HMA facility (batch or drum mix) and the type of fuel fired in the dryer.
	www.baaqmd.gov /pmt/handbook/s11c02ev.htm (7798 words)

	RedNova News - Science - Effects of Insufficient Air Quality Data on Regulatory Policy in Animal Agriculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Emission factors are generally used to describe the emissions released to the ambient air from a specific production or animal type (e.g., poultry, dairy, or beef feedlot).
		Emissions for other species such as poultry are derived from this erroneous dairy emission factor by simply determining how many poultry (e.g., layer hens) equate to a mature cow.
		Although factors acceptable to NRC [9] must be based on representative surveys from a class of operations (e.g., dairies or layer hen sites) over several seasons, the current factors are derived from predominantly grab-sample measurements conducted on one operation at one time.
	www.rednova.com /news/display/?id=161109&source=r_science (2597 words)

	The Duke Forest: Peer Reviewed and Other Published Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Factors limiting microbial biomass in the mineral soil and forest floor of a warm-temperate forest.
		Below-ground factors mediating changes in methane consumption in a forest soil under elevated CO2: A field study.
		The regulation of isoprene emission responses to rapid leaf temperature fluctuations.
	www.dukeforest.duke.edu /journals.html (6229 words)

	VOC EMISSIONS - STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
		Among these factors are (1) the economic poison has demonstrated serious uncontrollable adverse effects either within or outside the agricultural environment; and (2) when properly used, the economic poison is detrimental to vegetation except weeds, to domestic animals, or to the public health and safety.
		Emissions will be calculated by multiplying the VOC Emission Factor value for each product by the adjusted use of that product in 1990.
		In 1996, the 1990 Baseline Emission Inventory and subsequent annual emission inventories will be analyzed to quantify the contribution of pesticides to VOC emissions and to create detailed pesticidal VOC emission inventories over time (monthly or annually) in counties or portions of counties in each air district subject to this plan.
	www.cdpr.ca.gov /docs/dprdocs/sip/sip.htm (2832 words)

	Northrop Grumman Corporation (Environmentally Focused) - El Segundo, CA:Emission Factor Refinement
		Accurate emission factors are critical to determine the exact amount of total emissions released into the environment and the expected level of exposure.
		Emission factors are mathematical equations used to estimate the total amount of airborne substance emissions from a given substance and process.
		Typical emission factor sources are: supplier equipment specifications; Air Pollutant 40 and 42 Published Data; state and local published and/or customary and accepted values; or the California Air Resources Board Published Toxics Data.
	www.bmpcoe.org /bestpractices/internal/ngenv/ngenv_1.html (532 words)

	Texas Animal Manure Management Issues
		Prior to EPA removing this cattle feedyard emission factor from AP-42, the Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering at Texas A&M University had determined that a more appropriate emission factor for cattle feedyards in the relatively arid west Texas area was 19 lb/1000hd/d (uncorrected for rainfall and snow events).
		Hence, the PM10 emission factor used by SAPRA's for permitting and emissions inventory purposes was 32 kg/1000hd/d (70 lb/1000hd/d PM10) The errors associated with the AP-42 emission factor based upon Peters and Blackwood's study were documented by Parnell et al (1999).
		From sampling conducted at a single central Texas dairy in the summer of 2002, a preliminary emission factor of 2.0 kg/1000hd/day PM10 (4.4 lb/1000hd/d) was determined.
	tammi.tamu.edu /barry.html (930 words)

	CSREES - USDA - Selective Results and Impacts, Emission Factor for Free-stall Dairies
		With funding from CSREES, Texas AandM researchers reported that the correct PM-10 emission factor for free-stall dairies should be 5, with a range of 3 lb per 1,000 head per day, rather than 135, a number that one state was considering.
		This emission factor is approximately 50 percent of the factor that has been used by some state air pollution regulatory agencies (SAPRAs).
		This study is unique in that it is based on flux measurements from a number of different sources (free stall, open lot, lagoon, composting, etc.) and an emission factor based on a “weighted average” of the area sources.
	www.csrees.usda.gov /nea/nre/sri/air_sri_emission.html (184 words)

	EPA \| Technology Transfer Network \| Clearinghouse for Inventories & Emissions Factors
		Emissions Inventories are the basis for numerous efforts including trends analysis, regional, and local scale air quality modeling, regulatory impact assessments, and human exposure modeling.
		The Emissions Factors and Policy Applications Center (EFPAC) provides information about existing emission factors, the revision of existing factors and the development of new factors from stationary point and non point sources.
		The Emissions Modeling Clearinghouse (EMCH) has been designed to support and promote emission modeling activities both internal and external to the EPA.
	www.epa.gov /ttn/chief (121 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Total Annual Throughput: This figure must be expressed in the same units as the SCC emission factor units used with the specific process for this emission point.
		This Emission Factor should be entered in the VOC Emission Factor box in Block 7 on the Form 2.0, Emission Point Information, that is associated with this emission point.
		Emission Factor Units: The units entered in this box should be the same as the SCC units for this emission point.
	www.dnr.state.mo.us /oac/forms/780-1440_inst.doc (1264 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Assign an activity SCC associated with a pound per ton emission factor to one Form 2.0 and a wind erosion SCC associated with a pound per acre emission factor to the other.
		In this case, the reported emission factor will be the weighted average of the emission factor for each pile.
		WIND EROSION PORTION FACTOR The Wind Erosion Factor is a calculated number that represents the amount of PM10 released into the atmosphere from this storage pile due to wind erosion.
	www.dnr.state.mo.us /oac/forms/780-1446_inst.doc (1486 words)

	EFDB - Main Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Nature of EFDB: EFDB is meant to be a recognised library, where users can find emission factors and other parameters with background documentation or technical references that can be used for estimating greenhouse gas emissions and removals.
		Terminology: EFDB is a database on various parameters to be used in calculation of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases.
		For convenience sake, however, the term "Emission Factor" or its abbreviation "EF" is sometimes used to represent parameters in this database generally.
	www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp /EFDB/main.php (377 words)

	dCARB-UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The need for some form of carbon emissions target setting and progress monitoring is widely accepted, as is the desire to improve the information for quantifying the impact of carbon emissions reduction measures.
		Similarly, in the absence of project specific data, standard emission factors have been derived on a national basis and these can also be applied at a regional level.
		The NAEI estimates UK emissions of a number of gaseous pollutants, including carbon dioxide, which is expressed in terms of emissions of carbon.
	www.dcarb-uk.org /pubs/phase1/udc/02.htm (913 words)

	MSC - East / Minutes of the EMEP Workshop On Emissions And Emission Factor Estimates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The workshop on emissions and emission factor estimates held in Moscow from 21 to 23 November 2001 was convened in accordance with the decision of the Steering Body to EMEP [EB.AIR/GE.1/2001/].
		This task is to be achieved by the identification, collection and analysis of emissions factors for HM and POPs available in various national/international programmes/projects.
		The Workshop developed default emission factors for the priority categories previously identified and constructed tables to be included in the revised Guidebook.
	www.msceast.org /events/nov2001.html (606 words)

	Emission Factors Database
		This database contains the emission factors used in the UK Emissions Inventory as well as factors specifically designed for Local inventories.
		This database is designed to provide data and technical information to local authorities that are undertaking a local emissions inventory.
		This site provides support to emission inventory compliers in the UK and is funded by Defra.
	www.naei.org.uk /emissions/index.php (149 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, The Medical Implications of Nuclear War (1986) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		While cognizant of the enormity of the uncertainty, it is still useful to make some calculations, however crude, of the increased cancer incidence that might be expected on a semiglobal basis for a few carcinogens, so that the seriousness of chemical contamination can be compared with that of radioactive contamination.
		Assume that approximately 30 percent of the current world supply of PCBs (0.3 teragram; 1 Tg = 1 million metric tons) are affected by nuclear fires, that the soot emission factor is 10 percent (by weight), and that 15 percent of the soot is composed of unburned PCBs.
		Under the dark clouds of nuclear winter, the OH radical and other oxidants would be greatly reduced in concentration, and as a result such biogenic emissions would accumulate to unusually high levels in the atmosphere.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309036925/html/155.html (4687 words)

	CA: Air regulators announce new emission factor for dairies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The factor also stokes an ongoing debate among industry groups, environmentalists and scientists over how much of the valley's pollution should be blamed on one of its largest agricultural industries.
		Several scientists involved in the research used to devise the new emission factor have criticized the report's finding.
		They contend that the new emission factor doesn't reflect all the pollution created by dairies because it doesn't account for VOCs released by manure used as fertilizer, feed storage and other dairy processes.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1455149/posts (1798 words)

	Select your Emission factor criteria
		• Emission factors are available for the latest official NAEI inventory year and are UK average factors for the specified sector.
		Factors are also available for 2005 and 2010 for road transport sources.
		The helpline can be contacted on 0870 190 1600 (24 hr fax/answerphone - calls charged at national rate).
	www.naei.org.uk /emissions/selection.php (160 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Energy Citations Database (ECD) Document #6128811 - Measurement of spontaneous emission factor for injection lasers
		Availability information may be found in the Availability, Publisher, Research Organization, Resource Relation and/or Author (affiliation information) fields and/or via the "Full-text Availability" link.
		Measurement of spontaneous emission factor for injection lasers
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=6128811 (88 words)

	Review of Travel Assumptions Employed in Emission Factor Models
		The objective of the project is to develop an improved analytical framework for evaluating the air quality and other benefits and costs of transportation control measures.
		The objective of the task summarized in this digest was to describe important transportation-related assumptions embedded within the emission factor models developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the California Air Resources Board.
		The contents are organized as follows: Summary; Introduction; EPA's MOBILE5 Emissions Factor Model; Light-Duty Vehicle Travel Assumptions in MOBILE5; Heavy-Duty Vehicle Travel Assumptions in MOBILE5; California's MVEI7G Emissions Model; The MVEI7G Weight Submodel; and The MVEI7G Burden Submodel.
	gulliver.trb.org /news/blurb_detail.asp?id=3059 (198 words)

	OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - Emission factor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - Emission factor
		The emission factor is the ratio between the amount of pollution generated and the amount of a given raw material processed.
		The term may also refer to the ratio between the emissions generated and the outputs of production processes.
	cs3-hq.oecd.org /scripts/stats/glossary/detail.asp?ID=761 (95 words)

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