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	Emissions trading: are you ready?
		An emissions credit is the difference between the actual emissions and either a historical level or regulated emissions limit.
		As with any other business transaction, an emissions credit prompts the need for due diligence -- that is, the verification that the asset being traded exists and has value, before a transaction is completed, for the protection of both the buyer and the seller.
		It expects to reduce its net GHG emissions to zero by 2024 through a series of flexible mechanisms (including emissions credit trading) stated under the Kyoto Protocol, as well as by developing technologies in cleaner-burning coal, renewable energy sources and playing a leading role in ratifying national and international emissions credit rules.
	www.camagazine.com /index.cfm/ci_id/6942/la_id/1.htm (2774 words)

	49-410 - Arizona emissions bank; program termination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		To be creditable for deposit in the Arizona emissions bank, the reduction in emissions shall be permanent, quantifiable and otherwise enforceable and shall occur after the effective date of this section.
		C. The department of environmental quality shall register, certify or otherwise approve the amount of the credit before the credit is banked and used to offset future increases in the emissions of air pollutants.
		The credit may be used, traded, sold or otherwise expended within the same nonattainment area, maintenance area or modeling domain in which the emissions reduction occurred, only if there will be no adverse impact on air quality.
	www.azleg.state.az.us /ars/49/00410.htm (289 words)

	Valley Metro - Maricopa County Trip Reduction Ordinance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Credits are not transferable and shall not be awarded to any vehicle that exceeds eighty percent of the carbon monoxide standard established for the model year and vehicle classification of that vehicle.
		Credit shall be awarded when the replacement equipment’s emissions meet the standards for year 1999 and later in Table 11 or 12, or when the replacement significantly precedes the recommended replacement or maintenance suggested by the original equipment manufacturer or operator.
		Credit shall be awarded when the repower, retrofit or replacement of the equipment meets the 2000 or 2001 standards in Table 16, as applicable, and/or when the replacement significantly precedes the recommended replacement or maintenance suggested by the original equipment manufacturer or operator.
	www.valleymetro.org /Rideshare3/1Employer/1TRP/2ordinance.html (8744 words)

	LA Emissions Credit Trading Program Fails Expectations (April 25, 2001)
		The program was launched in 1993 as the first market-driven system to clean urban air, and it quickly became a model for others around the world.
		Those companies that were successful in reducing their own emissions below pollution limits could then sell their credits to companies that exceeded their pollution allowance.
		Some speculate that the program has fallen short of reduction goals because the pollution credits were set at too low a price; industries simply chose to buy pollution credits rather than upgrade pollution control equipment.
	www.valleycleancities.org /Articles/04252001A.html (287 words)

	Ontario to Try Reducing Pollution Through Emissions Credits
		Emissions trading was conceived in the United States during the 1960s, but not put into practice until officially sanctioned by the 1990 Clean Air Act.
		Emissions trading encourages industry to get involved voluntarily in environmental control: a company can sell pollution credits to another company within a designated area.
		Meanwhile, emissions controls are tightened, which leads to fewer credits available and an increase in their price.
	perc.ca /PEN/1997-09/s-mills.html (624 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Michigan; Emission Trading Program
		Credits cannot be generated by emission reductions that are already required by regulation.
		Mobile source credits must additionally be consistent with federally approved mobile models for the emission reduction credit generation year, and consistent measurement and calculation methods which Michigan or EPA have approved.
		Rule 1204(3) states that emissions averaging or credit use is prohibited if it would cause an increase in the maximum hourly emission rate of any toxic air contaminant (TAC),\1\ unless it can be demonstrated that the increase will not ``cause or exacerbate'' an exceedance of a TAC screening level set under Michigan's air toxics rules.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-AIR/2001/February/Day-07/a3164.htm (11993 words)

	Is Credit for Early Action Credible Early Action? - West Coast Environmental Law
		While Credit for Early Action involves the generation of credits that could be used under any carbon constrained future, baseline protection only comes into play if a future regulatory system uses "grandfathering." Grandfathering occurs where allowable emission levels or emission permits are given to emitters based on their emissions in an allocation base period.
		The baseline from which creditable emission reductions are measured would be equal to the performance achievable by a firm if it implements all measures that have a pay back of a specified amount.
		Credit for Early Action is often promoted as an interim measure that could be put in place prior to the imposition of market instruments, and as necessary in the immediate term to remove the disincentive created by the possibility that future market instruments will use grandfathering.
	www.wcel.org /wcelpub/1999/13081.htm (17150 words)

	ADEQ: Emissions Bank Credit Query Utility
		The Emissions Bank Registry lists available credits for use, sorted by pollutant type, status of credit availability, location of the credits, or the company owning the credits.
		The pollutant that the emission reduction credits are valid for.
		Credit types are Conditional, Certified, Pending Sale, Pending Retirement, Retired, and Final sale (will only be shown if the closing of the request is less than three months old).
	www.azdeq.gov /databases/banksearch.html (394 words)

	EcoSecurities - World Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Without the emission credits to help secure additional funds for cleaner energy, Thailand will continue to produce the kind of dirty power found in the West, Watanatada said.
		Under the emissions credit trading proposed at the 1997 Kyoto climate talks, big energy companies will receive credits for the amount of carbon dioxide - the main gas capped at Kyoto - which they would otherwise emit via dirtier energy sources in return for investing in renewable power projects in developing countries.
		Advocates of emissions credits trading look to European state mandates that are driving moves away from dirtier fossil fuels.
	www.ecosecurities.com /200about_us/222world_press/15_feb_2002 (598 words)

	EMISSIONS CREDIT TRADING AROUND THE WORLD:
		Emissions trading has already begun in many countries around the world, even though the Kyoto Protocol has not yet been ratified by enough countries to enter into force.
		Emissions trading is evolving rapidly, and this outline does not presume to include all mechanisms underway throughout the world.
		BP implemented a voluntary emissions trading system in 1998, complete with a self-imposed emissions reduction target of 10 percent in 2010 (the base year is 1990).
	www.oznet.ksu.edu /ctec/CASMGSnewsletter/Dec03-1.htm (1263 words)

	Early Credit for Emissions Reductions; New York Times Assesses Buenos Aires (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The latest attempt to implement the Kyoto Protocol without Senate ratification is a scheme to use the threat of future mandatory emission reductions to compel industry to "voluntarily" reduce emissions.
		The system should give credit for reductions of all six of the major greenhouse gases "from any source in any sector of the economy." It should also give credit for any actions that offset carbon emissions, such as land use and forestry changes.
		One issue that is becoming important is "credit for early action." Cushman wrote, "Many companies have already invested in energy saving and other approaches to cut their emissions, or are planning to do so soon." Legislation has been introduced to give them credit for doing so.
	www.globalwarming.org /article.php?uid=262 (672 words)

	Early Emissions Credit Could Hurt Small Business
		"Credit for early action" has become a mantra among many large U.S. companies lately, as they shoulder one another out of the way to be first at the trough of global warming largess.
		While the bill which is expected to be introduced by Senators Chafee (R-RI), Lieberman (D-CT) and Mack (R-FL) is designed as a way to build entrenched support for ratifying the Kyoto Protocol, some members of the NCC's "Cooler Heads" Coalition have been pointing out that small business will be the ones hurt by the measure.
		Companies will own credits potentially worth a lot of money or nothing at all if the Protocol is not ratified in the end.
	www.consumeralert.org /pubs/comments/JanFeb99/EmissionCredit.htm (181 words)

	12-10 AIR EMISSIONS CREDIT PROGRAM
		In emissions trading programs, the commodity being traded is tons, or fractions of tons, of actual emission reductions of criteria pollutants which consist of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (referred to as PM-10).
		New Source Trading and Banking programs allow facilities to bank emissions credits to be used to offset emission increases caused by new or modified sources and/or for inter-pollutant trading (i.e., NO emissions can be used for a new VOC source).
		Since these emission reductions are real, quantifiable, and impact the emissions for the life of the associated piece of equipment, the ERC certificates typically do not have an expiration date.
	p2library.nfesc.navy.mil /P2_Opportunity_Handbook/12_10.html (1511 words)

	Fiscal Impact Statement, House Bill 1561
		It also specifies that the owner of air emissions reduction credits may: (1) hold the credits for future use; or (2) trade the credits on an exchange.
		This bill provides that air emissions reduction credits may be bought or sold within air quality control areas that have been classified as attainment, transitional, or unclassified areas under the federal Clean Air Act.
		It also provides that credits may be bought or solid within nonattainment areas, however the credit may only be purchased from within a nonattainment area or from air emissions sources that affect the air quality within the nonattainment area.
	www.state.in.us /legislative/bills/1999/FISCAL/HB1561.002.html (593 words)

	Cost-effective applications of the Clean Development
		The calculations are performed to 2050, and the investments in various emissions reduction strategies are made within the period of 2000 to 2035.
		With regards to carbon emissions economics, petroleum sector efficiency improvements have benefits that are about half as cost-effective as electricity sector efficiency programs (when electricity derives its energy from petroleum fuels).
		The supply curve begins with about 5 million tons of emissions credits (about one ton C per capita) that are available at $12 per ton.
	www.punchdown.org /rvb/papers/ECEEEPaper6,178C.html (4825 words)

	23/8/2002 -- JAPaN: Emissions credit market in works
		To trade emissions credits, a company will first be required to submit to the ministry a greenhouse gas reduction plan before the end of 2007.
		Participating companies that reduce emissions beyond their original targets will be eligible for government assistance to the tune of half the costs associated with the improved reduction.
		Once trading is under way, companies will also have to submit progress reports on emissions cuts and notify the ministry of all emission credit transactions.
	www.climateark.org /articles/reader.asp?linkid=14705 (790 words)

	Emission Credits - Credit RU
		Emission Reduction Specialists and Emission Credit Brokers- ERS's focus is on developing and implementing projects that create emission credits.
		… publicly available location where information about emission credits can be … emissions beyond what the law requires, they create emission credits, …
		… MC has bought the emission credit for the volume of greenhouse gases reduced in this project.
	www.credit.ru.com /emission-credits.html (488 words)

	Senate Climate Bill Drops Emissions Credit Proposal
		D.C., April 28, 2005—This week Senator Chuck Hagel (R-NE) introduced a revised version of his climate bill, the “Climate Change Technology Deployment and Infrastructure Credit Act of 2005.” This version omits provisions to award regulatory credits for registered greenhouse gas emission reductions applicable to a future Kyoto-style cap-and-trade program.
		The move comes one month after the Department of Energy, in a rulemaking to revise the voluntary reporting of greenhouse gases program, made clear that it ha no authority under current law to create an emissions credit program on its own.
		To read Lewis's testimony on transferable credits, submitted to the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, click here.
	www.cei.org /gencon/003,04513.cfm (222 words)

	Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Credit Trading Report - Research and Markets - Market Research Reports
		The 2nd Edition of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Credit Trading Report (published in July 2004) is a definitive 125-page study of the current state of the global move towards developing markets for trading GHG emissions credits.
		The report takes a comprehensive look at what's driving the development of trading regimes, what's the best way to implement trading, what options exist for participation in trading, what the current and future state of the market is, and who the major players are.
		The Impact Of Carbon Emissions Trading Across The Electricity Value Chain: Responding To The Developing EU Environmental Agenda, 2005-10
	www.researchandmarkets.com /reports/c13693 (263 words)

	Planet Ark : Asia keen on Bush-backed emissions credits trade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Planet Ark : Asia keen on Bush-backed emissions credits trade
		India Firms Eye $5 Billion from Carbon Credit in Seven Years
		INTERVIEW - Global Futures Exchange for Kyoto Credits seen 2006
	www.planetark.com /dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/14554/story.htm (876 words)

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