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Topic: Emmer wheat

	Wheat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Wheat is also planted strictly as a forage crop for livestock and as a hay.
		Wheat is widely cultivated as a cash crop because it produces a good yield per unit area, grows well in a temperate climate even with a moderately short growing season, and yields a versatile, high-quality flour that is widely used in baking.
		Wheat may suffer from the attack of insects at the root; from blight, which primarily affects the leaf or straw, and ultimately deprives the grain of sufficient nourishment; from mildew on the ear; and from gum of different shades, which lodges on the chaff or cups in which the grain is deposited.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wheat (1607 words)

	North American Millers' Association - Consumer Information Section
		Wheat's earliest ancestors are wild einkorn, or “one-seed” and emmer.
		Wheat is grown from Florida to the Canadian border, in the arid Arizona and on coastal plains.
		Wheat kernels are measured or fed from the bins to the “rolls,” or corrugated rollers made from chilled cast iron.
	www.namamillers.org /ci_Wheat-Flour.html (2770 words)

	Cereal (Grain) Photos #1
		In addition to cereal grains (rice, wheat, barley, oats and corn), grasses are the source of bamboo shoots used in Asian foods, the primary source of sugar (sucrose) from sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum), alcoholic beverages from barley malt (beer) and fermented rice (sake), and bamboo timbers for construction and scaffolding.
		Wheat and rye are crossed together to produce the hybrid triticale.
		The original diploid (2n=14) emmer wheat was probably sterile because it contained only 2 sets of chromosomes, one from the einkorn parent (n=7) and one from the goat grass parent (n=7).
	waynesword.palomar.edu /ecoph12.htm (1676 words)

	Wheat (Triticum spp
		Einkorn wheat hybridizing with one of the goat grasses, Aegilops sp.
		Wheat plants affected by stem rust are severely weakened but not usually destroyed, and the grain yield is significantly reduced.
		Wheat is the most often traded of all edible commodities because it is easy to transport and stores so very well; it is nearly imperishable.
	www.unlv.edu /Faculty/landau/wheat.htm (2000 words)

	Iranica.com - GANDOM
		Therefore, in contrast to emmer wheat, which was probably domesticated on the Mediterranean side of the Fertile Crescent and had already reached the western part of the Iranian plateau by the 8th millennium B.C.E. (Flannery, p.
		Irrigated winter wheat is sown on fertilized fields and in rotation with various summer crops (maize, beans, cotton, etc.) whenever the cropping season is long enough and shortage of water not a frequent problem (see typical rotation schemes in Bazin, n.d., pp.
		Wheat yields are low according to world standards: in the early 1990s they ranged from less than 10 q/ha in both Afghanistan and Tajikistan to less than 15 in Persia (Table 1).
	www.iranica.com /articles/v10f3/v10f360.html (2476 words)

	Taming wild wheat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the October issue of Genome Research, Eviatar Nevo and colleagues (University of Haifa) explore the genome of wild emmer wheat, a progenitor of modern cultivated wheat and a potential resource for breeding better wheat crops.
		Emmer wheat originated in the Middle East, from whence it spread to Africa and gave rise to durum wheat, that is, the wheat used for pasta.
		Wild emmer wheat is still found in Israel where it thrives by its exceptional disease resistance and tolerance to harsh climate.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2000-10/CSHL-Tww-1210100.php (187 words)

	Alternative Wheat Cereals as Food Grains: Einkorn, Emmer, Spelt, Kamut, and Triticale
		Einkorn along with emmer and spelt are often referred to as "the covered wheats," since the kernels do not thresh free of the glumes or the lemma and palea when harvested (Fig.
		Emmer yields exceeded yields of barley, oats, and wheat cultivars in years which were characterized by less than favorable growing seasons, and produced equal or lower yields when growing conditions were more suitable for cereal production.
		In contrast to einkorn or emmer, which break apart with the rachilla attached to the base of the spikelet, spelt spikelets break apart with the rachilla remaining attached to the face of the spikelet rather than at the spikelet base (Fig.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/proceedings1996/V3-156.html (7126 words)

	Did you know: Food History
		This wheat, which apparently evolved through cultivation from emmer wheat in an as yet undetermined location (Abyssinia has been suggested), is mixed with liquid to form an alimentary paste that is dried, then stored for long periods of time and cooked by boiling or (less commonly) steaming in or over water or broth.
		This particular kind of wheat, commonly known as hard wheat, semolina, or durum wheat, is unique because of its high gluten and low moisture content, which distinguishes it in a significant way from soft wheat or bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), the major wheat known by the ancient Greeks and Romans.
		These characteristics of hard wheat are important because, first, it prevents the stretching and breakage of pasta during the curing and drying process and, second, because it maintains its texture and taste better during the cooking process than does soft wheat.
	www.cliffordawright.com /history/macaroni.html (5214 words)

	CSS 330 World Food Crops -- OSU Extended Campus - Oregon State University
		Wheat is grown on more hectares than any other food crop, and is one of the most important sources of nutrients for humans in many areas of the world.
		Emmer was the dominant type of wheat produced in the Near East and Europe between 10,000 and 4,000 BC.
		Wheat is a cool season crop that grows best at temperatures around 60 °F. The minimum length of the growing season is about 100 days, depending on the cultivar and environmental conditions.
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/css/330/four/Unit7Notes.htm (2272 words)

	Triticum (wheat genus) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Einkorn Wheat was grown extensively during the Neolithic period but from the Bronze Age on, its importance wained in favour of the Emmer and Bread wheat varieties.
		Durum Wheat is the predominant variety that was selected from Emmer Wheat and has free-threshing grain.
		Emmer Wheat was the main cereal crop in the Near East from the very beginnings of agriculture in this region.
	www.museums.org.za /bio/plants/poaceae/triticum.htm (1013 words)

	Molecular Genetic Maps in Wild Emmer Wheat, Triticum dicoccoides: Genome-Wide Coverage, Massive Negative Interference, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Joppa, L.R., Nevo, E., and Beiles, A. Chromosome translocations in wild populations of tetraploid emmer wheat in Israel and Turkey.
		Nevo, E. and Beiles, A. Genetic diversity of wild emmer wheat in Israel and Turkey: Structure, evolution and application in breeding.
		Nevo, E., Gerechter-Amitai, Z.K., and Beiles, A. Resistance of wild emmer wheat to stem rust: Ecological, pathological and allozyme associations.
	www.genome.org /cgi/content/full/10/10/1509 (7846 words)

	Fibers & Fiber Plants
		Wheat was sowed in New England in 1602 and it reached Virginia by 1611, California by 1769 and Minnesota by 1845 (Hill 1952).
		Cultivated wheat, Triticum aesticum, reaches a height of 2-4 ft. The flower is a terminal spike or head consisting of 15-20 spikelets that are borne on a zigzag axis.
		Dwarf Wheat” or “Hedgehog Wheat” is different from all other species in having short compact heads and small kernels.
	faculty.ucr.edu /~legneref/botany/majcerea.htm (7240 words)

	Part 5. Historical Aspects and Crop Evolution
		Should the difference between the wheat Glu1a and Glu1d haplotypes be due to reverse mutations, a minimum of three independent reverse mutations, HMW-glutenin subunit 5 to 2 (or vice versa), HMW-glutenin subunit 10 to 12 (or vice versa) and EcoRV haplotype b to a (or vice versa) would have to have occurred during wheat evolution.
		Moreover, wild emmer is known to be scarcely if ever weedy (Harlan and Zohary 1966; Blumler and Byrne 1991), and is reported to have only limited geneflow (Golenberg 1987), so that introgression would seem to be less likely than in other crop progenitors that are common in cultivated fields.
		It appears that Esdraelon populations of wild emmer were located at the base of rocky, untillable slopes, at the edges of deep soil and cultivation -precisely where hybridization between a crop and a non-weedy species would be most likely to occur.
	www.ipgri.cgiar.org /publications/HTMLPublications/47/ch10.htm (12201 words)

	North American Millers' Association - Products Section - Wheat Intro
		The Chinese record growing wheat in 2,700 B.C. The Roman goddess, Ceres, who was deemed protector of the grain, gave grains their common name today - "cereal." Seven cereal grains largely sustain and nourish humankind.
		Parent plants were selected for their desirable traits - greater disease and insect resistance, ease in harvesting, shorter growing seasons, better milling and baking qualities, and higher yields.
		Winter wheat is harvested in May in the southern regions and goes through July in the
	www.namamillers.org /prd_w.html (1428 words)

	PAG-IX: MOLECULAR GENETIC MAPS IN WILD EMMER WHEAT, TRITICUM DICOCCOIDES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides (genome AABB) is the wild progenitor from which modern tetraploid and hexaploid cultivated wheats were derived.
		Wild emmer wheat is an important genetic resource that could be exploited in breeding of cultivated wheat.
		The main objectives of the study reported here were to: (i) construct a molecular map of wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, and (ii) to characterize the marker-related anatomy of the genome.
	www.intl-pag.org /pag/9/abstracts/P5c_42.html (253 words)

	Farro.ca- Your Canadian Authority on Imported Italian Emmer Wheat
		Hearty and flavourful, Emmer (farro) can be enjoyed in cracked and whole kernel form in many dishes, as well as more traditional applications such as dark, nutty Emmer pastas.
		Emmer (hard or true farro) was a wholesome daily staple of the ancient Egyptians, and has been grown for millennia in the Middle East and North Africa.
		Emmer (farro) is a non-genetically-modified ancient grain belonging to the wheat family.
	www.thepassionategourmet.com /farro (375 words)

	Articles - Emmer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Emmer is a low yielding, tall awned wheat with small grains, with no husk.
		Emmer wheat derives from hybridization of the diploid einkorn wheat with another diploid wild grass, sharing genomes from both to become tetraploid. ;????
		The oldest geobiological evidence of the einkorn and emmer wheats appears in Anatolia, around Mt.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Emmer_wheat (324 words)

	Frikeh Green Wheat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Wheat is cut or pulled in the morning then dried for two to four hours.
		All of the leaves, stems, and awns of the wheat are burned.
		According to Vallega (1), emmer was harvested green to prevent the shattering characteristic of the grain.
	web.odu.edu /webroot/instr/sci/plant.nsf/pages/frikeh (1128 words)

	NonMechanised Emmer Processing in Highland Ethiopia
		Over time, emmer was eclipsed by more productive free-threshing wheats during the Near Eastern Bronze Age, early in the 4th millennium BC, and never regained its early prominence.
		The northern highlands of Ethiopia (Figure 2) is one of the few remaining areas where emmer continues to be grown for human consumption.
		Despite high processing costs, land and water shortages, and the availability of more productive wheat species, the cultivation of emmer has persisted in highland Ethiopia mainly because foods produced are highly appreciated.
	www.sfu.ca /archaeology/dept/fac_bio/dandrea/emmer.htm (381 words)

	Plant Gene Register PGR00-011 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The tetraploid emmer wheats are divided into two groups, those with the genome formula AABB and those with the genome formula AAGG.
		These two emmer wheats are genetically isolated by the infertility of hybrids between them.
		Since hexaploid wheat cultivars may have arisen from different ancestors the aim was to determine the origin of the organelles of T.
	www.tarweed.com /pgr/PGR00-011.html (623 words)

	emmer wheat on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Genetic diversity among and within CIMMYT wheat landrace accessions investigated with SSRs and implications for plant genetic resources management.(Crop Breeding, Genetics and Cytology)
		Characterization and inheritance of adult plant stem rust resistance in durum wheat.
		Intraspecific gene flow in bread wheat as affected by reproductive biology and pollination ecology of wheat flowers.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/X/X-emmerwhe.asp (402 words)

	Larkins Lab
		As a Research Associate, she worked on Genetics and Breeding of hybrid wheat in Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences for seven years and then, she became an assistant professor in the Agriculture College of the Zhanjiang Marine University.
		Peng, JH, T Fahima, MS Röder, YC Li, A Dahan, A Grama, YI Ronin, AB Korol, E Nevo (1999) Microsatellite tagging of the stripe-rust resistance gene YrH52 derived from wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, and suggestive negative crossover interference on chromosome 1B.
		Li, YC (1988) Study of the post-floral characters in wheat, barley and triticale.
	ag.arizona.edu /research/larkinslab/members/youchun.htm (797 words)

	[No title]
		Genetic mapping of Dn7, a rye gene conferring resistance to the Russian wheat aphid in wheat.
		Domestication quantitative trait loci in Triticum dicoccoides, the progenitor of wheat.
		The organization and rate of evolution of wheat genomes are correlated with recombination rates along chromosome arms.
	lamar.colostate.edu /~jpeng/PublicationList-updated.doc (1859 words)

	PAG-X: MOLECULAR MAPPING OF BRITTLE RACHIS AND ITS GENETIC EFFECTS IN WILD EMMER WHEAT, TRITICUM DICOCCOIDES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Q locus on chromosome 5A is believed to be responsible for BR in bread wheat, T.
		In hexaploid wheat, a gene for BR was mapped on chromosome 3D.
		The objectives of this study were to locate the gene for BR and probe its effects using available genetic map in T.
	www.intl-pag.org /pag/10/abstracts/PAGX_P355.html (229 words)

	Triticum species (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Alternative Wheat Cereals as Food Grains: Einkorn, Emmer, Spelt, Kamut, and Triticale—G.F. Stallknecht, K.M. Gilbertson, and J.E. Ranney
		Wheat, durum wheat, winter wheat, spelt and triticale in New Crops for Canadian Agriculture—Ernest Small
		Hulled Wheat—Promoting the conservation and use of underutillized and neglected crops.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/nexus/Triticum_spp_nex.html (188 words)

	Simply MJ \| Mary Jane Butters' syndicated newspaper column \| MaryJanesFarm
		Black Emmer Wheat is ancient wheat that is perfect for arrangements.
		Those who can't tolerate wheat in their diet have discovered they can sometimes tolerate Kamut.
		Triticale is a cross between wheat and rye but looks like an exotic heirloom grain.
	www.maryjanesfarm.com /SimplyMJ/articles/column16.asp (959 words)

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