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Topic: Emmons Glacier

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	Glacier atlas of Mt. Rainier
		The glacier is in constant motion, and the ice in the accumulation zone flows down to lower altitudes, which is called the “ablation zone”.
		The smallest glaciers on Mount Rainier are cirque glaciers.
		While the response of each glacier depends on its local conditions, glacier loss seems to be largely the result of a regional tendency toward warmer weather, resulting in less snowfall and high rates of ablation (the loss of snow and ice by melting).
	glaciers.pdx.edu /MRNP/Basics00.html (2059 words)

	[No title]
		Rock glaciers are lobate or tongue shaped landforms composed of coarse angular boulder debris with steep lateral flanks and frontal ramp.
		A distinctive surface morphology of arcuate ridges and furrows is interpreted as reflecting slow rates of internal deformation and flow that is associated with buried ice (Martin and Whalley 1987; Vitek and Giardino 1987; Whalley and Martin 1992; Whalley and Azizi 1994; Hamilton and Whalley 1995; Barsch 1996).
		Emmons Glacier, on the east slope of Mount Rainier, has a surface area of 4.3 square miles, the largest area of any glacier in the contiguous United States.
	www.lycos.com /info/glaciers.html (793 words)

	Glaciers and associated features
		Glacial striations, or scratches cut into granite bedrock by debris transported in the ice at the base of a glacier.
		Glacial plucking, or removal of bedrock from the down-slope side of a small bedrock hill or knob.
		The sharp ridge in the foreground is an arete.
	www.ship.edu /~cjwolt/geology/slides/gl-sum.htm (757 words)

	Glacier Research on Mt. Rainier
		Glacier volume is an important attribute because glaciers are frozen reservoirs of water and are important to water resource planning.
		The volume of a glacier over a year’s time may be constant, yet the glacier in the accumulation zone gains mass and loses mass in the ablation zone.
		Glacier advance and retreat (area change) are the result of long-term (10 years) climatic change because of the delay imposed by glacier dynamics.
	www.glaciers.pdx.edu /MRNP/Res00.html (1545 words)

	Mount Rainier National Park Information Page
		Glaciers radiate from the summit and slopes of the 14,411 foot volcano.
		Glaciers may seem to be rigid and unchanging but in fact, they deform and flow continuously.
		Glaciers flow under the influence of gravity by the combined action of sliding over the rock on which they lie and by deformation, the gradual displacement between and within individual ice crystals.
	www.mount.rainier.national-park.com /info.htm (2831 words)

	Climbing Routes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		From the basin, follow the climbers' path up the moraine to the snout of the Inter Glacier at 6,800 ft. Ascend the Inter Glacier, negotiating crevasses as needed to Camp Curtis at 9,000 ft on Ruth Ridge, which is on your left hand (southerly) side.
		From Camp Curtis, descend 100 feet to the Emmons Glacier on a climbers path of loose rock.
		From the basin, follow the climbers path up the moraine to the snout of the Inter Glacier, (6,800 feet) turn west and ascend the scree slope to the St. Elmo’s Pass (7,400 feet and possible bivy.) Drop down to the Winthrop Glacier at 7,200 feet and cross to the lower Curtis Ridge.
	www.nps.gov /mora/climb/cl_rtes.htm (1314 words)

	Steamboat Prow
		The Fryingpan Glacier shrouds the north slope of Whitman Crest (9323').
		In the foreground is the terminus of the Emmons Glacier.
		As is the case with the Emmons Glacier, the last mile and a half is almost completely covered with debris from rock falls (right center treeless area).
	home.comcast.net /~w.siegmund/Washington/20020808_SteamboatProw (1049 words)

	Mt. Rainier National Park: The Little Tahoma, pg.5
		Glaciers hold 70% to 80% of all the freshwater on earth.
		Glaciers are gradually being pulled downhill by the force of gravity.
		Glaciers advance (grow in size) or retreat (shrink in size) in response to changes in climate over a period of several years.
	www.nps.gov /mora/kids/student5.htm (546 words)

	Mt. Rainier 8-00
		The approach to the glacier was a sodden, wet slog.
		The Emmons / Winthrop route is the second most popular route on Rainier, and a trench had been worn into the snow from the passage of hundreds of boots over the course of the summer.
		As we approached the base of the Corridor the path faded as the snow became ice and the shallow boot prints were filled with drifting snow.
	members.tripod.com /hazenhart/mt__rainier_8_00.htm (1458 words)

	Mount Rainier National Park Sights Page
		Glaciers come from snow that does not melt from year to year-it accumulates to greater and greater depths.
		Nisqually Glacier is one of the most accessible glaciers on Mount Rainier.
		The glacier terminus is at a relatively low elevation and is surrounded by mature forest and shrubbery.
	www.mount.rainier.national-park.com /sights.htm (1227 words)

	Emmons Glacier Panorama
		This panorama of the entire 4 mile (6 km) long Emmons Glacier was taken from the same spot as the previous photo, but looking in the opposite direction.
		The Emmons has the largest area (4.3 square miles / 11 square km) of any glacier in the contiguous United States.
		The rocky edge beside the Inter Glacier on which I am standing is visible at right.
	www.skimountaineer.com /Trips/RainierSki99/EmmonsPanorama.html (174 words)

	[No title]
		Emmons Glacier lies on the northeastern flank of the mountain (Figures 1 and 2).
		Moraine ages in the Emmons Glacier foreland determined from lichenometric data and dendrochronologic data were compared to Mount Rainier ice margin positions studied by Burbank (1981) using lichenometric techniques.
		Moraine stabilization in the Emmons Glacier foreland was nearly synchronous with moraine stabilization for the five forelands studied by Burbank (1981) (Table 2).
	www.fsl.orst.edu /wpg/events/W05/lichen_writeup.doc (2754 words)

	Mount Rainier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The rain had stopped before we mounted the glacier but the fog was still thick - we were climbing through the thick cloud cover and could not see more than 200 meters ahead at any time.
		Our options were to descend back down the Inter glacier and try to find a way around (which we had already ruled out), or climb down the steep rock prow directly to the camp.
		We made breakfast, discussed the previous day's climb, and concluded that we would certainly take the Emmons Glacier route on the way back down to the car (as opposed to climbing up the treacherous rock route that we had descended).
	www.ajacob.com /trips/Mt_Rainier/Mt_Rainier.html (2708 words)

	Glacier Links
		USGS The Quelccaya ice cap is situated in the Cordillera de Vilcanota in the eastern branch (Cordillera Oriental) of the Peruvian Andes.
		USGS In Perú, mass-balance measurements were begun in the Cordillera Blanca in 1966 by this author on the Pucahirca Glacier.
		Maps of the Baltoro Glacier, Asia, Pakistan and the Karakoram Peaks.
	ebeltz.net /glaciers.html (1131 words)

	American Alpine Institute Program - Mount Rainier Ascent and Skills Review
		Towering at 14,410 feet, Mount Rainier is the highest glaciated peak in the lower 48 states, and among the most imposing summits of the impressive Cascade Range.
		If you lack some glacier skills or if you are "rusty" with them (most climbers are if they don’t climb glaciated routes regularly), you can satisfy the technical skills prerequisite by successfully completing our three-day Rainier Prep program.
		The program is presented on the massive glaciers of Washington's Mt. Baker, considered the best glacier training ground in the U.S. We cover front pointing and French cramponing techniques, the eight principle ice axe positions, self-arrest, anchor placement, procedures for glacier travel, crevasse rescue technique, and route finding.
	www.aai.cc /ProgramDetail.asp?program=30 (1639 words)

	Mt. Rainier: Summit Ski via Emmons Glacier (July 1999)
		Many would-be summit skiers are deterred by the crevasse hazard (all summit routes are heavily glaciated), highly variable ski conditions (usually frozen on the summit with mush down below), and additional effort needed to haul skis up to the 14411 ft (4392 m) summit.
		However, in favorable conditions, the descent from the summit of Rainier via the Emmons-Winthrop Glacier route (the second most popular climbing route) is a reasonably safe and enjoyable ski run.
		As it turned out, the extreme snowfall during the 1998-99 season (1035 inches were recorded at Paradise, the third most ever) produced a deep snowpack on the Emmons, which buried almost all of the crevasses along the route (even in July) with only a few areas of moderate risk remaining.
	www.skimountaineer.com /Trips/RainierSki99/RainierSki99.html (388 words)

	Deadly Accident on Mount Rainier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Around 1:30pm, they were walking along the edge of a crevasse at 13,500 feet on the Emmons Glacier when McIntyre tried to knock snow off his crampons, slipped, and both climbers quickly slid into the crevasse.
		The pair ascended the north side of the mountain by the steep but popular Liberty Ridge route, making a carry over to descend the less technical Emmons Glacier route on the east side of the mountain.
		His body was anchored at 13,000 feet and two rangers are waiting for weather to permit other rangers to ascend and offer "a lot of additional assistance," says Krambrink.
	classic.mountainzone.com /climbing/news/rainier-accident.html (1032 words)

	EXERCISE 26
		The map is generalized to show only the heaviest moraine deposits near the snout and sides of glaciers.
		Because snow is continually being added to the accumulation zone of glaciers, even though rocks may fall on the glacier from weathering of the surrounding valley walls, these rocks are soon covered, keeping the accumulation zone “clean-looking” (i.e.
		Data on snow accumulation and ablation for Nisqually and Emmons Glaciers for 2003 are presented in Table 21.1.
	www.uwsp.edu /geo/faculty/heywood/geog101/labs/Glacial/Glacial.htm (2540 words)

	NUMERICAL AGES OF GLACIER RETREAT AT EMMONS GLACIER, MOUNT RAINIER USING LICHENOMETRY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Lichenometric studies provide a means to study glacier fluctuations in the Cascades during the late Holocene.
		Lichenometric studies have been completed near the margin of Emmons Glacier on the northeastern side of Mount Rainier, Washington.
		The purpose of this study was to: (1) establish whether retreat of Emmons Glacier is synchronous with glaciers on the southeastern side of Mount Rainier, and (2) create a lichen growth curve for the northeastern side of Mount Rainier.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_63959.htm (332 words)

	Emmons,Fall02
		The glacier was down to a very firm, dirty surface indeed, and the crevasses were out in full effect.
		It was daylight by the time we crossed the ridge to the Emmons Glacier.
		The Inter Glacier would not have been too bad if we could have retraced our path, and if it wasn’t for the fierce wind gusts.
	cascadeclassics.org /MountRainier/Emmons/Fall02/Emmons,Fall02.htm (1035 words)

	[No title]
		Toward the top of Inter Glacier (although we didn't know it was near the top) we began crossing over a few small crevasses.
		As we gained the ridge, the clouds were beginning to break and we got our first glimpse of the Emmons Glacier.
		We continued climbing up the Emmons Glacier and really had to be careful picking our way through a series of crevasses.
	home.att.net /~miscpeaks/Rainier/rainier2.html (769 words)

	Mount Rainier
		The route we would be attempting was the Emmons Glacier route.
		The hike into Glacier Basin was on a great trail through old growth forest, with a glacier fed stream nearby.
		The Inter Glacier sits between two prominent ridges that separate the largest glaciers on Rainier (the Emmons and Winthrop Glaciers).
	www.idahosummits.com /rainier/rainier.htm (1731 words)

	Mount Rainier climb
		Mount Rainier (4392 m/14411 ft) is the largest of the five stratovolcanoes and the highest peak in Washington State.
		The Emmons Glacier on its east side is the largest glacier on Mount Rainier featuring the second most popular route up the peak.
		The Glacier Basin trail is very pleasent and goes trough some old growth forest.
	danielarndt.com /article/46/Mount_Rainier_climb (686 words)

	Little Tahoma Peak! 11,138'! Trip report in Washington Cascades August 14 2001
		There were no tracks in the snow so we made our own route across the Glacier zig zagging around crevasses, doing occasional end-arounds and backtracking from dead ends once in a while.
		The Glacier in this area was brown and dirty from the rockslides!
		Although we were near the rock crest that separates the Whitman from the Ingraham Glaciers, there was no falling rock on this side.
	www.grandcanyontreks.org /tahoma.htm (1015 words)

	Mount Rainier climb via Kautz Glacier
		Dustin and I had climbed Mount Rainier via the Emmons Glacier route in the previous year.
		After gaining the ridge between the Nisqually and Kautz Glaciers we followed a well travelled path to reach the saddle between Point Success and the summit crater at 14.000 ft around 11.15am.
		The Kautz Glacier route is less travelled than the DC or Emmons Glacier routes.
	danielarndt.com /article/69/Mount_Rainier_climb_via_Kautz_Glacier (1054 words)

	Alpenglow Ski History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		1997: Edmunds Glacier Headwall, ski descent by DuBuque, Ingersoll, McLean and Skoog: chronology.
		1967: Orbit on foot, counter-clockwise from Glacier Basin to Summerland: led by Hal Foss, cascadian-1964-p60, summit-1969-may-p22, cascadian-1974-p20, molenaar-1997-p208.
		1996: Orbit on skis, counter-clockwise from Glacier Basin to Summerland, by Goodson and Skoogs: lds-journal-p1045, backcountry-2002-nov-p22.
	www.alpenglow.org /ski-history/subjects/R-info.html (905 words)

	Emmons Glacier Route
		The largest glacier in the 48 states, the Emmons Glacier, flows nearly 10,000 vertical feet from the summit to the rock and dirt-covered terminus shown at lower right in this photo.
		The glacier tongue is nearly 10,000 feet below, and the top of The Prow, and the site of Camp Schurman, is visitle at center left in this view.
		One advantage of the Emmons Glacier route over the Standard route is that, if the right option is taken during the ascent, the route "tops out" much closer to the true summit and you do not have to crawl accross the summit crater to reach the top.
	www.seanet.com /~mattp/Emmons/EmmonsGl.htm (1494 words)

	Circumnavigating Mt. Rainier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Despite his pioneering climbs and experience as a park ranger and climbing guide, Molenaar said his glacier trip during that spring of 1968, which nearly circumnavigated the mountain, was perhaps his most prized adventure on Rainier.
		Camp was near the snout of the Edmunds Glacier.
		The remaining five climbed the Winthrop Glacier to Camp Schurman, made a difficult crossing of the Emmons Glacier, and then romped across the relatively easy terrain on the Ingraham and Cowlitz glaciers.
	wsb.datapro.net /orbit.html (1763 words)

	Climbing page
		The section of glacier that is seen in this shot is the Emmons Glacier.
		The snow of Emmons and Inter Glaciers turned to mush in the late afternoon sun.
		It is rare that crevasses open up on Inter Glacier and it wasn't there the day before when we were going up.
	www.angelfire.com /wa3/ourlife/climbing1.htm (856 words)

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