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	Wikipedia: Buddhism in China
		China also had a great effect upon Buddhism and Chinese Buddhism is a very distinct entity from its Indian roots.
		Social upheaval in northern China had destroyed to a significant extent the segregation of ruling gentry and elite families from the populace, whereas several elite clans and royal families monopolized the politics in the south.
		It was not until the reign of Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty that saw the official support of Buddhism.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/b/bu/buddhism_in_china.html (1626 words)

	Emperor Ai of Jin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sima Pi was born in 341, during the reign of his father Emperor Cheng of Jin, as Emperor Cheng's oldest son.
		Emperor Mu's mother Empress Dowager Chu thus ordered that Sima Pi be made emperor, and he took the throne as Emperor Ai, at age 20.
		However, as Emperor Ai died in early 365, that plan was cancelled, and Luoyang soon fell.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emperor_Ai_of_Jin_China (591 words)

	china-history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		China is one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with written records dating back about 3,500 years and with 5,000 years being commonly used by Chinese as the age of their civilization.
		In 1115 the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) (
		Emperor Kangxi commanded the most complete dictionary of Chinese characters ever put together at the time, and under Emperor Qianlong, the compilation of a catalogue of the important works on Chinese culture was made.
	www.china-101.net /directory/chinahistory.html (6067 words)

	The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin, Rafe de Crespigny Publications, Faculty of Asian Studies, ANU
		It was first brought under the control of China by the conquests of the First Emperor of Qin at the end of the third century BC, but the fall of Qin allowed the émigré Zhao Tuo to establish his independent state.
		When his son and successor Cao Pi received the abdication of Emperor Xian of Han and took the imperial title for himself, it was indeed generally accepted that the Mandate of Heaven had changed, and that the power of Earth, represented by the colour yellow, had succeeded to the Fire and red of Han.
		Though Jin now controlled the Sichuan basin, the years of bitter conflict against Shu-Han, and the hostility that remained among the defeated enemy, meant the resources of that region could hardly be mobilised quickly, and the strategic defences of Wu along the Yangzi appeared secure.
	www.anu.edu.au /asianstudies/decrespigny/3KWJin.html (15709 words)

	Emperor Fei of Jin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He was the younger brother (from the same mother) of Emperor Ai and later deposed by military leader Huan Wen.
		Immediately after Emperor Fei took the throne, the important city Luoyang (which had served as Jin's capital early in the dynasty's history) fell to Former Yan, because Emperor Ai's death prevented a relief force from being dispatched.
		He spread rumors that Emperor Fei was impotent and unable to bear children -- and that his sons, by his concubines Consort Tian and Consort Meng, had in fact been biological sons of men that he favored, Xiang Long (相龍), Ji Hao (計好), and Zhu Lingbao (朱靈寶).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emperor_Fei_of_Jin_China (877 words)

	Ancient Chinese Mythology
		The writing of mythological tales began in the Wei and Jin Dynasties (220-420), when various writers, influenced by the alchemist's ideas and Taoist and Buddhist superstitions, were interested in inventing stories about gods and ghosts.
		Such ancient heroes and leaders as Fuxi, Shennong, Huangdi (the Yellow Emperor) and Yu are both historical figures according to legend and important characters in mythical stories.
		When the time came to make his report to the Jade Emperor, sweetmeats were placed in his mouth, the paper was burned, and firecrackers were lit to speed him on his way.
	www.crystalinks.com /chinamythology.html (1797 words)

	The Virtual Jewish History Tour - China
		The merchant economy of ancient China brought Jewish traders to the region as early as the eighth century.
		China's growth as a leading economic power combined with the remodeling of Kaifeng into a tourist destination has led to a greater acceptance of Jewish expression in the city.
		Since 1948, 1,070 Jews from China have immigrated to Israel, with 504 leaving between 1948 and 1951.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vjw/chinajews.html (1001 words)

	China
		China 's jadeware culture has undergone a long process of development from the New Stone Age 10,000 years ago to the present.
		This artistic technique was transmitted to China from the West and reached its peak of perfection as a result of the concerted efforts of Chinese artisans.
		The technique for cloisonne enameling was passed onto China by missionaries from central Asia sometime in the early to mid-14th century.
	www.achildsdesire.org /chinafacts.htm (2302 words)

	History of China - China History - China
		The earliest written record of China's past, and therefore the beginning of its history, dates from the Shang dynasty in perhaps the 13th century BC and takes the form of inscriptions of divination records on the bones or shells of animalsandmdash;so-called oracle bones.
		Emperor Guangwu of Han China reinstated the Han dynasty with the support of land-holding and merchant families at Luoyang, east of Xian; hence the new era is termed the Eastern Han Dynasty.
		As China was ruled by two independent dynasties, one in the south and the other in the north, this is called the era of Southern and Northern Dynasties.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/History_of_China (5968 words)

	jews
		The irrefutable evidence of the Jews’ early settlement in China, records of the customs once practiced supports the claim that this group of people is Jews, and circumstances that led to the assimilation and dispersal of their members explains why they are doubted.
		The exact time that Jews began to settle in China is not known, but estimated by historians and archaeologists to have accorded during the eighth century Tang Dynasty (618-906C.E.) (Koo).
		In 1390 the Jews were granted land and additional privileges (China 34), and during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) the Ming Emperor gave the Jewish families one of the seven surnames, Ai, Lao, Jin, Li, Shi, Zhang and Zhao (Abraham).
	faculty.rmwc.edu /fwebb/buck/vtmiles/jews.html (1054 words)

	China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Revered in China during his lifetime in a way not easy for non-Chinese to understand, he was enormously influential around the world as well.
		The northeastern portion of China, comprising the watershed of the Amur River.
		It formed with the encouragement of China, which needed a buffer zone between itself and the then-aggressive Tibetans, but Nan Chao soon became expansionist in it's own right, and proved to be a considerable threat to China at times.
	www.hostkingdom.net /china.html (2189 words)

	China, 1904-1914 - Biographies, Glossary, and Place Names
		The party was in eclipse until Sun established a base in South China in the early 1920’s, and with Soviet assistance he revived the KMT as a highly centralized organization.
		He was installed as Emperor in 1875 by his aunt, the formidable Empress Dowager, who dominated the government even after Kuang-hsü began his personal rule in 1889.
		A junior concubine to the Emperor Hsien-feng, she ruthlessly rose to power after his death in 1861, and reduced the emperors T’ung-chih (1862-1874) and Kuang-hsü (1875-1908) to figureheads.
	cnparm.home.texas.net /Nat/China/ChinaBios.htm (2252 words)

	A Visit to Kaifeng China
		When Ai was in Peking hoping for assignment in the imperial civil service after successfully completing the magistrate's exam, he learned of a book titled Things I Have Heard Tell about a small band of Europeans headed by Ricci who was opening a church.
		Ai thought they were Rebecca and her sons Jacob and Esau so he also knelt (although that was not his usual custom).
		Ai Ti'en seems to have concluded that a Christian was a member of a Jewish sect---a sect that had certain strange doctrines and practices but was still a part of the House of Israel.
	haruth.com /AsiaKaifeng.html (3038 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: China
		The emperor is styled Hwang-ti (emperor) or Hwang-sheng, Wan-sui Yeh, Tien-tze (son of heaven), T'ien-wang (heavenly prince); the empress is styled Hwang-heu or Chung-kung; where there are two empresses they are designated Tung-kung and Si-kung (respectively eastern and western, according to the part of the palace they live in.
		Years are reckoned either from the beginning of the reign of the emperor, or from their place in the cycle of 60 years.
		White is the mourning colour of China; it is blue for the emperor, and the seals are inked in blue instead of vermilion.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03663b.htm (8640 words)

	Ethics of Shang, Zhou and the Classics by Sanderson Beck
		When they were returned for punishment by the Marquis of Jin, Duke Mu took responsibility himself for the defeat because he foolishly listened to their youthful counsel rather than his older and wiser advisors.
		Duke Wen of Jin was appointed ba or protector of the feudal rulers.
		Jin and Chu, argued about which of them should have precedent but agreed to share the protectorship, although Qin and Qi were formally excepted because of their power and Chu and Tang because of their weakness.
	www.san.beck.org /EC13-Chou.html (14215 words)

	lost jews
		From engraved messages on steles (stone tablets) that have survived ravages of time, we now know that Jewish traders were granted audience with the emperor who bade them to revere and preserve the customs of their ancestors, consistent with well established Chinese tradition.
		The presence of Jews in China was forgotten until 1605 when a Jew, Ai Tian, heard about a new arrival in Beijing, by then the capital of Ming dynasty, who seemed to believe in the same God as he.
		During her lecture at the gallery, Dr. Wendy Abraham, noted lecturer and writer on this subject and board member of the institute, remarks more than once that China is the only nation in the world that has never persecuted the Jews on account of their beliefs.
	members.tripod.com /~journeyeast/lost_jews.html (468 words)

	Jurchen Jin Dynasty -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China
		When Jin Emperor Xizong died, his grandson colluded with Jurchen Jin General Wuzu in killing an uncle called Dalai, and Dalai's descendants fled to Kabul-khan's Mengwu people for assitance in avenging on the new Jurchen emperor.
		An emissary was sent to Jurchen emperor for a ceasefire, and Jurchen emperor surrendered Wanyan Yongji's daughter (Princess Qiguo), 500 boys and girls, and 3000 horses to Genghis Khan.
		Ogedei declined Jurchen Jin's tributes for condoling Genghis Khan's death and declined again Jurchen Jin's tributes for congratulating Ogedei on the enthronement.
	www.republicanchina.org /JurchenJin.html (6027 words)

	versionOfChineseJews
		Jews in China had struggled from once being a rich community to a society where they are known only by their surname, and the credit goes to the Christian missionaries for re-discovering them and spreading the word about them.
		According to him, the great ruler of China Kublai Khan celebrated the festivals of Muslims, Christians and Jews alike, and Jews were sufficient in numbers in China to warrant attention by its rulers.
		Western Jews do not consider the Jews in China as Jews because, according to them, the Chinese Jews have violated the halakha (Jewish law) since the Chinese Jews pass down the religion from the father to the children instead of mother to the children.
	faculty.rmwc.edu /fwebb/buck/rshakya/versionOfChineseJews.html (1308 words)

	The Jews in China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Archaelogical evidence suggests that Jews were in China as early as the 8th Century, having arrived from Persia along the Silk Road.
		Marco Polo recorded that Kublai Khan celebrated the festivals of the Muslims, Christians and Jews, indicating that there were a significant number of Jews in China in the 13th Century.
		A Ming Emperor conferred on the Jews seven surnames - Ai, Lao, Jin, Li, Shi, Zhang and Zhao.
	www.vcn.bc.ca /alpha/Jewish1.htm (423 words)

	Tang Dynasty: Tang TaiZong
		Emperor Taizong, Li Shimin, was the second emperor of the Tang Dynasty.
		In 618, he and his two brothers assisted their father to seize Chang'an City (present day Xian), and established the Tang Dynasty, with the father being the first emperor.
		The virtue of this admirable emperor also encompassed his self awareness but in his later years, he levied armies to go on expeditions to other countries and constructed palaces, which proved to be a waste of both money and man power.
	www.warriortours.com /intro/history/tang/taizong.htm (254 words)

	Chinese History - Five Dynasties event history (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		Although Zhu Wen (posthumous Houliang Taizu å¾æ¢å¤ªç¥— - see titles of emperors) tried to lower taxes, he is known as a brutal and ruthless warrior.
		The Khitan troops advanced to the south, occupied the capital, and in 947 the Khitan chieftain YelÃ¼ Deguang è¶å¾å¾·å proclaimed himself emperor of Liao é¼.
		Guo Wei éå¨, military affairs commissioner (shumishi æ¨å¯ä½¿), proclaimed himself emperor of Zhou å‘¨ (Later Zhou, Houzhou å¾å‘¨) in 951 when the power struggles at the court of Later Han ended with the dead of the powerless emperor.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Tang/wudai-event.html (683 words)

	Chinese Cultural Studies: The Homosexual Tradition in China
		The names of the emperors, with their acknowledge favorites were recorded in the official histories of the period by Sima Qian and Ban Gu.
		The commission of this detestable and unnatural act is attended with so little sense of shame, or feelings of delicacy that many of the first officers of the state seemed to make no hesitation in publicly avowing it.
		Each of these officers is constantly attended by his pipe-bearer, who is generally a handsome boy, from fourteen to eighteen yaers of age, and is always well dressed.
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /core9/phalsall/texts/gaytexts.html (2034 words)

	China
		Note: Emperors are listed with their personal name (ming), followed by their temple name (miaohao), posthumous name (shi), and the era name (nianhao) roughly coextensive with the particular reign (note that the overlap is not perfect).
		On 5 Nov 1924, the Emperor was forced to leave the Forbidden City by a faction of the army of the Republic of China and the above mentioned privileges ended.
		Note: The name of the polity is still Republic of China, but it overlaps the preceding polity of that name, has a different flag and government system, and eventually a different capital (Nanjing; Beijing is in fact deprived of the name-part jing, meaning capital, and is renamed Beiping after the demise of the "warlord" regime).
	www.worldstatesmen.org /China.html (4427 words)

	Indian, Chinese, & Japanese Emperors
		India and China are the sources of the greatest civilizations in Eastern and Southern Asia.
		The only comparable development in China was the application of Marxism by the Communist government that came to power in 1949.
		While Wang Chêng was the son of the wife of Chuang-Hsiang, she may have already been pregnant, previously having been the concubine of another man, like the Empress Eudocia Ingerina at the beginning of the Macedonian Dynasty of Romania.
	www.friesian.com /sangoku.htm (12424 words)

	Dance History of China and the great art "Nishangyuyi" by yaron margolin IsraelDance
		The first choreography in china was made of leaping and locomotion.
		It was one of the greatest dances in china.
		The first dancing emperor, Li Shimin (618-907), from the Tang dynasty, Li Yan the second, was the first dancer 1500 years ago and not Lewis the 14th,
	www.israeldance.co.il /dance_history_of_china.htm (2121 words)

	artnet.com: Resource Library: Gu Kaizhi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		According to his official biography in the Jin shu (‘History of the Jin dynasty’; compiled Tang period (AD 618–907)), he held office at the Eastern Jin (AD 317–420) court at Jiangkang (Nanjing).
		Zhang Yanyuan’s judgement on Gu Kaizhi’s brushwork is one of the cornerstones of Gu’s reputation:In the works of Ku K’ai-chih [the strokes] are firm and tense and connect with one another uninterruptedly; they circle back upon themselves in sudden rushes.
		China, §V, 3(vii)(a): Figure painting: Bronze Age to Northern and Southern Dynasties
	www.artnet.com /library/03/0356/T035632.asp (450 words)

	Song jia huang chao (1997) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Plot Summary: The Soong family was a political dynasty in China that reached the highest levels of power.
		Historically accurate if not, a few minor point may be incorrect, but as a whole, it shows you the big picture.
		As a loyal fan of great movies from China, in likes of directors Yimou, Kaige, XieFei and HePing, Soong Sisters to me will be one of my personal favourite masterpiece, one of the few from Hong Kong.
	us.imdb.com /Title?0120164 (338 words)

	The Kojiki: Volume II: Section C.--Emperor Chiū-ai (Part VI.--The Empress Jin-gō Subdues Yamato)
		according to the story, elder sons of the late monarch Chiū-ai, and therefore step-sons of the Empress Jingō and half-brothers to the young Emperor Ō-jin.
		), but it is one whose origin is to be sought in China.
		This is the earliest mention of this office, which, passing from the military to the political sphere, played such a great part in the mediaeval and modern history of Japan.
	www.sacred-texts.com /shi/kj/kj107.htm (762 words)

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