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Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

	Ferdinand II, Holy Roman emperor. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Grandson of Ferdinand I, son of Archduke Charles of Styria, Ferdinand was educated by the Jesuits and supported the Counter Reformation.
		During the Danish phase (1625–29) of the Thirty Years War, Tilly, commander of the Catholic League, and Wallenstein, head of the imperial army, defeated the Danes, and a favorable peace was made with Denmark.
		Ferdinand in 1630 had dismissed Wallenstein under pressure from the princes of the empire, who felt the general was becoming too powerful.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fe/Ferdi2HRE.html (391 words)

	FERDINAND III. - LoveToKnow Article on FERDINAND III. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		(1608-1657), Roman emperor, was the elder son of the emperor Ferdinand II., and was born at Gratz on the I3th of July 1608.
		After 1648 the emperor was engaged in carrying out the terms of the treaty and ridding Germany of the foreign soldiery.
		Ferdinand was a scholarly and cultured man, an excellent linguist and a composer of music.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /F/FE/FERDINAND_III_.htm (419 words)

	Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Born in Graz to Charles II of Austria (1540-1590) and Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551-1608), Ferdinand was provided with a strict Jesuit education culminating in his years at the University of Ingolstadt.
		With his forces scoring important victories against the Protestants, Ferdinand crowned his religious policies by issuing his Edict of Restitution (1629), which was designed to restore all ecclesiastical properties which had been secularized since 1552.
		In 1600, Ferdinand married Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574-1616), daughter of William V, Duke of Bavaria.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (1078 words)

	Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Eldest son of Emperor Ferdinand II from the house of Habsburg and his first wife, Maria Anna of Bavaria.
		Ferdinand married three times, first to his cousin, the Infanta Maria Anna of Spain, by whom he had two surviving sons: Ferdinand IV, his eldest, who predeceased him, and Leopold, who ultimately succeeded him.
		She died in 1649, and Ferdinand married a third time, to Eleonora Gonzaga, daughter of the Duke of Mantua.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (340 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ferdinand II
		Emperor, eldest son of Archduke Karl and the Bavarian Princess Maria, b.
		On 22 June, 1619, the Imperial General Buquoy repulsed from Vienna the besieging General Thurn; Mansfeld was crushed at Budweis, and on 8 November, 1620, the fate of Bohemia and of Frederick V was decided by the Battle of the White Mountain, near Prague.
		Ferdinand annulled the privileges of the estates, declared void the concessions granted to the Bohemian Protestants by the Majestätsbrief of Rudolf II, and punished the heads of the insurrection with death and confiscation of goods.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06040a.htm (1601 words)

	Encyclopedia: Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ferdinand was also an absolutist and did not endear himself to the nobles, who were quite jealous of their privileges.
		Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II Rudolf II Habsburg was an emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, king of Bohemia, and king of Hungary.
		1637 deaths Archduke Charles II of Inner Austria (Vienna June 3, 1540 – July 10, 1590 in Graz) was an Archduke of Austria and Regent of Inner Austria from the House of Habsburg from 1564.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ferdinand-II,-Holy-Roman-Emperor (2755 words)

	AllRefer.com - Ferdinand III, Holy Roman emperor (German History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Ferdinand III 1608–57, Holy Roman emperor (1637–57), king of Hungary (1626–57) and of Bohemia (1627–57), son and successor of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.
		After the dismissal and assassination (1634) of the imperial commander Wallenstein, Ferdinand became nominal leader of the imperial forces in the Thirty Years War, but it was the imperial general Gallas who was responsible for the successes that culminated in the victory of NOrdlingen (1634).
		The emperor and his successors were left only the shadow of the imperial dignity, and their power was restricted to the hereditary Hapsburg dominions.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/F/FerdiHRE.html (309 words)

	Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
		Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (July 9, 1578 - February 15, 1637), ruled 1620-1637.
		Originally Archduke of Styria, his appointment as King of Bohemia was one of the causes of the Thirty Years War.
		He was the son of Karl II of Austria (1540-1590) and his wife Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551-1608).
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/em/Emperor_Ferdinand_II.html (124 words)

	FERDINAND II, HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR FACTS AND INFORMATION
		Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (July_9, 1578 – February_15, 1637), of the house of Habsburg, reigned 1620-1637.
		Born in Graz to Charles_II_of_Austria (1540-1590) and Maria_Anna_of_Bavaria_(1551-1608), Ferdinand was provided with a strict Jesuit education culminating in his years at the University_of_Ingolstadt.
		Among other things, the king did not respect the religious freedoms granted in the ''MajestÃ¤t'' (or "Majestic Letter") signed by the earlier emperor Rudolph_II to end the Brothers'_War, which had granted freedom of worship to nobles and the inhabitants of cities.
	www.beatlesfacts.com /Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (1005 words)

	Ferdinand, III Biography / Biography of Ferdinand, III Biography
		Ferdinand III (1608-1657) reigned as Holy Roman emperor from 1637 to 1657.
		Ferdinand of Hapsburg was born in Graz in Styria on July 13, 1608, son of the later emperor Ferdinand II and Maria Anna of Bavaria.
		Ferdinand was intrigued by military affairs and coveted a field command.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-ferdinand-iii (521 words)

	Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I Hapsburg (1503-1564) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ferdinand I (Holy Roman Empire) (1503-64), Holy Roman emperor (1558-64), king of Bohemia (1526-64), and king of Germany (1531-64).
		Meanwhile, in 1531, Ferdinand had been elected king of Germany as a reward for his loyalty to his brother, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Good relations between the brothers, however, did not continue because Charles reserved the imperial crown for his son Philip, later King Philip II of Spain, instead of for Ferdinand.
		On Charles's abdication in 1556 of the Spanish crown, Philip was made king of Spain, while Ferdinand assumed the duties of emperor; he was not crowned, however, until after Charles's formal abdication as emperor in 1558.
	share.geocities.com /Heartland/Ranch/8882/Notes2/00240.htm (373 words)

	Matthias (1557-1619) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Holy Roman emperor from 1612, who, in a reversal of the policy of his father, Maximilian II, sponsored a Catholic revival in the Habsburg domains that, despite his moderating influence, eventually led to the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War.
		The archdukes decided that the archduke Ferdinand of Styria (the future emperor Ferdinand II) should succeed Matthias, who was old, ill, and childless, as emperor.
		Ferdinand was accepted as king of Bohemia in 1617 and crowned king of Hungary in 1618 but met with Protestant resistance in Bohemia.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/EmperorMatthias/EmperorMatthias.html (501 words)

	The Damon and Taber Family Connections - Person Page 12329
		Reference=8D2N-WP Emperor Ferdinand II (of the Holy Roman Empire) was born on 9 July 1578 in Graz, Steiermark, Austria.
		Emperor Ferdinand II (of the Holy Roman Empire) married Princess Marie Anna (of Bavaria), daughter of Duke Wilhelm V (of Bavaria) and Princess Renate (Renee) (of Lorraine), on 23 April 1600 in Graz, Steiermark, Austria.
		Emperor Ferdinand II (of the Holy Roman Empire) died on 15 February 1637 in Wien, Wien, Austria, at age 58.
	www.richard.damon.name /genealogy/p12329.htm (269 words)

	Thirty Years War 1618-1648 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Emperor Ferdinand II won the support of Maximilian I (1573-1651) of Bavaria, the leader of Catholic League.
		Emperor Ferdinand II regained the Bohemian throne, Maximilian of Bavaria acquired the Palatinate.
		Emperor Ferdinand II died in 1637 and was succeeded by his son, Ferdinand III (r.
	www.thecaveonline.com /APEH/thirtyyearswar.html (1442 words)

	Ferdinand II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ferdinand was born in Graz, the eldest son of the archduke Charles, the ruler of Inner Austria (Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola), and Maria, a daughter of Albrecht V, duke of Bavaria.
		Ferdinand's Edict of Restitution (1629), which forced Protestants to return to the Roman Catholic church all property seized since 1552, revealed to the German princes the threat of imperial absolutism.
		After his victory over the Swedes (September 1634) at Nördlingen, Ferdinand reached a compromise with the Protestant princes in the Peace of Prague (1635) and, in 1636, succeeded in having his son Ferdinand elected king of the Romans (successor-designate to the emperor).
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/riley/787/30/Imperial/FerdinandII.html (886 words)

	The Denominational Age
		Moreover the denominational conflicts were accompanied by negative influences from outside: the Turkish siege of Vienna (1529), a succession of epidemics, an overwhelming fire in the city (1525), the economic decline of the city, together with an increase in the cost of living and a growth in competition between universities.
		Ferdinand I put the University of Vienna on a sound material basis and attempted to develop it as a Catholic bulwark and to make it politically accountable to him.
		The battle raged until 1623, when Emperor Ferdinand II incorporated the Jesuit College into the University, thereby giving the priests the upper hand for the next 150 years.
	www.univie.ac.at /archiv/tour/8.htm (640 words)

	MAGELLAN, FERDINAND - LoveToKnow Article on MAGELLAN, FERDINAND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The burgrave was the kings representative; he was charged with the administration of the royal estates in a given district, and in general with watching the royal interests therein.
		The burgraviate of Magdeburg was held by several countly families in turn until 1269, when it was purchased by Archbishop Conrad II., who, however, soon sold it.
		In 1294 it was again united with the archbishopric and the prelates retained it until 1538; then in 1579 Augustus, elector of Saxony, made an arrangement which again gave the office to the archbishops, who held it until the secularization of the see.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MA/MAGELLAN_FERDINAND.htm (2634 words)

	AllRefer.com - Matthias (Czech And Slovak History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Matthias 1557–1619, Holy Roman emperor (1612–19), king of Bohemia (1611–17) and of Hungary (1608–18), son of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II.
		After Matthias's accession as Holy Roman emperor, his policy was dominated by Klesl, who hoped to bring about a compromise between Catholic and Protestant states within the empire in order to strengthen it.
		Ferdinand, who had already been crowned king of Hungary (1617) and of Bohemia (1618), succeeded Matthias as Holy Roman emperor.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/Matthias.html (392 words)

	Ferdinand III on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		1608-57, Holy Roman emperor (1637-57), king of Hungary (1626-57) and of Bohemia (1627-57), son and successor of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.
		After the dismissal and assassination (1634) of the imperial commander Wallenstein, Ferdinand became nominal leader of the imperial forces in the Thirty Years War, but it was the imperial general Gallas who was responsible for the successes that culminated in the victory of Nördlingen (1634).
		Although anxious for peace, Ferdinand rejected the early peace proposals, but in 1648 he had to assent to the treaties negotiated at Münster and Osnabrück (see Westphalia, Peace of), which virtually ended the central power of the Holy Roman Empire.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/f/ferdih1r1e1.asp (484 words)

	Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
		As German Emperor, Friedrich III approved the fake document produced by Rudolf IV, and thereby conferred on the archdukes of Austria a collection of privileges known as the privilegium majus (as opposed to the privilegium minus of 1156).
		Ferdinand was later elected king of the Romans (1531) and thus became heir apparent to the imperial crown.
		Ferdinand Karl (1868-1915), youngest brother of archduke Franz Ferdinand, married unequally (and secretly) Bertha Czuber (daughter of a mathematician) in 1909 and renounced his title and rank of archduke in 1911.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/royalty/ps1713.htm (10678 words)

	AllRefer.com - Ferdinand II, Holy Roman emperor (German History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Ferdinand II, Holy Roman emperor, German History, Biographies
		Ferdinand II 1578–1637, Holy Roman emperor (1619–37), king of Bohemia (1617–37) and of Hungary (1618–37); successor of Holy Roman Emperor Matthias.
		The battle of NOrdlingen marked the resurgence of the imperialists, but the war was wrecking Germany and the house of Hapsburg.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/F/Ferdi2HRE.html (486 words)

	[No title]
		King Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden lands on the German coast of the Baltic Sea
		Peace of Prague is concluded between the emperor Ferdinand II, the "Liga" and Saxony
		Ferdinand III succeeds his father Ferdinand II The Swedish - French Alliance is renewed in Hamburg
	www.muenster.de /friede/gb/05_zeitmaschine/05_set.htm (346 words)

	Archduke Ferdinand II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		He was the second son of the Roman-German Emperor Ferdinand I (1503-1564).
		The legality of the marriage was upheld in 1561 on condition that all resultant children renounce any claim to the succession.
		Together with those of Emperor Rudolf II and the Elector August I of Saxony, the collection of Archduke Ferdinand II housed in the Arts and Treasure Chamber at Ambras Palace, rated as the most important of its kind.
	www.nhm-wien.ac.at /NHM/mineral/Ferdinand2e.htm (306 words)

	Ferdinand II, king of Aragón (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ferdinand II Ferdinand II or Ferdinand the Catholic,1452–1516, king of Aragón (1479–1516), king of Castile and León (as Ferdinand V, 1474–1504), king of Sicily (1468–1516), and king of Naples (1504–16).
		For the rest of his life Ferdinand continued his regency over Castile, first in the name of Joanna, who became insane, and then for his grandson, later Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. When Ferdinand died, he left his grandson a united Spain, as well as Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and an overseas empire.
		Many of Ferdinand's policies had long-lasting effects, especially the expulsion of the Jews and the Muslims, many of whom settled in N Africa, the search for American gold, and the conversion of large agricultural areas into grazing lands for the benefit of the wool industry.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0818467.html (481 words)

	Ferdinand II, Holy Roman emperor
		Ferdinand II Ferdinand II, 1578–1637, Holy Roman emperor (1619–37), king of Bohemia (1617–37) and of Hungary (1618–37); successor of Holy Roman Emperor Matthias.
		was successful in opposing Ferdinand in 1619 and 1620, but after the defeat of the Bohemians a peace was signed (1621).
		Gustavus II (Gustavus Adolphus) of Sweden, a Protestant, came into the war.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0818462.html (327 words)

	Emperor Huizong ( - ) Artwork Images, Exhibitions, Reviews
		Jacques Callot, The Catafalque of Emperor Mathias, 1619
		Guillaume Chasteau, Death of the Emperor Germanicus, 1663
		Antonio Pisano (Pisanello) - Sketches of the Emperor John VIII Palaeologus, a Monk, and a Scabbard 1438 pen and brown ink on The Art Institute of Chicago Italian
	wwar.com /masters/h/huizong-emperor.html (474 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Wilhelm Lamormaini
		After the death of his fellow Jesuit Martin Becanus in 1624, he became the confessor of Ferdinand II, and as such his name appears in the political affairs of the time.
		He was an esteemed and influential counselor of the emperor, so much so indeed that his enemies affirmed that it was not the emperor, but the Jesuits who ruled the empire.
		Only a part of the biography of Ferdinand II upon which Lamormaini labored appeared, "Ferdinand II, Romanorum Imperatoris, Virtutes" (1638); this has been republished frequently, and in different languages.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08768a.htm (560 words)

	Battle of Breitenfeld -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		(Sept. 17, 1631), the first major Protestant victory of the Thirty Years' War, in which the army of the Roman Catholic Habsburg emperor Ferdinand II and the Catholic League, under Johan Isaclaes, Graf von Tilly, was destroyed by the Swedish-Saxon army under King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden.
		Gustav II Adolf (Gustavus II Adolphus; ruled 1611–32) was only 16 years old when his father, Charles IX, died; so the actual leadership passed to the aristocrat Axel Oxenstierna and the council.
		Two Roman Catholic armies, the emperor's and the League's, converged on the kingdom, routing Frederick at the White Mountain in November 1620 and replacing the regime of the estates in Bohemia with a system of “confessional absolutism” based on rigid Catholic conformity and political authoritarianism.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9016338?tocId=9016338 (839 words)

	Search Results for Wallenstein - Encyclopædia Britannica
		Bohemian soldier and statesman, commanding general of the armies of the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II during the Thirty Years' War.
		Ferdinand, mortified by his dependence on the Catholic League under Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria, readily agreed to...
		The prospect of success depended upon the outcome of the campaign of 1632, which was designed to cripple Bavaria as a preliminary to the conquest of Vienna in 1633.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=Wallenstein&submit=Find&source=MWTAB (383 words)

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