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	Encyclopedia: Emperor Frederick II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Frederick II (December 26, 1194 - (December 13, 1250), Holy Roman Emperor of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212, unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 until his death in 1250.
		Frederick's son Henry, sometimes styled Henry VII, especially during his period of rebellion in alliance with the Lombard League — not to be confused with Henry VII of the House of Luxembourg, Holy Roman Emperor 1275-1313 — was born 1211 in Sicily, son of Frederick's first wife Constance of Aragon.
		Frederick's illegitimate son Manfred, King of Sicily, was born in 1231 of Bianca, the daughter of Count Bonifacio Lancia.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Emperor-Frederick-II (3340 words)

	Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Frederick III of Habsburg (born September 21 in Innsbruck, 1415; died August 19, 1493 in Linz) was elected as German King as the successor of Albert II in 1440.
		Frederick was the last Emperor to be crowned in Rome, being crowned in 1452 by Pope Nicholas V.
		Ultimately, Frederick prevailed in all those conflicts by outliving his opponents and sometimes inheriting their lands from, such as in the case of Ladislaus Postumus, from whom he gained Lower Austria in 1457, and Albert VI, whom he succeeded in Upper Austria.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (692 words)

	Chronology of the Middle Ages in Europe
		Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa was quite dismayed at the election of the new pope, regarding it as a victory for the rebellious towns of Northern Italy, and engineered the election of a counter pope, Victor IV.
		Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa and the towns of Northern Italy signed the peace treaty of Constance, through which the Emperor recognized the right of the towns to self-government in exchange for their recognition of his imperial supreme authority.
		Emperor Frederick II was defeated in the Battle of Parma and thus lost the Romagna region and the city of Spoleto as well.
	www.studybuddy.nl /english/contenteur1.html (6477 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Frederick II
		Frederick's sole desire was for peace in Germany, even if to secure this he had to make the greatest sacrifices; and for this reason, he granted to the ecclesiastical and temporal lords a series of privileges, which subsequently developed into the independent sovereignty of these princes.
		Frederick had also been obliged to acknowledge the pope as his overlord in Sicily, thus abandoning his father's cherished hopes of uniting Sicily with the imperial crown of Germany, though the attempts of the pope to entirely nullify this "personal union" were far from successful.
		Frederick sought to weaken the hostile bishops by favouring the secular princes and granting privileges to the cities.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06255a.htm (2264 words)

	Frederick II, Holy Roman emperor and German king. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		1194–1250, Holy Roman emperor (1220–50) and German king (1212–20), king of Sicily (1197–1250), and king of Jerusalem (1229–50), son of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI and of Constance, heiress of Sicily.
		Frederick returned in 1229 and signed (1230) the Treaty of San Germano, by which he was temporarily reconciled with the pope.
		Frederick issued a circular against the pope and seized most of the Papal States; in May, 1241, he captured a number of prelates en route from Genoa to a general council in Rome, and he was threatening Rome when Gregory died.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fr/Fred2HRE.html (1213 words)

	Frederick Hohenstaufen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Frederick of Hohenstaufen was born December 26, 1194.
		Frederick was raised in the court at Palermo until he took over the government at the age of fourteen.
		Frederick's relations with the Church began peacefully enough, with his former guardian Innocent III gaining him the throne of the Germans and Innocent's successor Honorius crowning him Holy Roman Emperor in 1220.
	www.pitt.edu /~eflst4/Hohenstaufen.html (611 words)

	Frederick II (1194 - 1250), German King, Holy Roman Emperor
		Frederick was born on 26 December 1194, son of Constance of Altavilla and Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI.
		Frederick's father died when he was two; his mother died a year later, shortly after having him crowned King of Sicily and making him a ward of the ruthlessly-ambitious Pope Innocent III.
		Frederick had a vision of a secular empire, free from the control of the church, ruled by law.
	www.liebreich.com /LDC/HTML/HallOfFame/Frederick/FrederickII.html (581 words)

	ipedia.com: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Said to be literate in nine languages, Frederick was a very modern ruler for his times, being a patron of science and learning, and having fairly advanced views on economics.
		Frederick was excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX in 1227 for failing to honor his promise to launch the Sixth Crusade.
		Frederick's crusade ended in a truce and coronation of Frederick as King of Jerusalem on March 18, 1229.
	www.ipedia.com /frederick_ii__holy_roman_emperor.html (671 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Frederick I
		Frederick failed to see that in these cities a new political factor was developing, and underrated the powers of resistance of these free municipal republics.
		Frederick was again left to his own resources and, after a short sojourn in Germany, undertook a new expedition to Italy (1163).
		The most important result of the ensuing treaty of Venice (1177) was the failure of the emperor to establish his supremacy over the pope; and in acknowledging the complete equality of Alexander, whom he now recognized as pope, Frederick confessed the defeat of the imperial pretensions.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06252b.htm (2336 words)

	Frederick II, Stupor Mundi
		Even within his own lifetime Frederick II was widely regarded as one of the most brilliant rulers in the history of European monarchy, combining in a unique mixture the cultural heritage of his German father and Sicilian mother.
		Frederick II himself was fluent in six languages and a student of mathematics, philosophy, natural history, medicine and architecture.
		Later, with Frederick II's son Manfred on the throne of Sicily, Pope Clement IV found the key for a major victory.
	www.boglewood.com /sicily/frederick2.html (437 words)

	Frederick (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Frederick is Friedrich in German and Frederik in Danish.
		Frederick I of Austria (Babenberg), Duke of Austria from 1195-1198
		Frederick I of Austria (Habsburg), the Handsome, (1286-1330), Duke of Austria and King of the Romans as Frederick (III).
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/F/Frederick.htm (299 words)

	Frederick II: frederick ii, frederick ii of prussia, frederick ii king of prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Frederick II Article keywords: frederick ii, frederick ii of prussia, frederick ii king of prussia, emperor frederick ii, holy roman emperor frederick ii
		Frederick II of Austria (?–1246, duke of Austria 1230–1246)
		Frederick II of Hesse-Kassel (1720–1785) Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
	wikipedia.openfun.org /wiki/Frederick_II (157 words)

	1200 - 1300
		Emperor Otto IV is defeated in the Battle of Bouvines, where France is established as a leading power of Europe.
		Emperor Frederick II returns from the Holy Lands to defend himself from Pope Gregory IX's army.
		Emperor Frederick II's son Conrad IV elected King of the Romans.
	www.medievaltymes.com /courtyard/1200_-_1299.htm (1795 words)

	Frederick II Crusade
		The Emperor replied with a manifesto in which be attacked the pretensions of the Papacy and then proceeded, once he had recovered his health, with his preparations for the expedition.
		For, the Emperor said, the joy of his arrival should be greater than their sorrow for the loss of their friend, the Lord of Beirut's brother, who had died, even though he bad been a most brave and noble man. They acceded most cheerfully to his command and willingly thanked him.
		Frederick proposed to use his army principally against the Latins in the East, to try to force them to acknowledge his position as regent and de facto ruler of the Latin states in the East.
	www.ordotempli.org /frederick_ii_crusade.htm (3135 words)

	Memoir: Chapter 18
		It was significant that, whereas on his accession the Emperor Frederick had addressed his first message to the nation at large through the Chancellor, the Emperor William addressed his first messages to the Army and Navy, the civilians having to wait a day or two for their recognition.
		As for the Emperor William's father, the ill-fated Frederick, it was no doubt from him that the son derived that dash of romantic idealism characteristic of both monarchs.
		The plain truth is that few monarchs have been simpler in their personal tastes than the Emperor Frederick; the etiquette, the monotony, and the restraint of Court life bored him, and he was never so happy as when he could escape to the congenial society of savants, artists, and writers.
	www.kaiserinfriedrich.de /memoir_18.html (2950 words)

	Frederick II
		Frederick II Frederick II Frederick II is a very convenient example of the sort of doubter and rebel the 13th century could produce.
		Frederick was the son of the German Emperor Henry VI; and grandson of Frederick Barbarossa.
		Frederick founded the University of Naples and was one of the first Italians to write Italian verse.
	latter-rain.com /eccle/fred2.htm (259 words)

	Frederick III, emperor of Germany and king of Prussia. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Frederick III, emperor of Germany and king of Prussia.
		1831–88, emperor of Germany and king of Prussia (Mar.–June, 1888), son and successor of William I. In 1858 he married Victoria, the princess royal of England, who exerted considerable influence over him.
		Frederick was a liberal and a patron of art and learning.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fr/Fred3Ger.html (167 words)

	Emperor Frederick II - Best of Sicily Magazine
		Frederick's long reign took him into the heart of Germany to tame his rebellious vassals, and to the Holy Land on crusade.
		The details of the international intrigue and conflicts that engulfed Western Europe and Frederick II in the early decades of the thirteenth century may be left to biographers and scholars.
		Frederick enlisted some of the greatest juridical minds of the era to encode and collect the previous Norman, Arab and Byzantine laws in order to establish a firm and orderly procedure for legal conflicts.
	www.bestofsicily.com /mag/art57.htm (1413 words)

	The Third Crusade - Frederick Barbarossa
		This also was a grand affair, planned jointly by the Emperor Frederick I (known better as Frederick Barbarossa), the king of France, and the King of England.
		The Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, led a German force through Byzantium, and aroused the usual fears with the usual foundation.
		The loss of the Holy City filled all Europe with sorrow; the emperor, Frederick, Richard, Philip Augustus of France, and several minor princes assumed the cross.
	latter-rain.com /ltrain/cruthr.htm (659 words)

	The Invisible Basilica: Frederick of Hohenstaufen
		Frederick II, although a Hohenstaufen like his grandfather, was born in Sicily and brought up under the influence of Norman, Byzantine and Muslim cultures.
		He attacked Frederick's positions in Italy, and Frederick was forced to leave Jerusalem to defend his Italian territories from the papal forces.
		It is sometimes said that Frederick the Great was the first to "shake the power of the Papacy," but this honor clearly belongs to Frederick II of Hohenstaufen.
	www.hermetic.com /sabazius/frederick.htm (563 words)

	Bright Knight: Amy's FK Crusades Alignment
		Frederick will be called "the wonder of the world" for his intelligence, and "the baptized sultan" for his religious equivocation.
		Emperor Frederick II formally renews his Crusader vow in the presence of Pope Honorius III, King John of Jerusalem, and the Grand Masters of the Military Orders.
		Emperor Frederick II finally embarks on his long-promised Crusade, almost immediately contracts malaria, and returns to Sicily.
	users.lmi.net /~akr/fk/timeline/crusades.htm (856 words)

	EUROPEAN HISTORY 1220 - 1249
		The pope called upon Emperor Frederick in (1220) and Louis VIII (1223-1226) in (1226) to publish ordinances against the Christian Albigenses (Gnostic Cathars) of southern France to impose severe penalties on these heretics who speak out against the immorality of the Roman Catholic Church.
		Emperor Frederick (1220-1250) inherited Sicily from his Hauteville mother is also a Norman, baptized sultan with Arab soldiers and a harem.
		Emperor Frederick recovered and despite obstacles imposed by the pope successfully negotiated the surrender of Jerusalem.
	www3.telus.net /public/dgarneau/euro53.htm (3447 words)

	Virtual Tour: Castel del Monte (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It was very probably built as a hunting residence by Frederick II (keen on hunting with falcons) between 1229 and '49.
		According to another brain-wave, the fact that the octagon in the courtyard is not a standard one - or rather, that no one side is the same - does not costitute a worker error, so perfect is the execution of the other parts of the castle.
		Recently someone put forward the hypothesis that the castle constitutes a medieval re-interpretation of the numerical relationships present in the pyramid of Cheops.These are some of the theories inspired by the Castel del Monte.
	www.inmedia.it /Puglia/eng/virtual/03/vt14.htm (1218 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: The Crusade of Frederick II, 1228-29
		Yolanda died less than week later, but formally the title to the Latin Kingdom had already passed to her infant son, and Frederick was forced to be content with the position of regent for his son if, according to the customs of the Kingdom, the Latin barons could be persuaded to accept his regency.
		The Emperor had three thousand or more armed men sergeants, arbalesters, and sailors enter secretly at night through this false postern, so that virtually all the men from his fleet were there.
		There were wellarmed men in the palace where the Emperor was and he had them seated before him with their weapons in their hands some held their swords by the pommel, others grasped their daggers.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/1228frederick2.html (3151 words)

	Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor : Frederick III
		Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor : Frederick III
		He acceded as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1440 and was married to Eleanore of Portugal.
		Frederick's father was Ernest the Iron[?] (Ernst der Eiserne),born 1406 and his wife Cymburga of Masovia.
	www.fastload.org /fr/Frederick_III.html (129 words)

	Memoir: Chapter 17
		The Emperor Frederick, with the Empress and their daughters, set out for Berlin on March 10, making what was then the swiftest journey in the records of Continental travel.
		When the Emperor Frederick died, however, it was found that the great bulk of this money had been invested abroad by his orders in the name of his widow; her uncle, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and her cousin, King Leopold of Belgium, being the trustees.
		But, changed as were all the conditions of her own and the new Emperor's life, she at once found arrayed against her the same powerful influences as before, with the addition of that of her eldest son, the new Crown Prince.
	www.kronberger-maler.de /victoria/memoir_17.html (3209 words)

	Promenade the Puzzle: The Poetic Vision of Peter Sinfield
		"The emperor was Frederick II, that King of Sicily whom, as a child of three, his dying father, Henry VI, had made a ward of the pope; and whom, as a young man of twenty, Pope Innocent III had called to be emperor.
		The rude court of that Frankish emperor could not boast steam baths and plumbing to rival those of ancient Rome, a menagerie of wild beasts from distant Africa and India, a wholly secular university that challenged the intellectual monopoly of the medieval church...
		Frederick's struggle against the supremacy of the popes was that of a disorderly genius, who passed down to posterity as a heretic, a renegade, an Antichrist."
	www.songsouponsea.com /Promenade/ChapterOneA.html (3319 words)

	First Council of Lyons - 1245 A.D.
		For in it can be found neither the condemnation of Frederick II, which seems to have been the chief matter of the council, nor the five constitutions pertaining to the important questions introduced by Innocent IV at the opening of the council, namely those concerned with the Tartars, the Latin east and the crusades.
		We think that the bull of deposition of the emperor Frederick II must be considered a statute of the council, and we place this in front of the constitutions.
		It is clear that in the kingdom of Sicily eleven or more archiepiscopal and many episcopal sees, abbacies and other churches are at present vacant, and through his agency, as is patent, these have long been deprived of prelates, to their own grave loss and the ruin of souls.
	www.dailycatholic.org /history/13ecume1.htm (2351 words)

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