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Topic: Emperor Joseph II

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	Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Joseph was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the War of the Austrian Succession.
		Where Joseph differed from great contemporary rulers, and where he was very close akin to the Jacobins, was in the fanatical intensity of his belief in the power of the state when directed by reason, of his right to speak for the state uncontrolled by laws, and of the sensibility of his rule.
		The overweening character of the Emperor was obvious to Frederick II of Prussia, who, after their first interview in 1769, described him as ambitious, and as capable of setting the world on fire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (1842 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia â“ Free Online Encyclopedia for Reference, Research, Facts
		Joseph's main piece of legislation was the abolition (1781) of serfdom and feudal dues; he also enabled tenants to acquire their own lands from the nobles for moderate fees and allowed peasants to marry whom they wished and to change their domicile.
		Joseph's plan to annex Bavaria to Austria and thus to consolidate his state was frustrated in the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778-79); his project to exchange the Austrian Netherlands for Bavaria was thwarted (1785) by King Frederick II of Prussia, who formed the Fürstenbund [princes' league] for that purpose.
		Joseph allied himself with Czarina Catherine II of Russia (whom he accompanied incognito on her Crimean journey), hoping to share in the spoils of the Ottoman Empire.
	www.encyclopedia.com /printable.aspx?id=1E1:joseph2 (738 words)

	Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the twenty years which elapsed between his return to Florence and the death of his eldest brother Joseph II in 1790, he was employed in reforming the administration of his small state.
		He and Joseph II were tenderly attached to one another and met frequently both before and after the death of their mother.
		From the east he was threatened by the aggressive ambition of Catherine II of Russia and by the unscrupulous policy of Prussia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (1908 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Joseph II
		German Emperor (reigned 1765-90), of the House of Hapsburg-Lorraine, son and successor of Maria Theresa and Francis I. Of his mother's sixteen children he was the most difficult to manage, and her attempts to frighten him by threats of the spirit-world only laid the foundations of his religious scepticism.
		Joseph viewed with jealous discontent the intellectual superiority of the Protestant North of Germany, then first dominant over the Catholic South: he also reflected with chafing impatience on Frederick's victories and talent for government, and thence conceived a definite aim in life.
		Joseph's entire policy was the embodiment of his idea of a centralized empire developing from within and in which all public affairs, political and ecelesiastico-political, were treated as an indivisible whole.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08508b.htm (3133 words)

	ANTON VON MARON - EMPEROR JOSEPH II, ARCHDUKE OF AUSTRIA
		Joseph II was the first Emperor of the House of Habsburg-Lothringen, the eldest son of Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria (herself the elder daughter of the last Habsburg Emperor, Charles VI), who had married Francis Duke of Lorraine, elected Emperor in 1745.
		Joseph was twice married, first to Isabella-Maria of Bourbon-Parma daughter of Infant Philip of Spain, Duke of Parma, who died in childbirth after three years of marriage; in the following year he married for a second time, to Princess Maria Josefa of Bavaria, who survived only two years.
		Joseph himself died in 1790, of tuberculosis, and was succeeded by his brother Leopold, grand Duke of Tuscany, ancestor of the present Imperial House.
	www.europeanpaintings.com /exhibits/xviiicent/maronjos.htm (606 words)

	Congress of Ems
		Relying on the support which Emperor Joseph II had promised, the three elector-archbishops and the Archbishop of Salzburg planned concerted action against Rome and sent their representatives to Ems to hold a congress.
		In his reply of 16 Nov., 1786, the emperor wisely makes his support dependent on the condition that the archbishops gain the consent of their suffragan bishops, the superiors of the exempt monasteries, and the estates into whose districts their spiritual jurisdiction extends.
		They, however, continued their opposition and on occasion of the imperial capitulation of Leopold II (1790) and that of Francis II (1792) obtained the promise that their complaints concerning the nunciatures would be attended to as soon as possible by a decree of the diet.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/e/ems,congress_of.html (1112 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Pius VI
		Joseph II forbade the Austrian bishops to apply to Rome for faculties of any kind, and suppressed innumerable monasteries.
		But when Joseph II filled the vacant See of Milan of his own authority, Pius solemnly protested, and it was probably at this occasion that he threatened the emperor with excommunication.
		Joseph's example was followed in Tuscany by his brother, the Grand Duke Leopold II and Bishop Scipio Ricci of Pistoia.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12131a.htm (1230 words)

	Joseph II
		Joseph II: Opposition and Failure - Opposition and Failure In fiscal matters Joseph was influenced by the physiocrats.
		Joseph II: Foreign Problems - Foreign Problems Joseph's plan to annex Bavaria to Austria and thus to consolidate his state was...
		Joseph II: Early Reign - Early Reign From the death of his father (1765) to the death of his mother (1780) Joseph ruled the...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0826616.html (141 words)

	Romania - The Reign of Joseph II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Joseph ordered the revolt repressed but granted amnesty to all participants except Ursu and other leaders, whom the nobles tortured and put to death before peasants brought to witness the execution.
		Joseph, aiming to strike at the rebellion's root causes, emancipated the serfs, annulled Transylvania's constitution, dissolved the Union of Three Nations, and decreed German the official language of the empire.
		Joseph II's Germanization decree triggered a chain reaction of national movements throughout the empire.
	countrystudies.us /romania/10.htm (394 words)

	amusicarea.com - Beethoven: Cantatas, Opferlied, Meeresstille - Beethoven (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Cantata on the Accession of Emperor Leopold II: Fliesse, WonnezÃ¤hre, fliesse!
		Cantata on the Accession of Emperor Leopold II: Ihr staunt, VÃ¶lker der Erde!
		Cantata on the Accession of Emperor Leopold II: Wie bebt mein Herz vor Wonne!
	www.amusicarea.com /detail/34571168807.html (196 words)

	Joseph II - Cambridge University Press
		Joseph II Volume 1, In the Shadow of Maria Theresa, 1741—1780
		The emperor Joseph II (1741-90) tried to carry through something like a 'revolution from above' in the vast, varied, and mainly backward provinces of the Austrian Monarchy.
		It describes the claustrophobic atmosphere, in which Joseph was trained to rule, his tragic marriages, and his attempts after 1765 as co-regent with his formidable mother, empress Maria Theresa, to dictate the domestic and foreign policy of the Monarchy.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521242401&print=y (260 words)

	Cultural Catholic - Pope Pius VI
		Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II of Austria’s eccentric actions were more than an annoyance to Pope Pius VI, so the pope made the long journey to Vienna to convince Joseph II to cease his imperial meddling.
		Simultaneously, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II's brother, Peter Leopold II Grand Duke of Tuscany, instructed his bishop, Bishop Ricci of Pistoia, to pass a number of antipapal resolutions at the 1786 Pistoia synod.
		Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II’s attempts to make the state supreme in matters of conscience matched the French Revolutionaries' drive to set up a state church by means of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790).
	www.culturalcatholic.com /PopePiusVI.htm (634 words)

	Ancestors and Family of Leopold II Habsburg-Lotharingen
		The third son of the Habsburg Maria Theresa and the emperor Francis I, Leopold succeeded his father as duke of Tuscany when his eldest brother became emperor as Joseph II in 1765.
		Like Joseph, Leopold was influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment and was determined to construct an efficient state apparatus at the expense of feudal interests.
		After Joseph II died in February 1790, Leopold was elected emperor (and also became king of Hungary and archduke of Austria).
	nygaard.howards.net /files/4014.htm (303 words)

	Deep Background #4: The Edict of Tolerance
		The Edict of Tolerance was first issued by Joseph II in October 1781, and extended three months later in January 1782.
		Joseph II, on the other hand, was more pragmatic and realized that some would never yield their religious beliefs and he was determined to gain their loyalty, service, and wealth for the state.
		On October 1, 1781, Emperor Joseph II published an imperial resolution making his intentions known to the general public.
	www.goletapublishing.com /jstamps/0102deep.htm (1254 words)

	BookRags: Francis, II Biography
		As his uncle Emperor Joseph II had no heirs, Leopold had been designated as his successor; and since Francis thus would someday succeed to the imperial throne, he was educated accordingly.
		In 1790 Leopold succeeded Joseph as emperor, and Francis began a long apprenticeship in which he was gradually to share equally in governing the empire.
		His father had convinced him that the reforms of Joseph II were dangerous because they weakened the existing institutions of the monarchy; Leopold, however, had not lived long enough to establish the validity of his own, more restrained, but nevertheless enlightened system.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/francis-ii (822 words)

	Joseph II - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Joseph II A Dictionary of World History; 1/1/2000; ; 114 words
		Opthos Co-Founder and CTO, Dr. Joseph Parker, to Discuss Dynamic Wavelength Systems in the New Metro Core Network at Information Gatekeepers Optical Switching II.
		Joseph Shea of Plymouth, 78, WW II vet.(Obituaries)(Obituary)
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/J/Joseph2.asp (918 words)

	Trenches on the Web - Bio: Emperor Franz Josef (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Ascent: Franz Josef was crowned Emperor of Austria in 1848 at age 18.
		Personal: Emperor and King, still his life was not without its trials and sorrows.
		Early on as Emperor he lost major wars to France (1848) and Prussia (1866).
	www.worldwar1.com /biohfrj.htm (300 words)

	Joseph II. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		1741–90, Holy Roman emperor (1765–90), king of Bohemia and Hungary (1780–90), son of Maria Theresa and Holy Roman Emperor Francis I, whom he succeeded.
		Joseph’s plan to annex Bavaria to Austria and thus to consolidate his state was frustrated in the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778–79); his project to exchange the Austrian Netherlands for Bavaria was thwarted (1785) by King Frederick II of Prussia, who formed the Fürstenbund [princes’ league] for that purpose.
		Austria joined Russia in the war of 1787–92 against the Ottoman Empire, but was unsuccessful.
	www.bartleby.com /65/jo/Joseph2.html (778 words)

	Equestrian statue of the Emperor Joseph II by ZAUNER, Franz Anton
		Equestrian statue of the Emperor Joseph II by ZAUNER, Franz Anton
		Zauner's masterpiece is his equestrian statue of the Emperor Joseph II.
		Based on the classical equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome, it shows the popular emperor in the classicising dress of a Roman general with breastplate, sandals and cloak.The emperor holds out his right arm as an imperial gesture, without any other attribute.
	www.wga.hu /html/z/zauner/joseph2.html (109 words)

	Berliner Philharmoniker
		In the hope that Emperor Joseph II might commission serious scores for his new wind band (which mainly played arrangements of popular opera and operetta tunes while His Imperial Majesty dined), Mozart turned to the wind ensemble.
		Indulging this idea, he composed a sextet for winds (K. 375) in the expectation that a friend, one of Emperor Josephâs Gentlemen of the Chamber, would recommend it.
		At first, the emperor had envisaged his Harmonie as a sextet: however, it grew into an octet (pairs of oboes, clarinets, bassoons, and horns), and Mozart hastened to revise K. 375 for this new format.
	www.carnegiehall.org /article/box_office/events/evt_5561_pf.html (2553 words)

	Amazon.com: Beethoven: Symphony No. 9 "Choral"; Choral Fantasy; Ah, Perfido: Music: Eugene Ormandy,Leonard ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Cantata On The Death Of Emperor Joseph II, WoO.87: II.
		Cantata On The Death Of Emperor Joseph II, WoO.87: VI.
		Cantata On The Death Of Emperor Joseph II, WoO.87: VII.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B0000029YP?v=glance (882 words)

	The abolition of encores by Joseph II - MozartForum
		The abolition of encores by Joseph II - MozartForum
		To prevent the excessive duration of the operas, without however prejudicing the fame often sought by opera singers from the repitition of vocal pieces, I deem the enclosed notice to the public (that no piece for more than a single voice is to be repeated) to be the most reasonable expedient.
		The Emperor's law also stated the abolition of encores for more than one voice in Singspiels, yet at performances of Die Zauberflote in 1791, the audience's excitement forced Mozart to oblige.
	www.mozartforum.com /VB_forum/showthread.php?t=863 (383 words)

	May Concert (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		In January, 1786, the Austrian Emperor Joseph II, planned to entertain some important royal guests with a grand musical evening.
		For that gala occasion, the Emperor commissioned Mozart and his rival, the composer Antonio Salieri, each to write a short opera to be performed at the Schonbrunn Palace.
		Described as dramatic, colorful and brilliant (worthy of a royal occasion), Mozart wrote the opera when he was just thirty years old and at the peak of his musical creativity.
	www.bradburymusic.com /may_concert.htm (552 words)

	JOHANN GEORG WEIKERT - Fête Organized to Celebrate the Marriage of the Emperor Joseph II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		The occasion was a performance written and performed by the Imperial children to celebrate their eldest brother Joseph’s marriage to Princess Marie-Josèphe of Bavaria on 23 January 1765.
		The first version of the painting remains in Vienna; a second version was commissioned from the artist in 1778 by Marie-Antoinette to hang in her dining-room in the Grand Trianon; this third version commissioned by another of the participants was until recently in an American collection.
		PORTRAIT OF JOSEPH II BY ANTON VON MARON
	www.europeanpaintings.com /18thcent/weickert.htm (240 words)

	Amadeus
		During the course of Amadeus, Abraham ages forty years, from the young ambitious composer at the court of Emperor Joseph II, to the half-crazed hospital inmate who babbled his confession of having murdered Mozart.
		Born in 1947 in Buffalo, New York Jones was taken by his parents at an early age to see the Stratford Theater in Ontario, little suspecting that one day he would be a member of this illustrious troupe.
		CHARLES KAY, who plays Count Orsini-Rosenberg, the bespectacled and disapproving official censor at the Court of Joseph II in Amadeus, gave up a career as dental surgeon to train at London’s Royal Academy of Dramatic Art where he was awarded the Bancroft Gold Medal.
	movies.warnerbros.com /amadeus/cmp/cast.html (2315 words)

	Citebase - Klöster als Wissensvermittler im Raum Tirol, die sich seit der Säkularisation durch Joseph II. in ihrer ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Die Hypothese lautet: "Klöster, die es geschafft haben, einer Auflösung ihres Ordens durch Joseph II zu entgehen, spielen bis heute eine Rolle in der Wissensvermittlung im Raum Tirol".
		The situation nowadays is compared with the time of the regency of Emperor Joseph II.
		The hypothesis that monasteries which managed not to be abolished during the regency of Emperor Joseph II still play a vital part in the area of knowledge management in Northern Tyrol is tested.
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?id=oai:eprints.rclis.org:4099 (486 words)

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