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	Roman Emperors - DIR Manuel II
		Manuel II(1391-1425) was the second-to-last emperor of the East-Roman (Byzantine) Empire.
		Manuel's father, Emperor John V (1341-1391), had to deal with the crossing of the Hellespont by the Turks, who first conquered Thrace and Macedonia and in 1389 at the battle of Kossovo destroyed and conquered the Serbian Empire.
		Manuel had to consent to a treaty in which it was specified that a quarter for Turkish merchants should be set up in Constantinople with its own Kadi (a Moslem learned man and magistrate.) At first Manuel succeeded in taking advantage of the sultan's involvements to reestablish control over Thessaloniki and parts of Macedonia.
	www.roman-emperors.org /manuel2.htm (6419 words)

	Manuel I Komnenos - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Manuel reshaped the political maps of the Balkans and the east Mediterranean, placing the kingdoms of Hungary and Outremer under Byzantine hegemony and campaigning aggressively against his neighbours both in the west and in the east.
		Manuel Komnenos was the fourth son of John II Komnenos (in Greek: Ιωάννης Β' Κομνηνός) and Piroska of Hungary.
		Manuel participated in the building and decorating of many of the basilicas and Greek monasteries in the Holy Land, including the church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, where thanks to his efforts the Byzantine clergy were allowed to perform the Greek liturgy each day.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manuel_I_Comnenus (5716 words)

	Manuel Chrysoloras - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1390 he led an embassy sent to Venice by the emperor Manuel II Palaeologus to implore the aid of the Christian princes against the Turks.
		In 1413 he went to Germany on an embassy to the emperor Sigismund, the object of which was to fix a place for the church council that later assembled at Constance.
		The international fraternity Kappa Sigma, founded at the University of Virginia in 1869 traditionally claims that Manuel Chrysoloras was the founder of its brotherhood.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manuel_Chrysoloras (511 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 583 (v. 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		When prince Manuel was despot of Thessalonica, lie waged war on his own account against the Turks, who were then engaged in serious contests with the Servians in Europe, and some Turkoman princes in Asia.
		These conditions were, that John and Manuel should reign over Constantinople and its environs as far as they were subject to the imperial sceptre, and that Andronicus should hold, as a fief of the crown, the towns and districts of Selymbria, Heracleia.
		Manuel, moved by fear, now secretly proposed to his father to strengthen and increase the fortifica tions of Constantinople, but the emperor having begun the work, and already constructed several new walls and towers, a peremptory order came from Bayazid to pull down the new fortifications, and leave every thing in its former state.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/1691.html (797 words)

	Roman Emperors DIR Manuel I Comnenus
		Manuel was born in the imperial porphyry birthchamber on 28 November 1118.
		Manuel confirmed John Axuch in the office of Grand Domestic, that is, commander of the army, appointed John of Poutze as procurator of public taxes, grand commissioner and inspector of accounts and John Hagiotheodorites as chancellor.
		Manuel made a hasty truce with his Turkish enemies and demanded that the crusading armies (for a second army, of French under Louis VII was approaching) swear an oath of fealty to him, much in the manner that the partcipants of the First Crusade had sworn allegiance to Alexius I.
	www.roman-emperors.org /mannycom.htm (8944 words)

	Manuel II Palaeologus
		Manuel was forced to pay tribute to the Sultan Bayezid and was forced to follow him to his raids against the Greek cities.
		Manuel was in France, 28 July 1402, guest of the kig Charles VI, when he received the good news of Bayezid's debacle by the Mongol conqueror Tamerlane, in the famous battle of Angyra (Ankara).
		Manuel withdrew from state affairs to pursue his religious and literary interests to a monastery, as a monk.
	members.fortunecity.com /fstav1/emperors/john_manuel2.html (1017 words)

	Andronicus Comnenus and the Fall of Rome, Robert Wernick (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		She was not yet ten years old when the old emperor Manuel was dead, and his son Alexius II Comnenus was on the throne, in purple robe and boots, with the gold crown of Constantine on his head.
		Manuel was a young man of 21 when he inherited the throne, a handsome jovial giant, thirsting for pleasure and for glory.
		Manuel was glad for a while to have his old drinking-pal back again, the dolce vita was resumed in Constantinople, with the added spice of ribald tales of life among the Russians.
	www.robertwernick.com /articles/Andronicus.shtml (13646 words)

	Frederick I Barbarossa (c. 1123-1190)
		Frederick was the son of Frederick II, duke of Swabia, and Judith, daughter of Henry IX, duke of Bavaria, of the rival dynasty of the Welfs.
		Under the powerful emperor Manuel I Comnenus, the Byzantine Empire had grown to be a political factor in the Mediterranean and in Italy.
		What the Emperor saw as a restoration of the imperial rights, however, was considered by the cities as a curtailment of their freedom.
	www.thelatinlibrary.com /imperialism/notes/frederickbarbarossa.html (2583 words)

	Meeting with the representatives of science at the University of Regensburg
		It was presumably the emperor himself who set down this dialogue, during the siege of Constantinople between 1394 and 1402; and this would explain why his arguments are given in greater detail than those of his Persian interlocutor.
		The emperor, after having expressed himself so forcefully, goes on to explain in detail the reasons why spreading the faith through violence is something unreasonable.
		The editor, Theodore Khoury, observes: For the emperor, as a Byzantine shaped by Greek philosophy, this statement is self-evident.
	www.vatican.va /holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2006/september/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20060912_university-regensburg_en.html (3710 words)

	Manuel Palaeologus' inebriate father
		The emperor Manuel II Palaeologus was born in 1350, and reigned from 1391 until his death in 1425.
		Equally irrelevant is the fact that Manuel was the son of John V. I know nothing about the emperor John's drinking habits: anyone who has come in the hope of sensational tabloid revelations about the late Byzantine royal family may wish to leave at this point.
		Manuel: John W. Barker Manuel II Palaeologus: a study in late Byzantine statesmanship (New Brunswick 1969); L. Petit 'Manuel II Paléologue', in Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique IX/2 (Paris 1927), 1925-1932.
	www.leeds.ac.uk /classics/heath/q-manuel.html (4754 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Imperium Byzantium
		Manuel writes a letter to his Russian relatives that whoever these Aztecs are he is sorry their first meeting with Christendom must be with those barbaric Spaniards.
		Byzantine generals began to grumble that the emperor was a “spineless philosopher” who “would choose his desk and his pen over heaven itself.” In December John held a chariot race in which it was announced that the Russians had completely smashed the Golden Horde and had formally annexed the khanate into her growing empire.
		Manuel is not happy because now in order to get this province, considered part of the Empire since Manuel III gained it temporarily from Hungary in the Great Mediterranean War, he will have to go to war with Austria.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?t=15953 (16888 words)

	NEWSLETTER #1 – ELUL 5767- SEPTEMBER 2006
		Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos touches on the theme of Islamic Jihad or holy war.
		It must not be forgotten that Manuel's wife was Helena Dragas, the daughter of the Serbian prince Constantine Dragas.
		So what Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos was responding to in his discourses with the Persian philosopher was that Christians were being defeated and massacred by the Moslems in the heart of Europe!
	www.vicmord.com /Newsletter1Elul5767September2006.html (3815 words)

	The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire 66
		A.D. In the four last centuries of the Greek emperors, their friendly or hostile aspect towards the pope and the Latins may be observed as the thermometer of their prosperity or distress; as the scale of the rise and fall of the Barbarian dynasties.
		The emperor promises to entertain with due reverence their legates and nuncios; to assign a palace for their residence, and a temple for their worship; and to deliver his second son Manuel as the hostage of his faith.
		Demetrius, the emperor's brother, retired to Venice, that he might not be witness of the union; and Mark of Ephesus, mistaking perhaps his pride for his conscience, disclaimed all communion with the Latin heretics, and avowed himself the champion and confessor of the orthodox creed.
	www.ccel.org /g/gibbon/decline/volume2/chap66.htm (12178 words)

	Constantinople on the Web - History, Society, Monasticism, the Fall
		Typikon of Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos for the Monasteries of Mount Athos
		Emperors from Constantine I to Constantine XI Palaeologus contributed their strength to the empire.
		The final emperor was so close to his people he refused to flee Constantinople when its fall was eminent and fought to his own death with his people in defense of his empire.
	www.ellopos.net /elpenor/greek-texts/greek-resources-constantinople.asp (1571 words)

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