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Topic: Emperor Renzong of Song China

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	Northern Song Dynasty
		After forcing the last emperor of the Latter Zhou to yield the throne, he established the Northern Song Dynasty in Kaifeng (the provincial capital of Henan Province).
		During the reign of Emperor Renzong, the economic and social development of the Northern Song reached its zenith.
		In 1125, the Northern Song court was invaded by the army of the Jin Dynasty (1115 - 1234).
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/history/song.htm (538 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > South China Sea Islands (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The South China Sea Islands (南海諸島 pinyin: nan2 hai3 zhu1 dao3) is an archipelago of over 250 around 1-km² islands, atolls, cays, shoals, reefs, and sandbars, most of which have no indigenous people.
		The South China Sea Islands were collectively named The Tough Heads (above Water) of Zhang Sea (漲海崎頭 zhang4 hai3 qi2 tou2) and Coral Islets (珊瑚洲) since their discovery by the Chinese in the Qin Dynasty.
		In 1045, Emperor Renzong of Song China[?] sent the Army of the Crown Prince (王師) to the Paracel Islands.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/so/South_China_Sea_Islands (721 words)

	Song Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: )
		During the Song Dynasty, there were many threats from the northern borders by the Khitans (契丹) from the Liao Dynasty (遼国), Tanguts from the Western Xia (西夏) Dynasty, and the Jurchens (女真) from the Jin dynasty (金国).
		The reason was that Qinzong, the last emperor of the Northern Song was living in Jin-imposed exile in Manchuria and had a good chance of being recalled to the throne should the Jin Dynasty be destroyed.
		Emperor Wányán Liàng failed in taking the Song and was assassinated by his own generals in December of 1161.
	www.1bx.com /en/Song_dynasty.htm (2057 words)

	AnywhereChina.com - History Page - Song Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Because of the barbarian occupation of northern China the second half of the Song rule was confined to the area south of the Huai River.
		While the Song ruling class and the imperial court indulged themselves in art and luxurious living in the urban centers, the latest nomad empire arose in the north.
		The Song period was noted for landscape painting, which in time came to be considered the highest form of classical art.
	www.anywherechina.com /history/dynasties/song/song.htm (1158 words)

	Chinese History - Song Dynasty å® event history (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		Emperor Song Taizong for his part tried to gain peace at the northeastern border by bestowing Li Jiqian with some nominal military commands and granting him the imperial surname Zhao è¶ (as the Tang emperors had granted his family the imperial surname Li æ), but the ruler of the Xia empire refused.
		Song China had become one of three empires on Chinese soil, being equal to the Khitan empire of Liao and the Tangut empire of Western Xia.
		Emperor Jin Xuanzong é‘å®£å®— resumed war campaigns against the Song in the south, the first reason being a punishment for the delay of the annual tributes, the second reason was a territorial compensation for the losses to the Mongols.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Song/song-event.html (8681 words)

	Emperor Xiaozong - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Emperor Xiaozong (November 27, 1127 – June 28, 1194) was the eleventh emperor of the Song Dynasty of China, and the second emperor of the Southern Song.
		Xiaozong was the 7th generation descendant of Emperor Taizu, the founder of the Song Dynasty.
		Zhao Congyu was the son of Zhao Weixian (趙惟憲) (979-1016), known posthumously as Duke of Ying (英國公), who was a second cousin of Emperor Renzong.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/e/m/p/Emperor_Xiaozong_4927.html (348 words)

	Song Dynasty: Emperor List
		Son of Emperor Zhenzong; His reign was the turning point of the Song Dynasty from the prosperity to the disintegration.
		Son of one of the imperial clansmen and was adopted by Emperor Renzong; Actually, Emperor Yingzong's father was the first cousin of Emperor Renzong.
		However, the Song court was defeated by the Jin army in 1127 after which both Qinzong and Huizong were demoted to commoner.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/history/song/song-dynasty-emperors.htm (423 words)

	Fall of Northern Song - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		China History Forum is an online chinese history forum, discussion board or community for all who are interested in learning and discussing chinese history from prehistoric till modern times, including chinese art of war, chinese culture topics.
		As to Song military weakness at this time (a complex question), someone more knowledgable than I on the subject will provide a better answer, but I believe that it was a time when civil government and the arts were prioritised over the military (part of the Neo-Confucianism that blossomed at the time).
		The Song put the military under numerous restrictions to the extent that their effectivess were compromised, regardless of the weapons used.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=11814 (2845 words)

	India, Indian States, India States, Indian hotels, Indian News and Indian Tourism, India Travel
		In China, there was a triangular affair of continued war and peace settlements between the Song Dynasty, the Tanguts-led Western Xia in the northwest, and the Khitans of the Liao Dynasty in the northeast.
		Cai Jing, Chinese chancellor of the Song Dynasty
		Ferdinand I of LeÃ³n, Emperor of All Hispania
	www.haryanain.com /wiki-11th_Century (4292 words)

	Emperor Renzong of Song - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Emperor Renzong (May 30, 1010 – April 30, 1063) was the fourth emperor of the Song Dynasty of China.
		The official policy of the Song Dynasty at the time was one of pacifism and this caused the weakening of the military.
		When Renzong came into power, he issued decrees to strengthen the military and paid massive bribes to the Liao government, an adversary of Western Xia, in the hope that this would ensure the safety of Song China.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emperor_Renzong_(Song_Dynasty) (286 words)

	China (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It is essentially a corridor running from the upper Yellow River in the east, along the verge between the Tibetan plateau on the one hand and the Gobi desert on the other, to the edge of the Xinjiang wastes in the west.
		The northeastern portion of China, comprising the watershed of the Amur River.
		It formed with the encouragement of China, which needed a buffer zone between itself and the then-aggressive Tibetans, but Nan Chao soon became expansionist in it's own right, and proved to be a considerable threat to China at times.
	www.hostkingdom.net /china.html (2189 words)

	Portraits of Emperors
		Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties
		Kangxi was the 4-th emperor of the Qing Dynasty.
		The portrait shows the young emperor Kangxi, sitting at his writing table and holding a thick writing brush.
	www.chinapage.com /emperor.html (241 words)

	History of Xining - China History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the first year of Baoyuan of Emperor Renzong in Song Dynasty (960-1279), Shanzhou Prefecture was changed to Qingtang City.
		In the 5th year of Hongwu (1372) of Emperor Taizu in Ming Dynasty, the Xining Prefecture was changed to Xining Wei (an administrative division in Ming Dynasty) Which controlled 6,000 households.
		In the first year of the reign of Emperor Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the rebellion of Lubuzangdanjin was suppressed.
	www.muztagh.com /china-history/xining.htm (773 words)

	Song Dynasty - China History - China
		The effect was to inhibit the societal development of premodern China, resulting both in many generations of political, social, and spiritual stability and in a slowness of cultural and institutional change up to the 19th century.
		In 1276 the Southern Song court fled to Guangdong by boat, fleeing Mongol invaders, leaving Emperor Gong of Song China behind.
		On March 19, 1279 the Song army was defeated in its last battle, the Battle of Yamen, fought against the Mongols in the Pearl River Delta; subsequently a high official is said to have taken the boy emperor in his arms and jumped from a clifftop into the sea, drowning both of them.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Song_Dynasty (1341 words)

	Stories from Ancient China: An Emperor with Integrity, Frugality, and Tolerance \| Clearharmony - Falundafa in Europe
		Emperor Song Renzong, who was born Zhao Zhen (1010-1063), was the fourth Emperor of the Song Dynasty (960-1279).
		Song Renzong asked how much they cost, and was told that each cost ten thousand coins, with all 28 clams costing 280,000 coins.
		Renzong said, "I have always told you be frugal, but now you want me eat these expensive clams.
	www.clearharmony.net /articles/200610/36083.html (368 words)

	Song Sung Dynasty
		The division was caused by the forced abandonment of north China in 1127 by the Song court, which could not push back the nomadic invaders.
		The founders of the Song dynasty built an effective centralized bureaucracy staffed with civilian scholar-officials.
		The Song dynasty is notable for the development of cities not only for administrative purposes but also as centers of trade, industry, and maritime commerce.
	www.asianartmall.com /dsong.htm (196 words)

	Northern Song Dynasty, Ancient Chinese History
		After founding his dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin, Emperor Taizu, cut the throats of the surviving members of the Later Zhou, and crushed the separatist regimes of Jingnan, Later Shu, Southern Han and Southern Tang through 19 years of fighting in the north and south.
		In the year 1004, Emperor Zhenzong formed an alliance with the Liao State at Chanyuan (Puyang City of Henan Province), and called for the Song and Liao to be 'brothers' and not encroach upon the other.
		Moreover, the poetry of the Song Dynasty (960-1279), Song Ci, was recognized as the gem of Chinese classical literature together with the poetry of the Tang Dynasty.
	www.warriortours.com /intro/history/song/northern-song.htm (582 words)

	Song Dynasty -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China
		Emperor Zhenzong dispatched a minister (Zhang Qixian) to Jing-Yuan areas as jinglüe shi, and Zhang proposed that the city of Lingwu on the west Yellow River Bend be abandoned.
		Song Emperor Zhenzong sent a messenger to Li Deming for sake of pacifying him, and Li Deming dispatched general Wang Shen to Song for seeking suzerainty.
		Song Court was frequently on the run, from one island to another, along the coast, and on May 8th of AD 1278, the new Song Emperor died of illness within two years of enthronement.
	www.republicanchina.org /song.html (8596 words)

	Reference Encyclopedia - List of state leaders in 1062
		China (Northern Song Dynasty) - Renzong, Emperor of Song China (1022-1063)
		Monarch - Emperor Go-Reizei, Emperor of Japan (1045-1068)
		Western Xia - Yizong, Emperor of Western Xia (1048-1067)
	referenceencyclopedia.com /?title=List_of_state_leaders_in_1062 (574 words)

	South China Sea Islands
		The South China Sea Islands were collectively named the Tough Heads of the Surging Sea (漲海崎頭 Zhànghǎi Qítóu) and Coral Cays (珊瑚洲 Shanhu Zhou) since their discovery by the Chinese in the Qin Dynasty.
		In 1045, during the reign of Emperor Renzong of Song China, imperial troops (王師) were sent to the Paracel Islands.
		The Republic of China founded in 1911 claimed the islands as part of the province of Canton (Guangdong), and later of the Hainan special administrative region.
	www.jgames.co.uk /title/South_China_Sea_Islands (930 words)

	Architecture of the Song Dynasty - encyclopedia article - Citizendium
		The hallmarks of Chinese architecture during the Song period were its towering Buddhist pagodas, enormous stone and wooden bridges, its lavish tombs, and palatial architecture.
		During the Southern Song period, it was one of the crowning pieces of architecture for the capital city.
		The only Northern Song emperors not buried there are Emperor Huizong of Song and Emperor Qinzong of Song (due to the chaos of the Jurchen invasion from 1125-1127).
	en.citizendium.org /wiki/Architecture_of_the_Song_Dynasty (2929 words)

	Ethics of China 7 BC To 1279 by Sanderson Beck
		He forced the Eastern Qin emperor to abdicate and founded the Liu Song dynasty at Jiankang in 420; but it was overthrown in 479 by a general named Xiao Daocheng, who proclaimed the Qi dynasty.
		As the Sui empire was disintegrating, Yang Di fled to southern China, where he was assassinated in his bath by a descendant of the Yuwen family and the son of his general Yuwen Shu in 618.
		Bei was drawn to Chinese culture and in 934 urged the Khitans to invade northern China.
	www.san.beck.org /AB3-China.html (20851 words)

	Stories from Ancient China: An Emperor with Integrity, Frugality, and Tolerance \| Clearharmony - Falundafa in Europe
		Emperor Song Renzong, who was born Zhao Zhen (1010-1063), was the fourth Emperor of the Song Dynasty (960-1279).
		Song Renzong asked how much they cost, and was told that each cost ten thousand coins, with all 28 clams costing 280,000 coins.
		Renzong said, "I have always told you be frugal, but now you want me eat these expensive clams.
	clearharmony.net /articles/200610/36083.html (368 words)

	Sansha Shi - Xisha Nansha Zhongsha Islands
		The South China Sea islands were well-documented in Chinese records since Qin Dynasty (around AD 200).
		The People's Republic of China (PRC) claims all of these islands as part of its Hainan Province, at the administrative level of banshichu (è¾¦äºè•/åäºå¤) and the "Xi Nan Zhongsha Banshichu" was set up in 1959 by the central government.
		In ancient times fishermen from Wenchang and other places of Hainan and Guangdong used to be the only regular visitors to the South China Sea Islands and they used to stay on some islands for months to years before their returns back to homes on land.
	www.sanshashi.com (841 words)

	Stories from Ancient China: Sincerity and Reverence Can Move the Heaven's \| Clearharmony - Falundafa in Europe
		In the summer of the Qingli year in the Song Renzong era, there was a terrible drought in the capital.
		After the prayer was done and the Emperor was on his way back to the palace, he looked back at the sky over the Western Taiyigong and saw that a cloud was starting to form.
		The next day, the Emperor joyfully said to Wang Su, "Thanks to you it rained a seasonable and timely rain!" He also mentioned that the night before—in the rain—he had burned incense until midnight to express his gratitude to the heavens and that he was soaked as a result.
	clearharmony.net /articles/200611/36299.html (526 words)

	Home > Maina, Guam, GU, 96922, Maina Real Estate, Maina Yellow Pages, Maina Classifieds, Maina News, Maina Events, ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Because of the economic, military, and transportational importance, the control, especially of the Spratlys, has been in dispute by China and several Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam, in the mid-20th century onwards.
		The countries with the most extensive participation and well documented history on the South China Sea Islands are China and Vietnam.
		The Republic of China founded in 1911 claimed the islands as part of the province of Canton (Guangdong), and later of the Hainan special administrative region.
	maina.guamus.com /details/South_China_Sea_Islands (1010 words)

	South China Sea Islands - Famous Chinese Seas and Islands - Travel to China
		The South China Sea Islands were collectively named the Tough Heads of the Surging Sea (漲海崎頭 Zh?nghǎi Q?t?u) and Coral Cays (珊瑚洲 Shanhu Zhou) since their discovery by the ChinaChinese in the Qin Dynasty.
		There are houses dated back to the Tang DynastyTang or Song Dynasty (960-1279)Song Dynasty on Ganquan Island (甘泉島), which nowadays is under disputed with the Vietnamese.
		The Republic of China founded in 1911 claimed the islands as part of the province of GuangdongCanton (now Guangdong), and later of the Hainan special administrative region.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/South_China_Sea_Islands (881 words)

	China
		Note: Emperors are listed with their personal name (ming), followed by their temple name (miaohao), posthumous name (shi), and the era name (nianhao) roughly coextensive with the particular reign (note that the overlap is not perfect).
		Although it is customary in "Western" sources to refer to a Qing ruler by his nianhao (i.i., the Guangxu emperor), Chinese usually refer to a former emperor by his miaohao, perhaps preceded by the name of the polity (i.e., Qing Dezong).
		On 5 Nov 1924, the Emperor was forced to leave the Forbidden City by a faction of the army of the Republic of China and the above mentioned privileges ended.
	www.worldstatesmen.org /China.html (4022 words)

	confucian education
		During the Han Dynasty (202BCE-220CE) provincial schools were established and the Confucian tradition of education was spread across China.
		The basis of Chinese education did not change throughout the imperial history till the reign of the last Ch'ing emperors.
		A traditional saying attributed to him states that "those who work with their heads will rule, while those who work with their hands will serve." To that end, education thus became a strategy for survival in a country where poverty and hardship had challenged the lives of millions for countless millennia.
	www.csupomona.edu /~plin/ls201/confucian2.html (629 words)

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