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Topic: Emperor Rudolf II

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	Rudolf II and his Artists
		Rudolf II is known as an exceptional patron of the arts, a monarch who succumbed to a collector's passion and who succeeded during his era in creating the largest kunstkammer in Europe.
		Rudolf II employed the goldsmith Jacop Strada as antiquary, who had also worked at the court during the time of Rudolf's father Maximilian II, and later the artist and miniaturist Daniel Froschl who is supposed to have been the first artist to compile an inventory of the collections.
		He was honoured with noble status in 1595 by Rudolf II and, in 1609, the emperor conferred on him the privilege of bearing the title of decorative glass engraver.
	www.vol.cz /RUDOLFII/umelcien.html (1686 words)

	Rudolf II and his artists
		Rudolf II is often remembered as a great patron of art, as someone who was passionate about collecting and who managed to create the largest art collection in all Europe, called "Kunstkammer".
		One of the famous painter of Rudolf II was the Italian Giuseppe Arcimboldo.
		In 1595 he was knighted by Rudolf II and in 1609 he was granted privilege for this type of glass decoration, which mainly be loaned from the Museum of Art History in Vienna, where the "Kunstkammer" forms part of the collection.
	old.hrad.cz /castle/historie/rud_um_uk.html (730 words)

	Rudolph II - LoveToKnow 1911
		By this time the members of the Habsburg family were thoroughly alarmed at the indifference or incompetence of the emperor; and their anxieties were not diminished by the knowledge that he was in feeble health, was unmarried, and had refused to take any steps towards securing the election of a successor.
		Having at first rejected the demand of the Bohemians for greater religious liberty, the emperor was soon obliged to yield to superior force, and in 1609 he acceded to the popular wishes by issuing the Letter of Majesty (Majestdtsbrief), and then made similar concessions to his subjects in Silesia and elsewhere.
		The Bohemians invoked the aid of Matthias, who gathered an army; and in 1611 the emperor, practically a prisoner at Prague, was again forced to cede a kingdom to his brother.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Rudolph_II (902 words)

	Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rudolf II von Habsburg was an emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, King of Bohemia, and King of Hungary.
		He was the eldest son and successor of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, King of Hungary; his mother was Maria of Spain, a daughter of Charles V and Isabella of Portugal.
		Rudolf II was one of the most eccentric European monarchs of that or any other period.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rudolf_II (546 words)

	Voynich MS - Biographies
		Rudolf II was born in Vienna on 18 Juli 1552 as the son of Maximilian II and Maria, daughter of emperor Charles V. At the age of 11 he moved to the court of his uncle, King Philip II.
		Rudolf was especially favourably disposed to him: Busbecq's letters to Prague from 1582 to 1586 demonstrate their close contact, as well as being full of valuable information on the French scene...
		With the emperor's permission he was allowed to return to Prague, collaborated with Dr. Dee and together they tried to discover the secret of the Manuscript, also consulting other Alchemical works and even invoking the spirits for their help, using Dee's magical apparatus (7).
	www.voynich.nu /curricula.html (9337 words)

	Prague during the Rule of Rudolph II (1583-1612 A.D.) \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Rudolf II, son of Maximilian II, was named Holy Roman Emperor in 1576, and returned the court to Prague in 1583, after its temporary relocation to Vienna.
		The emperor's ambitions as an architectural patron are evidenced by his redesign and expansion of the castle, the construction of a new town hall and archbishop's palace, and the commissioning of several new churches.
		In addition to stimulating culture in Prague through enlightened patronage and collecting, Rudolf II offered direct support of the arts, visiting his artists in their workshops and raising the status of the local painters' guild from the level of a craft to that of a liberal art.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/rupr/hd_rupr.htm (677 words)

	Royalty.nu - The Habsburgs
		An Abecedarium: Illuminated Alphabets from the Court of Emperor Rudolf II by Lee Hendrix and Thea Vignau-Wilberg.
		The School of Prague: Painting at the Court of Rudolf II by Thomas Dacosta Kaufmann.
		Joseph II: In the Shadow of Maria Theresa, 1741-1780 by Derek Edward Dawson Beales.
	www.royalty.nu /Europe/Austria/Habsburgs.html (1282 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ferdinand II
		Emperor, eldest son of Archduke Karl and the Bavarian Princess Maria, b.
		Ferdinand annulled the privileges of the estates, declared void the concessions granted to the Bohemian Protestants by the Majestätsbrief of Rudolf II, and punished the heads of the insurrection with death and confiscation of goods.
		Entrusted with the execution of the ban against the Elector Palatine, Maximilian assisted by the Spaniards took possession of the electoral lands, and in 1632 was himself raised to the electoral dignity.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06040a.htm (1586 words)

	Medal of Emperor Rudolf II (Getty Museum)
		The Latin inscription on the front, RUDOLPHUS II ROM IMP AUG REX HUNG BOE, declares Rudolf the Supreme Emperor of the Romans, King of Hungary and Bohemia.
		The Latin inscription, ASTRUM FULGET CAES (The Emperor's Star Shines Brightly), along with the symbols of the twinkling star, the earth, and the Habsburg eagle, suggest Rudolf's supremacy and the prosperous future of the Habsburg dynasty.
		The emperor's elegant three-quarter pose and the subtle differentiation of textures on the medal demonstrate the high quality of the casting.
	www.getty.edu /art/gettyguide/artObjectDetails?artobj=1449 (201 words)

	The Imperial Court and Residential City.
		This exhibition on Emperor Rudolf II, monarch, patron of the arts and collector is held in the various halls of Prague Castle which were built during the reigns of Ferdinand I, Maximilian II and during the Rudolfine era itself.
		Rudolf II created ideal conditions for them at his residential seat, he built up the essential environment for their work, he followed the creative process and contributed to it with his advice and comments.
		The shroud, jewels and insignia were among the funeral effects of Rudolf II and his ancestors Ferdinand I, Anna Jagellon and Maximilian II who are buried in St. Vitus's Cathedral in Prague.
	www.vol.cz /RUDOLFII/imperial.html (905 words)

	Rudolf II and the Prague Court - Rijksmuseum Amsterdam - National Museum for Art and History
		Rudolf II and the Prague Court - Rijksmuseum Amsterdam - National Museum for Art and History
		The Habsburg emperor, Rudolf II (1552-1612), is one of the key patrons of the arts
		Rudolf surrounded himself with Europe's leading, innovative artists and lavished huge sums on art.
	www.rijksmuseum.nl /aria/aria_encyclopedia/00046875?lang=en (292 words)

	Aegidius Sadeler after Hans von Aachen: Portrait of Rudolph II (51.501.6469) \| Object Page \| Timeline of Art History \| ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This allegorical bust-length portrait of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II was engraved by Aegidius Sadeler after a painting by Hans von Aachen.
		Bracketing the portrait are personifications of Rudolf's enlightened reign.
		Sadeler, who worked successively as imperial engraver for Rudolf II, Matthias, and Ferdinand II, was awarded a license to publish his prints in 1601, prompting the increased circulation of glorifying portraits like this one.
	www.metmuseum.org /TOAH/hd/rupr/hod_51.501.6469.htm (266 words)

	North Texas Institute for Educators on the Visual Arts
		Arcimboldo served three Hapsburg emperors of the Holy Roman Empire: Ferdinand I (from 1558-1564), Maximilian II (from 1564-1576), and Rudolf II (from 1576-1612).
		The eleven years the artist spent with Rudolf II were probably the peak of his career.
		Rudolf II was a clever and cultured man, greatly interested in chemistry, alchemy, astronomy and astrology; and was himself something of a scholar and an artist.
	www.art.unt.edu /ntieva/news/vol_13/no_2/page7.htm (486 words)

	ArtScope.net News
		It represents a vignette in the myth of Cupid and Psyche in which she is commanded by Venus to fetch a flask of Persephone's beauty from Hades.
		In the Bust of Rudolf II (1603, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna), de Vries created an imposing portrait of the bearded Emperor; his armored torso turns to convey a sense of movement, a dramatic quality associated with later Baroque art.
		Rudolf II placed the bust in his imperial Kunstkammer, a gallery reserved for marvelous curiosities as well as precious works of art.
	www.artscope.net /NEWS/news062999-2.shtml (1324 words)

	Iranica.com - AUSTRIA
		In 1526, King Ludwig II of Hungary was killed in a battle against the Turks, and Ferdinand, the brother of Karl V, was elected king of Bohemia and Hungary.
		The emperor had to come to an agreement with the Hungarians, and thus from 1867 onwards it was the Austro-Hungarian empire.
		Emperor Karl I, who had succeeded to the throne after the death of Emperor Franz Joseph I in 1916, abdicated on 11 November 1918.
	www.iranica.com /newsite/articles/sup/Austria.html (8236 words)

	North Texas Institute for Educators on the Visual Arts
		Rudolf II was at times suspicious of the papal policy, while his relations with Spain were somewhat inharmonious.
		Vertumnus is a head and shoulder portrait of Emperor Rudolf II, showing him full face in the form of Vertumnus, the ancient Roman god of seasons and ripening of plant life.
		This picture is the crowning achievement among all the paintings that Arcimboldo made for glory of Rudolf II or the other Hapsburg rulers.
	www.art.unt.edu /ntieva/news/vol_13/no_2/page8.htm (694 words)

	Witches Net. Around the World: Austriant witchcraft and Witches. History of Witches.
		In Austria witchcraft peaked during the reign of Emperor Rudolf II (1576-1612) who was influenced by witch haters of his closest advisors.
		Emperor Rudolf II convinced everyone who was once considered mad must be a witch and would have them burned at the stake.
		Little evidence was needed for most people who might be found to hold a pot of ointment or bones or if a child accused you of being a witch or because you may be the child of a so called witch.
	www.witches.net /austrianwitchcraft.htm (169 words)

	The Thirty Years War, 1618-1648
		Emperor Rudolf, as King of Bohemia, cancelled the religious toleration protestants enjoyed in Bohemia (1609).
		Emperor Matthias died in 1619, and, despite a protestant majority in the council of electors, Ferdinand of Habsburg was elected his successor.
		Emperor Ferdinand, lacking the funds to raise a force against Bohemia, borrowed from Duke Maximilian of Bavaria, giving him Upper Austria as a pawn; where the Counterreformation now was implemented forcefully.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/17cen/xxxywar.html (2207 words)

	Life and Times of Tycho Brahe
		This Nicholas Reimers Ursus was appointed court mathematician to the unholy Roman emperor Rudolf II in Prague.
		Rudolf spent several years in Spain with king Philip II and when he arrived back in Vienna he poisoned his father, Emperor Maximilian II.
		Rudolf is a superstition Roman Catholic and the principal task of his court mathematician is the preparation of HORSOSCOPES.
	www.reformation.org /tycho-brahe.html (2023 words)

	Matthias — FactMonster.com
		Matthias, 1557–1619, Holy Roman emperor (1612–19), king of Bohemia (1611–17) and of Hungary (1608–18), son of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II.
		In the same year Matthias was recognized as head of the house of Hapsburg and as future Holy Roman emperor, as a result of Rudolf's illness.
		After Matthias's accession as Holy Roman emperor, his policy was dominated by Klesl, who hoped to bring about a compromise between Catholic and Protestant states within the empire in order to strengthen it.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0832253.html (355 words)

	The Galileo Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		He served Emperor Rudolf II and Sigismund III simultaneously in the 1590s.
		In 1599, he was accused before the municipal court of Prague of being responsible for the death of a friend and fellow alchemist, Koralek, and sentenced to prison.
		He was lured to the court of Duke Friedrich of Wuerttemberg at Stuttgart in 1605, who had noticed Sendivogius' claim in De lapide philosophorum (1604) to possess the secret of the philosopher's stone.
	galileo.rice.edu /Catalog/NewFiles/sendivog.html (944 words)

	Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Matthias (February 24, 1557 - March 20, 1619) of the House of Habsburg reigned as Holy Roman Emperor from 1612-1619, as King of Hungary from 1608-1619 (as Matthias II), and as King of Bohemia from 1611-1617.
		Matthias the magnificent was born in the Austrian capital of Vienna to Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria of Spain.
		Matthias married Archduchess Anna of Austria, daughter of his uncle Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria, whose successor in Further Austria Matthias became in 1595.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mathias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (442 words)

	Giornale Nuovo: Typotius
		Typotius, who was Rudolf’s court historiographer, wrote Latin commentaries upon the images, except in the third of the volumes, where this task was undertaken by one Anselm Boethius de Boodt, an alchemist, gemmologist and a physician to the emperor.
		According to Eliška Fučikova, in her long essay ‘Prague Castle under Rudolf II,’ Typotius had studied in Italy, and had published several books on questions of government, law, and ethics, before arriving at Prague in 1598.
		Nicolette Mout, in her essay on ‘The Court of Rudolf II and Humanist Culture,’ mentions that Typotius had also written treatises advocating escalation of the on-going ‘Long War’ against the Turks.
	www.spamula.net /blog/2005/12/typotius_1.html (977 words)

	The Open Door Web Site : History Biographies : Albrecht Wenzel von Wallenstein (1583 - 1634)
		He distinguished himself as a soldier during the Bohemian Rebellion (1618-1623) and was quickly promoted through the ranks, first by Rudolf II and later by his successor, Ferdinand II.
		Ferdinand II was wary of Wallenstein's ambition and, in 1630, he dismissed him as commander of his armies.
		The Swedish king, Gustavus II and his Protestant army had invaded Germany two years earlier and were still within the borders of the empire.
	www.saburchill.com /history/biblio/018.html (436 words)

	CzechSite: Czech History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Charles IV (1346-78), as king of Bohemia and Holy Roman emperor, Prague grew into one of the largest cities in Europe.
		Rudolf II and was made the seat of the Habsburg Empire.
		Rudolf II established great collections of art and renowned artists and scholars were invited to his court.
	www.czechsite.com /history.html (413 words)

	ART / 4 / 2DAY
		The Emperor gathered together important artists: painters, sculptors, goldsmiths, who developed a characteristic style as important as that of the Fontainebleau school flowered at the same period in France.
		One component of the Rudolphean style was the painting of the Flemish Spranger, another that of von Aachen and the third that of the Swiss Joseph Heintz.
		The symbolism was intended to praise the Emperor's peaceful policies, which had led to prosperity and the flourishing of the arts and sciences.
	www.safran-arts.com /42day/art/art4jan/art0106.html (8374 words)

	Archduke Ferdinand II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		He was the second son of the Roman-German Emperor Ferdinand I (1503-1564).
		The legality of the marriage was upheld in 1561 on condition that all resultant children renounce any claim to the succession.
		Together with those of Emperor Rudolf II and the Elector August I of Saxony, the collection of Archduke Ferdinand II housed in the Arts and Treasure Chamber at Ambras Palace, rated as the most important of its kind.
	www.nhm-wien.ac.at /NHM/mineral/Ferdinand2e.htm (306 words)

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