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Topic: Emperor Seamounts

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	Seamount - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A seamount is a mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface (sea level), and thus is not an island.
		Seamounts are often found in groupings or submerged archipelagos, a classic example being the Emperor Seamounts, which are an extension of the Hawaiian Islands, which were formed millions of years ago by volcanism, and have since subsided to below sea level.
		Seamounts often project upwards into shallower zones more hospitable to sea life, providing habitats for marine species that are not found on or around the surrounding deeper ocean bottom.
	www.a013.com /wiki/Seamount (784 words)

	Emperor Seamounts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Emperor Seamounts are a chain of submerged volcanic mountains extending from the northwestern Hawaiian Islands in a northwesterly direction until approximately 170º east longitude where they trend north toward the tip of the Aleutian Islands and Kamchatka.
		The Emperors are the submerged remnants of volcanic islands of what we now call the Hawaiian Islands and are part of the Hawaii-Emperor Seamount Chain.
		The plate is being subducted at the trenches bordering the north Pacific rim.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/em/Emperor_Seamounts.html (259 words)

	[No title]
		Genetic Differentiation of Seamount and Basin Populations of the Deep-Sea Amphipod Eurythenes-Gryllus.
		1985 Krylova, E.M. Bivalve Molluscs of the Genus Rhinoclama (Septibranchia, Cuspidariidae) From Seamounts.
		Gorgonacea and Antipatharia from the Rockeway, Atlantis, Plato, Great-Meteor and Josephine seamounts (the Atlantic Ocean) [Sostav i puti formirovaniya donnoj fauny...].
	seamounts.sdsc.edu /SMRefNoAbstract.txt (16033 words)

	[No title]
		We suggest that the southern Emperor Seamount populations serve as the source for replenished annual recruitment to the small population at Southeast Hancock Seamount Boldyrev, V.Z., V.B. Darnitskij, and M.Y. Kulikov.
		This conforms with a hypothesis that invertebrates of oceanic islands and seamounts tend to have short-lived pelagic larval stages, ensuring the greatest retention and conservation of propagules Carriol, R.P. A New Pedunculate Cirripede (Thoracica, Heteralepas) From the Northeast Atlantic Ocean.
		It is part of a chain of seven islands and seamounts extending along the West Wind Drift from Gough and Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic to Amsterdam and St. Paul in the southern Indian Ocean.
	seamounts.sdsc.edu /SMRefAbstract.txt (17224 words)

	g08 Kinematic theory of plate tectonics
		The abrupt 60 degree bend in the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain is evidence that the direction of plate movement does not drag the hotspot with it or cause the rising hot plume to deviate significantly from its vertical rise.
		The trend of the Emperor ridge is mostly due to the movement of the hotspot during the Early Tertiary.
		The Hawaiian-Emperor volcanic aseismic-ridge (gray) is a chain of volcanic seamounts and islands that does not lead away from a ridge, is not parallel a trench, and is not associated with an active fault.
	geowords.com /histbooknetscape/g08.htm (1547 words)

	GEOL205: Island Chain
		The oldest seamounts are found at the northwest end, poised to plunge beneath the Aleutian volcanic arc, carried downward with the oceanic lithosphere as it is consumed.
		From the bend north along the Emperor chain the age difference steadily decreases until it is less than 10 million years for the oldest known volcanos in the chain.
		As the seamounts are carried further from the "hot spot", they are dragged down by the aging sea floor until coral reefs and atoll are found more than a kilometer beneath the surface of the sea--a depth much to great for light-loving coral to grow.
	www.uhh.hawaii.edu /~kenhon/GEOL205/Chain/default.htm (3790 words)

	Did Emperor seamounts subduct?
		In this case, there was no collision of the Emperor Seamounts and the Obruchev Rise in particular with the Asian mainland and this collision could not result in a change in the direction of movement of the Pacific plate at ~43 Ma.
		In this case, some of the oldest fragments of the Emperor Seamounts located between the Obruchev Rise and the northernmost terminus of the volcanic chain would be preserved on the northeastern Asian continental margin.
		If the Emperor Seamounts continue to the north-northwest, beyond the well-known chain that is preserved on the sea floor, than this continuation must have been subducted beneath the Aleutian arc and then transported along dextral strike-slip faults in the basement of the Aleutian arc after 43 Ma.
	www.mantleplumes.org /Kamchatka2.html (3587 words)

	Geotimes - August 2003 - Hawaiian Hotspot
		The line of volcanic isles, known as the Hawaiian Ridge, intersects a line of older volcanoes called the Emperor Seamounts.
		Most geologists have long thought that the Hawaiian Islands formed by the Pacific plate moving over a hotspot plume that sat fixed in the mantle; however, recent research suggests a moving hotspot could have been responsible.
		Tarduno's research is based on paleomagnetic and radiometric age data from lava samples collected during an ocean drilling project.
	www.geotimes.org /aug03/WebExtra081103.html (437 words)

	Atolls and Reefs
		The northernmost Emperor seamount is more than 70 million years old and may have originated from the present-day Hawaiian hot spot.
		SeamountA seamount is a volcano that rises from the seabed but does not emerge above the surface of the water.
		The most well-known chain of seamounts is the Emperor Seamounts of the North Pacific Ocean, which stretch northwards from the Midway Islands towards the Kamchatka Peninsula of Siberia.
	www.pacificislandtravel.com /nature_gallery/pacificislands.htm (1695 words)

	GEOCHEMICAL VARIABILITY OF THE HAWAIIAN HOTSPOT
		Specifically, Pacific plate velocity (relative to the Hawaiian hotspot) was variable, from ~5 cm/yr at the northern end of the Emperor seamounts to ~10 cm/yr at the southern end, decreasing abruptly to ~5 cm/yr after the change in orientation at the bend before increasing again to 9 cm/yr along the Hawaiian Ridge (Fig.
		Deep sampling of the Emperor Seamounts provides the means to examine the range and scale of compositional variability of the Hawaiian hotspot over much longer periods (>80 m.y.) and through changes in plate tectonic setting (near-spreading ridge to midplate).
		Detroit seamount lavas range from alkalic to tholeiitic compositions, consistent with preshield to main-shield stages; Nintoku Seamount lavas are dominantly alkalic compositions, consistent with waning postshield stage; Koko Seamount lavas are dominantly tholeiitic compositions, consistent with main-shield stage eruptions.
	www-odp.tamu.edu /publications/197_SR/synth/synth_3.htm (1889 words)

	ScienceWeek
		The term "seamount" refers to a submarine peak (mountain) which does not rise above sea level, and which is often found in chains presumably resulting from the lithosphere migrating over a hotspot.
		If all Emperor seamounts were at 19ºN when they erupted, this would suggest that the hotspot source was fixed at 19ºN with respect to the North Pole and that there was northward motion of the Pacific plate.
		The recent Emperor Seamount drilling results reveal that there was also southward drift of the hotspot plume beneath the Pacific plate, contrary to the fixed-hotspot hypothesis.
	scienceweek.com /2003/sb031010-4.htm (777 words)

	No plume for Hawaii
		"The obvious alternative" to plumes forming seamount chains is "extension that permits rise of partial melt from the asthenosphere" [between the mantle and crust].
		Thus the en echelon segments in seamount chains are "extensional fissures", so that extension controls the propagation of the chain.
		The Emperor Seamounts: Southward Motion of the Hawaiian Hotspot Plume in Earth's Mantle.
	www.newgeology.us /presentation37.html (2468 words)

	The "fixed" hotspot that created Hawaii was not stationary after all, study finds: 7/03
		The Hawaiian Islands are part of a long chain of volcanoes collectively known as the Hawaiian-Emperor Seamounts that stretch some 3,600 miles along the floor of the Pacific -- from the Big Island of Hawaii to Alaska's Aleutian Trench.
		To test this hypothesis and determine the true origin of the Emperor Seamounts, Tarduno, Scholl and other scientists embarked on a two-month excursion aboard the research vessel JOIDES Resolution to collect samples of solidified lava flows from four submerged volcanoes that form part of the Seamounts chain.
		Researchers were able to verify the latitudes at which the Seamounts formed by determining the angles at which the magnetite had frozen.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/news/pr/03/seamount86.html (800 words)

	11-Related Evidence
		The Emperor Seamounts stretch southward from a point near the Kuril-Aleutian Trench conjunction, but at approximately 33°N latitude, 171°E longitude, the Emperor Chain abruptly changes direction to the southeast, becoming the Hawaiian Island Chain.
		Sediments cored near several seamounts of the Emperor Chain and the Hawaiian Islands disclosed a pattern of decreasingly younger ages (~70, 65, 55, 56 Ma) from the Kuril-Aleutian Trench conjunction to Midway Island (~20 Ma) to Hawaii Island (~2 Ma).
		Wilson, assuming subduction, postulated that the northern Pacific seafloor is moving northwestward, carrying the Emperor Seamounts and Hawaiian Islands with it to be subducted into the Asian trenches.
	www.expanding-earth.org /page_11.htm (1352 words)

	Blank (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Paleolatitude determinations using paleomagnetic data showed quite a southerly shift in the hotspot during the formation of the Emperor Seamounts and that this motion may have slowed considerably around about the time of the "bend" and the beginning of the Hawaiian chain.
		This suggests that a chnage in plate motion was not responsible for the "dog leg" in this seamount chain.
		Geochemical research currently underway is looking at the evolution of Nintoku Seamount, possible geochemical signatures of the Earth's outer core along the Hawaiian-Emperor chain, and using plagioclase crystal stratigraphy to document magma evolution.
	www.nd.edu /~cneal/Emperor.html (191 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain
		The seamount chain, containing over 80 identified undersea volcanoes, stretches over 3,600 miles from the Aleutian Trench in the far northwest Pacific to Lo‘ihi seamount, the youngest volcano in the chain, which lies about 35 km southeast of the Island of Hawai‘i.
		If the hot spot had remained above a fixed mantle plume during the past 80 million years, the latitude as determined by the orientation of the magnetite should be constant for each sample and should also signify original cooling at the same latitude as the current Big Island of Hawaii.
		Yet more recently published argon-argon ages of rocks from volcanoes of the southern and central Emperor chain better establish the age at which the bend formed.
	reference.com /browse/wiki/Emperor_Seamounts (632 words)

	The Emperor and Hawaiian chains
		Figure 4: Locations of seamounts and volcanoes of various ages on the Emperor and Hawaiian chains, along with their their theoretical positions, calculated from reconstructions of global plate motions, assuming a fixed locaation of the “hotspot” relative to a fixed Indo-Atlantic hotspot reference frame [from Raymond et al., 2000].
		This mechanism is inconsistent with the observation that OIB is widespread throughout the Pacific, occurring on thousands of seamounts where plumes are neither expected nor reasonable to postulate.
		The volcanoes of the Hawaiian chain, and possibly also the Emperors, feature long, nested, lateral rift zones which are rarely seen on other oceanic islands (see Samoa page).
	www.mantleplumes.org /Hawaii.html (5656 words)

	The Hawaiian Hotspot
		Weathering and erosion eventually lead to the older, inactive volcanoes receding back to sea level or below, as is the case with the Emperor Seamounts in the Hawaiian-Emperor chain (Cosmic Perspective).
		The submarine Emperor Seamounts display a characteristic that is not seen anywhere else in the world, though.
		The chain abruptly bends at a 60° angle at an age of 43 million years (Norton 1995), suggesting a comparable change of direction of the Pacific plate passing over the hotspot.
	www.geocities.com /cc_cass/index.htm (313 words)

	Hawaiian geology gets update - The Honolulu Advertiser - Hawaii's Newspaper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Geologists have established a new date for a sharp "bend" in the line of seamounts at the western end of the Hawaiian archipelago to 50 million years ago, which links it with the start of extended volcanic activity near the Marianas Islands, and possibly with the collision of India into Eurasia.
		They dated the Suiko Seamount at 60.9 million years ago, the north side of Koko Seamount at 52.6 and the south side of Koko at 50.4 million years ago.
		To the southeast of the bend is Kimmei Seamount at 47.9 million years ago and southeast of it, Daikakuji at 46.7.
	the.honoluluadvertiser.com /article/2006/Sep/04/ln/FP609050318.html (909 words)

	Hotspots [This Dynamic Earth, USGS]
		Specifically, Wilson hypothesized that the distinctive linear shape of the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamounts chain resulted from the Pacific Plate moving over a deep, stationary hotspot in the mantle, located beneath the present-day position of the Island of Hawaii.
		The magma, which is lighter than the surrounding solid rock, then rises through the mantle and crust to erupt onto the seafloor, forming an active seamount.
		By comparison, on the "Big Island" of Hawaii -- southeasternmost in the chain and presumably still positioned over the hotspot -- the oldest exposed rocks are less than 0.7 million years old and new volcanic rock is continually being formed.
	pubs.usgs.gov /gip/dynamic/hotspots.html (1002 words)

	No Title
		The bend, which separates the westward trending Hawaiian islands from the northward-trending Emperor seamounts (Figure 1) has no equal among the Earth's hotspot tracks; it is the clearest physical manifestation of a change in plate motion in a fixed hotspot reference frame.
		The other paleolatitude value from the Emperor trend that adequately averages secular variation was derived from Suiko Seamount (65 Ma) (Kono, 1980) (Figure 1).
		We can isolate the latitudinal history of the Emperor seamounts from that of the Hawaiian chain by subtracting the difference between the present-day latitudes of the 43 Ma bend and Hawaii from the present-day latitudes of each of the Emperor seamounts.
	www.earth.rochester.edu /pmag/odp-proposal523.html (6359 words)

	Rates of Plate Movement During the Phanerozoic
		In the graph below (from Clague and Dalrymple, 1987), radiometric ages of the Hawaii islands/Emporer Seamounts are plotted against distance from the Hawaiian hotspot.
		When the data are examined more closely, it is seen that the rates suggested for the Emperor Seamounts, northwest of the 43my bend, are actually a bit slower (~6.0 cm/yr) than those for the Hawaiian chain itself.
		Ages of Hawaiian Islands/Emperor Seamounts as a function of distance from the Hawaiian hotspot.
	www.geocities.com /earthhistory/plate2.htm (1613 words)

	Geomorphology: Chapter 3 Plate V-10
		These seamounts form an "elbow" with the Hawaiian volcanic chain and then trend north-south for 4800 km, disappearing to the north in the Kamchatka Trench.
		The bend in the chain where the Emperor Seamounts appear represents a direction change of the plate some 40 Ma ago.
		A shield volcano is defined as a great pile of lava flows, normally composed of basaltic rocks, whose gentle slopes (2 to 10°, downward from a central highpoint give it a profile likened to a warrior's shield resting face up -well illustrated by Hawaii (Figure V-10.1).
	daac.gsfc.nasa.gov /geomorphology/GEO_3/GEO_PLATE_V-10.shtml (864 words)

	Study says 'hotspot' that created Island chain drifted - The Honolulu Advertiser - Hawaii's Newspaper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The 3,800-mile Hawaiian Ridge-Emperor Seamounts chain of volcanoes that includes the Hawaiian Islands was formed by a plume of magma surging up from hundreds of miles below the Pacific Plate.
		Geophysicist John A. Tarduno of the University of Rochester was lead author of the study, which tested a mineral called magnetite taken from four submerged Seamounts volcanoes to determine where the volcanoes were formed.
		Magnetite residues in hot magma align with the Earth's magnetic pole and become locked in place as the lava cools, which allowed scientists to calculate the latitudes where the volcanoes were created.
	the.honoluluadvertiser.com /article/2003/Jul/25/ln/ln03a.html (536 words)

	06-065 (Geological Hotspots)
		New chemical evidence sheds light on the physical constraints of “hotspots” – locations where upwellings of Earth’s mantle material form seamounts and island chains.
		Although the existence of hotspots has been debated for the last 30 years, consistent data from uranium isotope decay series at eight island locations supports the idea that concentrated plumes of hot mantle material formed these islands.
		This trail of underwater mountains, known as the Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Chain or the Emperor Seamounts,
	www.brown.edu /Administration/News_Bureau/2006-07/06-065.html (573 words)

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