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	Emperor of Japan Encyclopedia Article @ Dishonour.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Although the emperor currently performs many of the roles of a ceremonial sovereign as head of state, there has been persistent controversy within Japan as to whether the emperor is in fact a true monarch in a political sense or merely a hereditary pretender holding such office within a constitutional parliamentary republic.
		Hence the emperor is simply a political actor within a government that does not truly adhere to the Westminster system where the position of "head of the state" requires a person of sovereignty or with popular mandate to assume that office.
		The acceptable source of imperial wives, brides for the emperor and crown prince, were even legislated into the Meiji-era imperial house laws (1889), which stipulated that daughters of Sekke (the five main branches of the higher Fujiwara) and daughters of the imperial clan itself were primarily acceptable brides.
	www.dishonour.net /encyclopedia/Emperor_of_Japan (4298 words)

	Emperor of Japan - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Cloistered Emperors have been known to come into conflict with their offical counterparts from time to time; a notable example is the Hogen Rebellion of 1156, in which the former Emperor Sutoku attempted to seize power from the current Emperor Go-Shirakawa.
		Although the Emperor performs many of the roles of a head of state, there has been a persistent controversy within Japan as to whether the Emperor is in fact head of state or merely someone who acts as one, as a political servant of a republican state.
		"emperor of emperors") is used primarily to describe a Chinese emperor or a foreign emperor, and teiō (帝王, lit.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Tenno (2191 words)

	Emperor Go-Shirakawa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Emperor Go-Shirakawa (後白河天皇 Go-Shirakawa Tennō) (October 18, 1127 – April 26, 1192) was the 77th imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
		Retired Emperor Toba expected him to be on the throne.
		When his brother, Emperor Konoe, died in 1155, Go-Shirakawa became emperor with support of Toba and a powerful lord Fujiwara no Tadamichi, since they were against Retired Emperor Sutoku and did not want his son to be the next emperor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emperor_Go-Shirakawa (717 words)

	Emperor of Japan - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The earliest monarch now listed as an emperor who is generally acknowledged by historians to have existed historically was Emperor Ojin, but the time of his reign is uncertain (presumably it was in late 4th century and/or in beginning of 5th century).
		Cloistered emperors have been known to come into conflict with the reigning emperor from time to time; a notable example is the Hogen Rebellion of 1156, in which former Emperor Sutoku attempted to seize power from the then current Emperor Go-Shirakawa.
		Emperor Kōkaku (reigned 1780-1817), the lineal ancestor of all subsequent emperors, was a scion of the Kan'in house.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Emperor_of_Japan (5301 words)

	1083-87. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Emperor Shirakawa (r.1072–86) continued to rule as a retired emperor after his abdication, and, after 1096, as a priestly retired emperor.
		The two civil wars of 1156 and 1159–60 had not been struggles for power between the court and the military clans, but the result was to make a single victorious warrior, backed by his personal troops, the dominant figure in Japanese politics.
		Goshirakawa, as retired emperor (1158–92), had some influence in the government, but in 1167 Kiyomori had himself appointed prime minister and gave important posts in the central and provincial governments to his clansmen.
	www.bartleby.com /67/387.html (610 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Retired Emperor Uda was probably one of the first examples of retired emperor exerting power, his successor Emperor Daigo being often sick.
		In 1086, Emperor Shirakawa in his turn, abdicated in favor of his son, Emperor Horikawa, who was 4 at the time.
		The objective of the Emperor may have been to protect his young son against his own younger brother, who was a serious pretendent to the throne, but strongly exerting his personal power after his retirement he set up in effect the Insei system and definitively weakened the regency.
	www.gamecheatz.net /games.php?title=Cloistered_rule (756 words)

	Emperor Konoe - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Emperor Konoe (近衛天皇 Konoe Tennō) (June 16, 1139 – August 22, 1155) was the 76th imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
		His father, Emperor Toba, ruled as cloistered emperor during his reign.
		Emperor Konoe, Genealogy, Life, Eras of his reign, 1139 births, 1155 deaths and Japanese emperors.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Emperor_Konoe_of_Japan (119 words)

	Samurai Rising
		Starting with Shirakawa-In, retired emperors who became Buddhist monks and lived the serenity of monastic life began exercising political control behind the scenes from their residence in the monastery.
		Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa was adamantly opposed to the Taira clan's rise to power under the forceful and ruthless direction of Taira Shigemori, head of the Taira clan.
		Shirakawa, who still had support from the Minamoto, attempted to lay a military ambush for Kiyomori with the aid of a minor lord named Minamoto Yukitsuna.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C05/E0504.htm (3097 words)

	A Chronology of Japanese History
		The emperor issues an edict mandating that all imperial princes and sons of aristocratic clans aspiring to government appointment first receive a Confucian education at the State College.
		Yōzei is forced by the regent to abdicate at the age of seventeen.
		Meanwhile, the Taira abandon Yashima (with the Emperor in tow) by sea.
	www.shikokuhenrotrail.com /japanhistory/heianhistory.html (3042 words)

	Heian Period Politics
		In 784 Emperor Kanmu decided to move the capital from Nara to escape the political influence of the Buddhist temples surrounding the capital.
		Uda retired early, at the age of 31, in an apparent attempt to use his wisdom and prestige as the father of the reigning emperor to insure that his young son was firmly in place as his successor.
		Instead, Shirakawa took power when he retired and set up his own alternate court, in the system which is known in English as the "Cloistered Government", since, like most emperors before him, he retired to a Buddhist monastery.
	www.courses.psu.edu /spcom/spcom483_sdp2/lectures/Bill/politicsemp.html (1776 words)

	The Ultimate Emperor Go-Toba of Japan Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference
		Emperor Go-Toba (後鳥羽天皇) (August 6, 1180 - March 28, 1239) was the 82nd imperial ruler of Japan.
		He was the fourth son of Emperor Takakura, and thus grandson of Emperor Go-Shirakawa.
		Go-Toba reigned as cloistered Emperor from 1198 till 1221 during reigns of three emperors, but his power was more limited than former cloistered Emperors in the Heian era.
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/Go-Toba (504 words)

	New Page 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Shirakawa tried to end the Fujiwara Regency around the year 1150 CE by establishing better relations with the samurai class for their military might.
		Emperor Shirakawa tried to get this samurai clan on his side by giving them land and political positions.
		The Minamoto push the Taira westward and install a new emperor at the capital of Kyoto after the original 8 year old was taken by the Taira.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~lgklau/week15/japan.htm (449 words)

	Shirakawa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Emperor Shirakawa was born in 1053 to Emperor Go-Sanjô and the posthumously appointed dowager empress Fujiwara no Mochiko.
		Despite this increase in imperial authority, it seems that Shirakawa wished to make the imperial house even more of a political force, and one in which his direct descendants could accede to the throne (Hurst, 1976, p 130).
		It was not until after the deaths of two of the heads of the Fujiwara family that Shirakawa began to take a truly active role in politics.
	instruct1.cit.cornell.edu /Courses/asian490/tml5/Bios/Shirakaw.htm (350 words)

	History and Government>
		At the top of the official hierarchy was the Tenno, or "Divine Emperor." The Emperor was both Confucian and Shinto; he ruled by virtue of the Mandate of Heaven and by legitimate descent from the Shinto Sun Goddess, Amaterasu.
		He retired in favor of his son Shirakawa in 1072 and was much freer to shape events now that he was unburdened of the many trappings of his former position.
		In that year, the retired emperor Toba forced his eldest son, the Emperor Sutoku, to abdicate in favor of a two-year old (borne by a favorite consort) to be known as Konoe.
	www.angelfire.com /rpg/nippon/history.html (5971 words)

	Outline of the Heianjidai, 794-1185 - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		Despite its foundations being based upon the Emperor Kanmu’s desires to escape the Buddhist institutions-caused tribulations in Heijokyo (Nara) and the military victory of the Minamoto under the guidance of Yoritomo, the whole Heianjidai was largely one of peace, an epoch of sophisticated cultural developments and hostility to open conflict.
		In 794, the Emperor Kanmu (or Kammu)(r.781-806) chose a piece of virgin territory upon which to establish his new capital, Heiankyo (the City of Peace and Tranquility), utilizing the model of the Tang Chinese capital of Chang’an (present-day Xian) to replace the former capital of Heijokyo (capital 710-784).
		Shirakawa had been the titular Emperor for fourteen years, but he remained as the influential Insei Emperor for another forty-three, and then in quick succession, the pattern was followed the Emperors Toba (r.1107-1123) and Go-Shirakawa (r.1155-1158), who respectively were Insei Emperors for twenty-seven and thirty-four years.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=2853 (3170 words)

	Sessho and Kampaku - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		In Japan, the Sesshō (摂政) was a title given to a regent who was named to assist an emperor when the emperor was still a child, before the coming of age, or female.
		The Kampaku (関白 Kanpaku) was theoretically a sort of chief advisor for the emperor, but was the title of a regent who assists an adult emperor.
		Kojiki reported that Emperor Ōjin was assisted by his mother the empress consort Jingū, but it is doubtful if it is a historical fact.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Sessho (765 words)

	Japan to 1615 by Sanderson Beck
		Shirakawa's cloister rule was continued by his grandson Toba from 1129 until he died in 1156.
		Emperor Takakura abdicated and was succeeded by the infant Antoku.
		Emperor Go-Daigo declared a new era in 1333; but in distributing Hojo estates favoritism and bribery caused many deserving applicants to go unrelieved, while the Emperor imposed a five percent income tax in order to build himself a new palace.
	www.san.beck.org /3-11-Japanto1615.html (17262 words)

	Feudal Japan: The Heiji War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In 1155, however, the succession to the throne fell vacant, and the naming of Go-Shirakawa as Emperor set off a small revolution, called the Hogen Disturbance, which was quelled by the clans of the Taira and the Minamoto.
		This was a turning point in Japanese history, for the power to determine the affairs of the state had clearly passed to the warrior clans and their massive private armies.
		Seeing this, it became apparent that the power of the Taira had to be clipped in some way, so the retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa attempted to lay a military trap for Kiyimori with the aid of a minor Genji lord, Yukitsuna.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/FEUJAPAN/HEIJI.HTM (886 words)

	Minamoto no Yoritomo - encyclopedia article about Minamoto no Yoritomo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The cloistered Emperor Toba and his son Emperor Go-Shirakawa sided with the son of Fujiwara regent Fujiwara no Tadazane, Fujiwara no Tadamichi as well as Taira no Kiyomori (a member of the Taira clan), while Cloistered Emperor Sutoku sided with Tadazane's younger son, Fujiwara no Yorinaga.
		In 1180, Prince Mochihito, a son of Cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa, humiliated by the Taira because of the Taira-backed accession of the throne of his nephew, Emperor Antoku (who was half Taira himself) made a national call to arms of the Minamoto clan all over Japan to rebel against the Taira.
		Yoritomo was defeated at Ishibashiyama in his first major battle, but in the end he triumphed over his rival cousins, who sought to steal from him control of the clan, and over the Taira, who suffered a terrible defeat at the Battle of Dan-no-ura in 1185.
	www.dr-science.org /wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo (986 words)

	[No title]
		The Chinese emperor formally recognises Ashikaga Yoshimitsu as the ruler of Japan, addressing him as the ヤKing of Japanユ in official correspondence.
		Toyotomi Hideyoshi is appointed kanpaku, (chief adviser to the Emperor).
		This school was later instrumental in development of the sonno-joi (Revere the Emperor; Expel the Intruders) movement that played a part in restoration of imperial rule and the downfall of the Edo shogunate.
	unpan1.un.org /intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN021949.htm (3585 words)

	Sekke - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In Japan, the Sessho (??) was a title given to a regent who was named to assist an emperor when the emperor was still a child, before the coming of age, or female.
		Kanpaku) was theoretically a sort of chief advisor for the emperor, but was the title of a regent who assists an adult emperor.
		Kojiki reported that Emperor Ojin was assisted by his mother the empress consort Jingu, but it is doubtful if it is a historical fact.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=Sekke (791 words)

	Other Imperial Family Members Involved in Court Politics
		The son of Shirakawa and the Empress Kenshi, Horikawa ruled from 1086-1107.
		Like his father, Horikawa exercised considerable power at court (Hurst, 1976, p 147), but his death at the age of twenty-nine shortened his rule, and it is reasonable to assume that during the first several years of his reign Horikawa was little more than a figurehead.
		Nijô's relationship with his father was rather fractious after he took the throne, especially since his father wanted to exercise as much influence as possible from his position as the head of the imperial family.
	instruct1.cit.cornell.edu /Courses/asian490/tml5/Bios/minor.htm (1195 words)

	Minamoto no Yoritomo
		On one side were Retired Emperor Toba and his son Emperor Go-Shirakawa, supported by Fujiwara no Tadamichi and Taira no Kiyomori, on the other was Retired Emperor Sutoku, supported by Fujiwara no Yorinaga.
		In 1158 at the age of 12 Yoritomo was given his first Imperial Court title, on the basis of his Imperial blood (the Seiwa Genji could trace their lineage to Emperor Seiwa, 858-876 AD) and his mother’s family political maneuvering.
		Once secure in the Emperor’s favor Yoritomo dispatches his best generals, his half brothers Minamoto no Noriyori and Minamoto no Yoshitune, who had rejoined their brother at an unknown date.
	www.samurai-archives.com /mny.html (1836 words)

	The Samurai: A Brief History
		His successor, the Emperor Kobun, was usurped in a civil war that saw the rise of the Emperor Temmu (Hakuho) in 673.
		The emperor ordered a retaliatory expedition organized but this did not actually depart until 794 owing to logistical difficulties and the movement of the capital to Kyoto.
		In that year, the retired emperor Toba forced his eldest son, the Emperor Sutoku (r.1123-1441), to abdicate in favor of a two-year old (borne by a favorite consort) to be known as Konoe.
	members.tripod.com /epathy/id217.htm (13047 words)

	Notes for Tale of Heike, Chapter 4
		These emperors (note that there is a name change in that the "Retired Emperor"** is now Takakura, not Go-Shirakawa, so when the text mentions Go-Shirakawa, it uses his full name.
		Takakura is forced to abdicate the throne and the new emperor is his son Antoku, age three.
		Another one of Michihito's sons is spirited off to the north, where the Minamoto have greater territorial control, with hopes that later he might be emperor.
	www.sonic.net /~tabine/Heike/Heikechpt04.html (1322 words)

	Yuki Sato, 12th-century song in Emperor's hand found (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A collection of songs believed to have been compiled by the 12th-century Emperor Go-Shirakawa and thought to have been lost forever has been found in Tokyo, Ueno Gakuen University officials said.
		Experts believe the discovery of fragments of the Ryojin Hisho, a collection of then contemporary songs, will make a significant contribution to the nation's cultural research, particularly as the contents of much of the 20-part compilation by Emperor Go-Shirakawa remain a mystery.
		The fragments found are from a 12th-century song that refers to someone who has lost a lover.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/55a/404.html (278 words)

	Emperor Shirakawa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Emperor Shirakawa (白河天皇 Shirakawa Tennō) (July 7, 1053 – July 24, 1129) was the 72nd imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
		(藤原賢子)—daughter of Minamoto Akifusa (源顕房), adopted by Fujiwara Morozane (藤原師実); mother of Emperor Horikawa
		This page was last modified 09:25, 4 October 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emperor_Shirakawa (479 words)

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