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Topic: Emperor Shizong of Ming China

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	Ancient Chinese Archaeology and Artifacts
		During the Ming Dynasty established by Han Chinese coming from an agricultural society in central China, people believed the existence of an after-world, where the dead "lived" a life similar to that of the living.
		The Dingling Tomb is the tomb of Emperor Wanli (reigned 1573-1619), the 13th emperor of the Ming Dynasty, whose personal name was Zhu Yijun, and of his two empresses, Xiao Duan and Xiao Jing.
		Changling is the tomb of emperor Yongle (reigned 1403-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty whose personal name was Zhu Di, and of his empress.
	www.crystalinks.com /chinartifacts.html (1717 words)

	Emperor Wu of Han - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Emperor Wu successfully repelled the nomadic Xiongnu from systematically raiding northern China and dispatched his envoy Zhang Qian in 139 BC to seek an alliance with the Yuezhi of modern Uzbekistan.
		Emperor Wu was born as Prince Che to Emperor Jing and one of his favorite concubines, Consort Wang Zhi in 156 BC.
		Emperor Wu was greatly pleased by this gesture, and he dispatched an expedition force to attack Minyue, over the objection of one of his key advisors, Liu An, a royal relative and the Prince of Huainan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han_China (5919 words)

	Exploring Chinese History :: Biographical Database :: Imperial China- (?- 1644) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Guang Wudi Emperor of Eastern Han; 光武皇帝; Guang Wudi (January 15, 5 BCE- March 29, CE 57)- Born Liu Xiu, Emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty, restorer of the dynasty in CE 25 and thus founder of the Later Han or Eastern Han.
		After assembling forces and proclaiming himself emperor in the face of competitors, he was able to defeat his rivals, destroy the peasant army of the Chimei (Red Eyebrows, 赤眉), known for their disorganization and marauding, and finally reunify the whole of China in CE 36.
		The emperor devoted great personal care to the whole project, and in his instruction to the ministers told them that the code of laws should be comprehensive and intelligible, so as not to leave any loophole for lower officials to misinterpret the law through twisting its language.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/bio.1imp.html (14975 words)

	China: Chinese history: Ming-Dynasty
		China’s security continued be the main priority in the following years by his successors by way of a consequential politics of expansion.
		The new emperor was deeply driven by mistrust against the educated officials, which can presumably be explained by inferiority complexes, since he was clearly inferior to his court officials at least with regards to literary education.
		The fact that the emperor of the Ming was not able to prevent this from happening, does clarify the powerlessness of the declining dynasty at that time all the more.
	www.chinaorbit.com /china-culture/chinese-history/ming-dynasty-china.html (1169 words)

	Ming Dynasty -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China
		Ming Emperor Taizu's emissary to Timur, i.e., Fu An, was detained in Central Asia.
		Emperor decreed that protocol official examine the sincerity and authenticity of the delegation, with an order to ban exchange and trade between two countries should there be lack of such sincerity and authenticity.
		Ming China, at Macao, instituted officials in charge of customs inspection, pirate defence, coastline patrolling, imperial decree office and etc. In 1608, Xiangshan County magistrate Cai Shanji stipulated ten rules for managing Macao and in 1611 submitted the ten rule regulation to Governor Zhang Minggang.
	www.uglychinese.org /ming.htm (13451 words)

	Ming Empire 1368-1644 by Sanderson Beck
		Scholars criticized the Emperor for harsh methods; but in 1385 Hongwu had his vice-minister of revenue and hundreds of others executed for embezzling, and the minister of personnel was accused of slandering the head of the National University and was put to death.
		During a struggle for power in Annam (northern Vietnam) a Ming army of 215,000 invaded in 1406, and it was declared a Chinese province; but a liberation movement began in 1408, accelerated in 1418, and was a problem Yongle left to his successors.
		China reopened trade relations in 1403 with Japan's Shogun Yoshimitsu; his successor Yoshimochi refused to have official trade relations with the Ming court, though private trade continued.
	www.san.beck.org /3-7-MingEmpire.html (23715 words)

	Portraits of Emperors
		Kangxi was the 4-th emperor of the Qing Dynasty.
		The portrait shows the young emperor Kangxi, sitting at his writing table and holding a thick writing brush.
		On the marble top of the table there are paper, ink, brush and inkstone, the "Four Treasures of the Study"; they are the tools of the painter and calligrapher.
	www.chinapage.com /emperor.html (241 words)

	The Ming Dynasty -- 1368 - 1644 AD -- Bibliography
		China and the Mongols: History and legend under the Yuan and Ming.
		China, the Portuguese, and the Nanyang: oceans and routes, regions and trades (c.
		Arctic Routes to Fabled Lands: Olivier Brunel and the Passage to China and Cathay in the Sixteenth Century.
	hua.umf.maine.edu /China/ming.html (2044 words)

	Ming Dynasty -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China
		Ming Emperor Taizu's emissary to Timur, i.e., Fu An, was detained in Central Asia.
		Emperor decreed that protocol official examine the sincerity and authenticity of the delegation, with an order to ban exchange and trade between two countries should there be lack of such sincerity and authenticity.
		Ming China, at Macao, instituted officials in charge of customs inspection, pirate defence, coastline patrolling, imperial decree office and etc. In 1608, Xiangshan County magistrate Cai Shanji stipulated ten rules for managing Macao and in 1611 submitted the ten rule regulation to Governor Zhang Minggang.
	www.republicanchina.org /ming.htm (13456 words)

	Ethics of China 7 BC To 1279 by Sanderson Beck
		In 65 CE Ming Di pardoned for subversion his brother, the king of Chu, because he had recited the subtle words of Lao-zi and honored the humane cult of the Buddha.
		As the Sui empire was disintegrating, Yang Di fled to southern China, where he was assassinated in his bath by a descendant of the Yuwen family and the son of his general Yuwen Shu in 618.
		Bei was drawn to Chinese culture and in 934 urged the Khitans to invade northern China.
	www.san.beck.org /AB3-China.html (20851 words)

	China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Revered in China during his lifetime in a way not easy for non-Chinese to understand, he was enormously influential around the world as well.
		It is essentially a corridor running from the upper Yellow River in the east, along the verge between the Tibetan plateau on the one hand and the Gobi desert on the other, to the edge of the Xinjiang wastes in the west.
		It formed with the encouragement of China, which needed a buffer zone between itself and the then-aggressive Tibetans, but Nan Chao soon became expansionist in it's own right, and proved to be a considerable threat to China at times.
	www.hostkingdom.net /china.html (2189 words)

	Yuan Ming Yuan, the Garden of Gardens
		Little changed until 1689, when theKangxi Emperor Shengzu began construction of a vast pleasure ground between Beijing and the West Hills known as the "three hills and five gardens." This was the Chang Chun Yuan, built near the site of an earlier garden built at the end of the Ming Dynasty.
		Emperors and their wives lived in the Summer Palace from the start of the Chinese New Year to the end of autumn, when they returned to the Forbidden City in Beijing.
		Along the shoreline and among the trees, hundreds of lanterns gave the effect of a starry night as the golden vessel silently moved across the lake, engulfed in the soft glow of red light.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C19/tp/TP1907b.htm (1367 words)

	Shi Zong, Emperor Ming Dynasty
		Shi Zong, Zhu Houzong, 1522 - 1566, Emperor Ming Dynasty
		When Emperor Wuzong died without a direct heir, His cousin Zhu Houzong, succeeded him.
		Authoritarian, but unlike his cousin little disposed to take charge of the government, he did nothing to impede the Mongol incursions in the northwest as well as raids by Japanese pirates on the coast.
	www.paulnoll.com /China/Dynasty/Ming-1522-Shi-Zong.html (89 words)

	East Asia Publications Series, Asian Studies Association of Australia
		Countering recent arguments that homosexuality was marginal and disparaged during this period, this book also seeks to trace the relationship of homoeroticism to status and power, arguing that existing paradigms for the study of sexuality, centred on identity and behaviour, must be extended and placed within the larger context of sexual culture.
		At the close of the nineteenth century the kingdom of Korea became a battleground at the centre of the tripartite rivalry between China, Japan, and Russia, culminating in its official incorporation into the Japanese empire in 1910.
		The heat and passion generated during this controversy ended only after Shizong had used the full force of the autocracy of the throne, had beaten to death seventeen of his leading officials, and had alienated a great number of the rest.
	iceaps.anu.edu.au /asaa_publications/east_asia.html (1843 words)

	New Page 1
		Chinese porcelain was a discovery through the many years of development and manufacture of the pot making techniques specific to China.
		One of the well known ancient kilns, Chaiyao Kiln was known as the royal kiln for Emperor Zhou Shizong, Later Zhou of Five Dynasties, whose family name was Chai after which the kiln was named.
		A stoneware pillow in the Sir Percival David Collection bears an incised poem by the emperor Ch'ien Lung calling it Chai ware, but it is virtually indistinguishable from ChÄn.
	www.bonsaiinformation.com /Potsforbonsai/PotNotes.htm (776 words)

	China
		Note: Emperors are listed with their personal name (ming), followed by their temple name (miaohao), posthumous name (shi), and the era name (nianhao) roughly coextensive with the particular reign (note that the overlap is not perfect).
		On 5 Nov 1924, the Emperor was forced to leave the Forbidden City by a faction of the army of the Republic of China and the above mentioned privileges ended.
		Note: The name of the polity is still Republic of China, but it overlaps the preceding polity of that name, has a different flag and government system, and eventually a different capital (Nanjing; Beijing is in fact deprived of the name-part jing, meaning capital, and is renamed Beiping after the demise of the "warlord" regime).
	www.worldstatesmen.org /China.html (4491 words)

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