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Topic: Emperor Shomu

	Emperor Of Japan
		Although the emperor currently performs many of the roles of a ceremonial sovereign as Head Of State, there has been persistent controversy within Japan as to whether the emperor is in fact a true Monarch in a political sense or merely a hereditary Pretender holding such office within a constitutional parliamentary Republic.
		Hence the emperor is simply a political actor within a government that does not truly adhere to the Westminster system where the position of "head of the state" requires a person of sovereignty or with popular mandate to assume that office.
		The acceptable source of imperial wives, brides for the emperor and crown prince, were even legislated into the Meiji -era imperial house laws (1889), which stipulated that daughters of Sekke (the five main branches of the higher Fujiwara) and daughters of the imperial clan itself were primarily acceptable brides.
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/Emperor_of_Japan (5087 words)

	Shomu
		Emperor Shōmu (聖武天皇) was the 45th imperial ruler of Japan.
		At the time, this was such a massive undertaking that later chroniclers accuse him of having completely exhausted the country's reserves of bronze and precious metals.
		The emperor personally painted in the statue's irises at the opening ceremony in 752 and declared himself a servant of the Buddha, the Buddhist teaching and the Buddhist monastic establishment, making this the closest anyone ever came to declaring Japan a Buddhist nation.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/em/Emperor_Shomu_of_Japan.html (106 words)

	Shomu - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Shomu (701-756), Nara period emperor of Japan (724-749).
		It was devoutly patronized by Emperor Shomu, who reigned from 724 to 749 and...
		akhet, the “inundation”; peret, the season when the land emerged from the flood; and shomu, the time when water was short.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Shomu.html (159 words)

	AcademicDB - The proclamation of the Emperor Shomu on the erection of the great Buddha image - Present an analytical ...
		AcademicDB - The proclamation of the Emperor Shomu on the erection of the great Buddha image - Present an analytical view of this piece, in order to establish its significance in regards to the state of Buddhism in Nara Japan.
		The proclamation of the Emperor Shomu on the erection of the great Buddha image - Present an analytical view of this piece, in order to establish its significance in regards to the state of Buddhism in Nara Japan.
		Home: Sociology: The proclamation of the Emperor Shomu on the erection of the great Buddha image - Present an analytical view of this piece, in order to establish its significance in regards to the state of Buddhism in Nara Japan
	www.academicdb.com /proclamation_the_emperor_shomu_on_erection_the_gr_6037 (312 words)

	Fujiwara no Fuhito at AllExperts
		Second son of Fujiwara no Kamatari (or, according to one theory, of Emperor Tenji), he had sons by two women, and those sons were the founders of the four principal lineages of the Fujiwara clan: the South, North, Ceremonial, and Capital lineages.
		In 697 Prince Karu, the son of Prince Kusakabe and therefore grandson of Emperor Temmu and Empress JitÅ, was appointed to the crown prince.
		In 701 Prince Obito, later the emperor Shomu was born by Miyako.
	en.allexperts.com /e/f/fu/fujiwara_no_fuhito.htm (496 words)

	Japan, 500–1000 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art
		Until 710, the capital city is usually moved after the death of the reigning emperor.
		Emperor Shomu establishes an official scriptorium (Shakyoshi, later called Shakyojo) within the grounds of the imperial palace.
		The practice of marrying their daughters to emperors and serving as regents to the resulting sons, who are frequently enthroned at a young age, forms the basis of Fujiwara influence.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/06/eaj/ht06eaj.htm (1253 words)

	SGI Library Online - The Writings of Nichiren Daishonin
		Emperor Kammu paid honor to the new establishment, designating it as a place of worship where prayers could be offered to the guardian star of the ruler.
		We may note in particular that Emperor Seiwa was able to ascend the throne as a consequence of the powerful prayers of the Reverend Eryo of Mount Hiei.
		The emperor’s maternal grandfather, the Minister of the Right Kujo, for this reason submitted a written pledge of his fidelity to Mount Hiei.
	www.sgilibrary.org /view.php?page=162&m=0&q= (630 words)

	Emperor Shomu's faith due to quake? \| American Buddhist Net
		They say the emperor likely was profoundly affected by a devastating earthquake that struck what is now Osaka and its vicinity in April 734 shortly after he had visited the area.
		Emperor Shomu issued a general amnesty in July that year, saying he himself was responsible for a series of natural disasters.
		"There may already have been a foundation for Emperor Shomu's embrace of the Buddhist faith," she said, citing his son's death at an early age and the influence of his wife, Empress Komyo, who was known for her charitable acts due to her Buddhist faith.
	americanbuddhist.net /node/955 (495 words)

	Page heading
		Before the Taiho Code was established, the capital was customarily moved after the death of an emperor because of the ancient belief that a place of death was polluted.
		Reforms and bureaucratization of government led to the establishment of a permanent imperial capital at Heijokyo, or Nara, in A.D. The capital at Nara, which gave its name to the new period (710-94), was styled after the grand Chinese Tang Dynasty (618-907) capital at Chang'an and was the first truly urban center in Japan.
		Fujiwara Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1158 against the heir apparent, who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto.
	www.u3abbay.org.au /japan/naraperiod.html (2608 words)

	Empress ruled the Empire? - China History Forum, chinese history forum (Site not responding. Last check: )
		She was simply a concubine of Tang Taizong that Emperor Gao Zhong of Tang retrieved from the nunnery (she was forced to go to a nunnery when Tai Zhong died, but the emperor Gao Zhong had her fished out of that place again) and was given a title rank of Gui Fei or something.
		The next female emperor was Empress Jito, a daughter of Tenji who reigned after the death of her husband Emperor Temmu in 686.
		Shomu's mother was a daughter of the powerful courtier Fujiwara Fubito, and so his accession received much support from the Fujiwara clan.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=469 (4342 words)

	Japan - The Establishment of Buddhism
		Shomu and his Fujiwara consort were fervent Buddhists and actively promoted the spread of Buddhism, making it the "guardian of the state" and strengthening Japanese institutions through still further Chinese acculturation.
		During Shomu's reign, the Todaiji (Great East Temple) was built, and within it was placed the Buddha Dainichi (Great Sun Buddha), a sixteen-meter-high, gilt-bronze statue.
		Shomu declared himself the "Servant of the Three Treasures" of Buddhism: the Buddha, the law or teachings of Buddhism, and the Buddhist community.
	countrystudies.us /japan/8.htm (533 words)

	Saiho-ji temple
		Emperor Shomu was an emperor of the Nara era.
		In the Nara era where Buddhism and politics were connected closely, Emperor Shomu especially was strong in faith for Buddhism, and he ordered each region to build a temple.
		In the background of Emperor Shomu, relying on Buddhism to unify the country, probably was a measure not to lose his power as the emperor.
	library.thinkquest.org /29295/saihoji.htm (869 words)

	Rissho Ankoku Ron: Question of Nationalism: Should the Dharma Serve the State?
		In light of the turmoil at the time, it is clear that the intent of Shomu’s decree was not simply to encourage Buddhism in Japan but also to enlist the aid of Buddhism in helping that state overcome the crises it faced.
		In addition, a copy of the Golden Light Sutra transcribed in gold ink by the emperor himself was to be placed in each pagoda, with prayers to various buddhas for the protection of the nation.
		Prayers were offered for eternal happiness of the spirits of deceased emperors and loyal officials from the Fujiwara and other major families; for the happiness and well-being of the reigning emperor and his family and of the Fujiwara, Tachibana, and other great clans; and for the defeat and destruction of wicked, rebellious subjects.
	nichirenscoffeehouse.net /Ryuei/RAR27.html (1701 words)

	[No title]
		Koken charged the ruling emperor with colluding with Nakamaro, and had him deposed and reascended the throne as Empress Shotoku from 764 to 770.
		It was at this point that she commissioned the printing of 1 million prayer charms, many examples of which survive, and which were known as the earliest printing in the world until an earlier example dating 751 was discovered in Korea in 1966.
		Fujiwara Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1158 against the heir apparent, who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto.
	membres.lycos.fr /isgtokyo/actua/history/chapter102.txt (2582 words)

	Kyoto Prefecture at AllExperts
		In 741, Emperor Shomu moved the capital briefly to a place called Kuni-kyo, between the cities of Nara and Kyoto, in present-day Kyoto Prefecture.
		In 794, Emperor Kammu moved the capital to Heian-kyo, and this was the beginning of the current-day city of Kyoto.
		Emperor Meiji, who was now the absolute sovereign, went to stay in Tokyo next year.
	en.allexperts.com /e/k/ky/kyoto_prefecture.htm (866 words)

	[No title]
		Toji attained this position of leadership when, during the reign of Emperor Daigo, its chief ajari was entrusted with the seal and key of the office of the Buddhist hierarchy (kosho) and thereby assumed overall administration of ecclesiastical affairs in the country.
		In accordance with an edict from Emperor Wu, Ho Kuang- the marquis of Po lu -was appointed commander in chief (ta ssu ma) and generalissimo and functioned as an imperial regent.
		Emperor Hsüan, however, insisted that "in all matters of government, Ho Kuang should still be consulted and his advice sought." Thus, the charge "to be consulted and advise (kampaku in Japanese) " came to be used as a title.
	sunsite.berkeley.edu /JHTI/cgi-bin/jhti/txt/bunjs02-e.txt (20041 words)

	Nara Temples: Todaiji
		Emperor Shomu had established the system of kokubunji, a network of provincial temples throughout Japan and he placed Todaiji at the apex of these state temples.
		Emperor Shomu, his wife Empress Komyo and his daughter the reigning Empress Kogen all took part in the solemn ceremony to dedicate the statue by "opening the eyes".
		752 by Roben on the behest of Emperor Shomu
	www.xs4all.nl /~daikoku/junrei/reijo/14-ban.htm (2521 words)

	:: Buddhist Travel ::
		It was after experiencing waves of troubles, that Emperor Shomu issued an edict in 741 to promote the construction of Provincial temples throughout the nation.
		In 743, Emperor Shomu issued a law in which he stated that the people should proactively be involved into the making of the new Buddha to protect themselves.
		In spite of Emperor Shomu's original wish, however, having consumed most of Japan's bronze production for several years the country was left almost bankrupt.
	www.buddhistravel.com /index.php?id=121,556,0,0,1,0 (688 words)

	India International Centre : Discussion Forums
		Emperor Shomu was greatly influenced by Buddhism, and contributed immensely to its growth in
		In an attempt to counter this calamity, the Emperor turned to Buddhism, and strongly felt that in order to rescue his subjects, it was necessary to spread the thinking of Buddhism.
		The sheer size of the statue and the temple was thus meant to illustrate the power of the state, and the Bodhisena’s participation in the ceremony signified his close association with the ruling monarch.
	www.iicdelhi.nic.in /program/program_detail.asp?ProgId=1743&CatgId=1 (786 words)

	TrekkerTime.com \| Site / Japan
		According to tradition, Emperor Jimmu was descended directly from the sun goddess, and had three sons, founding the dynasty.
		Tension arose between Ashikaga and the Emperor, leading to a samurai uprising and the banishment of Go-Daigo in 1336.
		The government was restructured under His Imperial Majesty the Emperor, who began modernizing the nation by importing technological advancements of the west.
	www.trekkertime.com /index.php/Site/Japan (2865 words)

	The 2002 Smithsonian Folklife Festival: Connecting Culture, Creating Trust
		It would not be unusual for Emperor Shomu and his consort to spend time in their palace in Nara listening to music, or even playing themselves.
		The emperor and his consort might have also listened to the music of the shamisen, a long-necked three-stringed wooden instrument with a small soundboard.
		Buddhism, brought to Japan from China, was embraced by the imperial court at Nara — especially Emperor Shomu and his daughter Empress Koken, who fell under the influence of a particularly ambitious priest.
	www.silkroadproject.org /smithsonian/nara/geography.html (860 words)

	East Asian Art & Archaeology - Newsletter
		Tôdaiji is the biggest of a group of Buddhist temples built by the Japanese Emperor Shomu in the 8th century to protect the nation and the dynasty.
		By establishing Buddhism as the state religion, Shomu succeeded in both strengthening the power of the imperial dynasty over rivaling aristocratic families and in forming a united empire.
		Emperor Shomu saw himself as the incarnation of this Buddha.
	www.umich.edu /~hartspc/NEAAA/issue62/members/exhibitions/articles/europe/62ger_3.html (375 words)

	Japan Society Education - Journey Through Japan
		Sumo matches were held in the presence of the emperor during the 7th to 8th centuries.
		But sumo was saved from the cultural rubbish heap by Emperor Meiji, who practiced the sport himself and had a tournament held in his presence in March 1884.
		Once the emperor showed his support, the attention of the opinion makers and the general public returned to sumo.
	www.journeythroughjapan.org /place_space/place_space_detail.cfm?id_news=93720142&type=1&full=1 (1281 words)

	Robin Beck: Life of Nichiren {2}
		According to some accounts, Zinnichi's family lineage was said to be descended from Emperor Shomu {701-756}, the 45th imperial ruler of Japan.
		Shōmu, a patron of Buddhism, is known as the first emperor whose empress was not born into the Imperial Household.
		Emperor Shomu also commissined the famous Mahavairochana Daibutsu, of Todaiji, in Nara.
	www.fraughtwithperil.com /blogs/rbeck/archives/000503.html (755 words)

	[No title]
		The deceased Imperial mother of Emperors Reizei and Enyu, known as Secondary Empress Yasuko, was a daughter of Lord KUJO Morosuke.
		@Emperor Enyu yielded the throne to Kazan in 984.
		In those days Emperors and their young brothers were all grandsons of a Regent or Chancellor; and when an Emperor passed the throne to his younger brother, a son of the abdicated elder brother was immediately appointed Crown Prince.
	sunsite.berkeley.edu /JHTI/cgi-bin/jhti/txt/bungk03-e.txt (14020 words)

	Shomu@Everything2.com
		Shomu (reigned 724-749) was a Japanese emperor who ruled at the height of the Nara Era in Japanese History.
		A great patron of Buddhism, Emperor Shomu had a temple built in every province.
		Shomu abdicated in 749 in favor of his daughter, the empress Koken, to pursue a meditative life as a Buddhist monk.
	everything2.com /index.pl?node=Shomu (158 words)

	Buddhism1
		For example, after the Jinshin rebellion, Emperor Ternmu periodically decreed observance of Buddhist practices and payment of stipends to Buddhist monasteries (Document 6), obviously in an attempt to acquire merits and to achieve peace and harmony in his realm.
		In 741 Emperor Shomu ordered that provincial monasteries and nunneries be established throughout the country, and provided sustenance households for them (Document 8).
		The Empress was taken ill. The Emperor in praying for her recovery made a vow on her behalf, and began the erection of the Yakushiji.
	www.sp.uconn.edu /~gwang/id103.htm (2271 words)

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