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Topic: Emperor Wen of Han

	Han Dynasty
		The western-eastern Han convention is used nowadays to avoid confusion with the Later Han Dynasty[?] of the Period of the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms though the earlier nomenclature was used in traditional historical texts like Si-ma Guang's Zi Zhi Tung Jian[?].
		The beginning of the Han Dynasty can be dated either from 206 BC when the Qin dynasty crumbled or 202 BC when Liu Bang killed Xiang Yu, the leader of a competing rebellion that sought to re-instate the Zhou dynasty aristocracies.
		Emperor Wu decided that Taoism is no longer suitable for China, and officially declared China to be a Confucian state; however, alike the emperors before him, he combined Legalist methods with the Confucian ideal.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ea/East_Han.html (1155 words)

	Emperor Wen of Han - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An incident otherwise uncharacteristic of Emperor Wen occurred in 176 BC.
		Emperor Wen was impressed, and made him a member of Crown Prince Qi's household.
		Emperor Wen was considered one of the most benevolent rulers in Chinese history.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Han (2352 words)

	Chinese History - Han Dynasty æ¼¢ event history (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		The army reform of Emperor Wudi lead to the stationing of garrisons throughout the empire, in the capitals of the commanderies (jun é¡), from 111 on the standing army was organized in eight commanderies (xiaowei æ ¡å°).
		Emperor Wudi had the obsession to be cursed by witchcraft and to be the victim of political plots of the feudal princes and their consultants ("clients" binke è³“å®¢, "wandering knights" youxia éä¿ ).
		One crucial task for the young Eastern Han Empire was the reconstruction of the economy after the deastrous years of civil war that followed the inundation catastrophies of the Yellow River in AD 3 and 11.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Han/han-event.html (8024 words)

	2. The Han Dynasty - All Empires (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Han Gaozu ruled for less than a decade, and his main contributions were to consolidate the dynasty.
		This period of relative peace and prosperity is known as the "administration of Emperors Wen and Jing" in Chinese history.
		Weak or infant emperor were manipulated by eunuchs and powerful court officials to their own means, and the peasants, burdened heavily with taxation, rose in revolt.
	www.allempires.com /article/index.php?q=the_han_dynasty (1121 words)

	Han , Sui, Tang Dynasties
		The Han Dynasty was founded by the Liu family.The Chinese people consider the Han Dynasty to be one of the greatest periods in the entire history of China.
		Han court officials who attempted to strip lands out of the landlords faced such enormous resistance that their policies would never be put in to place.
		The Sui Dynasty began when Emperor Wen entered a marriage alliance with the daughter of a ruler of the northern Zhou empire.
	www.crystalinks.com /chinadynasties2.html (2575 words)

	Han Yu
		Han Yu was born in 768 in Nanyang, Henan province, to a literary family.
		Han Hui died in 781, leaving the family in poverty, and they returned north around 784.
		He championed instead gu wen (old style prose), which was characterized by simplicity, logic and an emphasis on apt and exact expression.
	web.whittier.edu /academic/english/Chinese/Hanyu.htm (406 words)

	The Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties
		Emperor Gaozong suffered a stroke in his eleventh year of rule, became enfeebled and a mere figurehead.
		The last three Tang emperors (from 873 to 907) were the puppets of eunuchs, and to the Chinese people it seemed that the Tang dynasty had lost the mandate of heaven.
		He and his heir (who became the emperor Taizong) reunified that part of China not ruled by foreigners - subjugating one provincial kingdom after the other, their troops refraining from violence against local populations and giving amnesty to local military governors who fought him.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h06chin.htm (2704 words)

	HuangLao Daoism
		Early Han economic and social policies apparently were based to a large extgent on HuangLao principles.
		The first appearance of the name of the Yellow Emperor associated with the royal house of Tian of the northeastern state of Qi is significant, for it was in Qi...
		This policy of frugality and laissez-faire was continued more or less consistently by his successors during the early Han, with the result that the population increased and the nation recovered with remarkable success.
	www.valdostamuseum.org /hamsmith/Huanglao.html (2272 words)

	Chinese Dynasties - Western Han Dynasty
		When Emperors Wen and Jing were in power, they continued to encourage agricultural output by further reducing taxes and corvee.
		Emperor Wu succeeded to the throne in 140 BC and his reign is one of the most celebrated in Chinese history.
		Emperor Wu continued to weaken the power of the vassal states by eliminating many fiefdoms and restoring central control over the prefectures and counties in the country.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/history/han/western.htm (1467 words)

	Millennial Fair – the Rise and Fall of the Emperial Han by Jonathan Wu
		The new Emperor left all the affairs of state to his eunuchs and the time of rebellion was nearby.
		The Han Emperor was powerless against his oppressors; after Dong Zhuo came Cao Cao, another ambitious warlord who wanted to unite the land under his own rule.
		Cao Pi ascended the throne as Wei Emperor, Sun Quan established the Kingdom of Wu, and Liu Bei crowned himself Emperor of Shu.
	www.millennial-fair.com /literature/han1.html (2082 words)

	[No title]
		In the Han system, the grandmother of the emperor was called grand empress dowager, the mother of the emperor was called empress dowager, the wife of the emperor was called empress, and for the remainder of the palace women there were fourteen ranks.
		Emperor Wen asked about her, and Liu replied, "This is Xi's wife." Turning around, she gathered the woman's hair and rubbed her face with a kerchief.
		The emperor shed tears in his sorrow and regret and commanded that in the funeral and burial of the empress dowager all be done as in the case of Empress Zhen.
	jefferson.village.virginia.edu /saxon/xwomen_test/texts/sanguo.xml (14759 words)

	BkReviews
		Though Emperor Qin had the honor of being the first to unify China among the warring powers into a central empire, after his death from illness, an ambitious courtesan conspired to falsify his edict to force a suicide on the crown prince thus conferring the throne on the younger son.
		As the successive Han emperors rolled on, at some point, the usurpation of imperial power by the traditional outside military commanders and court relatives (usually from the distuff side) was given yet another element, that of the eunuch class.
		Rebellions and revolutionary uprisings by the Hans populace aside, there was no lack of pro-royalty attempts by the Han Chinese bureaucrats and scholar/generals to fight the internal threats, foreign encroachments,and to institute the needed reforms and modernizations.
	home.earthlink.net /~pintschang/html/bkreviews.html (3317 words)

	Han Dynasty -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China
		Han Dynasty's notable deeds would be the restoration of Confucianism as the creed for ruling the nation.
		A Han emissary, Su Wu, was detained and sent to Lake Bajkal to be a shepherd for 19 years, only to be returned after Huo Guang (General Ho Chu-ping's brother) requested for Su with the Hunnic king who had initially cheated Huo in saying that Su was long dead.
		For many years until the age of 70, he had petitioned time and again with Han Emperor for permission to return to China proper for retirement, and his request was not approved till he asked his historian sister relay a message to the emperor for mercy.
	www.republicanchina.org /han.html (10227 words)

	Laozi (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Heshanggong revealed to the emperor his true identity as a divine emissary sent by the “Supreme Lord of the Dao” -- i.e., the divine Laozi -- to teach him.
		The emperor proves a humble student, as the legend concludes, worthy of receiving the Daodejing with Heshanggong's commentary (Chan 1991a).
		These include Emperor Wu and Emperor Jianwen of the Liang dynasty, Xuanzong of the Tang, Huizong of the Song, and Taizu of the Ming dynasty (see Liu Cunren 1969 for a discussion of the last three).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/laozi (13325 words)

	Wren's Story
		Emperor Wen of Han — (202 BC — 157 BC) was one of the most revered and benevolent rulers in Chinese History.
		As opposed to most emperors, Wen was picked by a committee of high-ranking officials to rule the country.
		In his later years, the Emperor briefly was consumed with mysticism, but once his mystic-of-choice was proven a fraud, quickly backtracked.
	www.curewitz.com /WrensStory.htm (3388 words)

	Dao De Jing: INTRODUCTION ALONG WITH FIRST FOUR STANZAS
		But it is only in the Han Feizi, a compilation of writings on law and statecraft attributed to diplomat and strategist Han Feizi of the late third century b.c., that references to Laozi's work suggest a substantial text; that is, the Han Feizi includes some Dao De Jing stanzas that are more or less complete.
		Although probably anachronistic with respect to Emperor Wen, this quote may be the first instance of this form of the title.
		"The greater kingdoms loathe having a son of heaven" the Han king was advised at a conference of kings in 344 b.c.
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/9387/9387.intro.html (11742 words)

	Wen Wu School of Martial Arts
		At that time, the emperor wanted to enlist the best martial artist to teach his royal family and the imperial guards.
		And since Ban-Hou was the best martial artist of his time, he was ordered to serve as the instructor for the royal family.
		Ban-Hou considered himself a descendent of the Han dynasty and did not want to serve the emperor, who was a Manchu.
	www.wenwuschool.com /taichi.htm (302 words)

	Liu Heng (Wendi) - Western Han Ruler and Emperor Biographies - English
		A son of Liu Bang born to a concubine became Emperor.
		His name was Liu Heng, better known as Wen-di (Emperor Wen).
		Though the Han’s authoritarian rule did not fully benefit the people of China, Emperor Wen’s short rule came with many blessings.
	www.kongming.net /novel/han/liuheng.php (350 words)

	John Derbyshire on Civilization and Barbarism on National Review Online
		2,170 years ago, in the reign of the emperor Wen of the Han dynasty, northern barbarians, possibly ancestors of the Huns who assaulted Europe six centuries later, broke through the Great Wall and raided the frontier provinces of China.
		Emperor Wen — "Wen the Filial," the chronicler calls him (he reigned from 179 to 157 B.C.) —; seems to have lived in hope that he could subdue the Huns by giving them an example of wise and virtuous rule, and thereby attain peace and stand down his armies.
		Twelve years previously he had agonized that: "I have been unable to extend the practice of virtue to different regions, and I brood with anxiety upon the misconduct of foreign peoples.
	www.nationalreview.com /derbyshire/derbyshire200405190902.asp (2128 words)

	Indian, Chinese, & Japanese Emperors
		The last Emperor in a Dynasty (or before another kind of hiatus) gets a memorial rather than a temple name, since, at the end, he is not an ancestor.
		The Later Han is often called the "Eastern" Han because the capital was moved down the Huang He valley, back to where the capital of the Chou had been.
		The Minor Han is supposed to derive from the previous dynasty.
	www.friesian.com /sangoku.htm (12453 words)

	SPCNET.TV - Which historical event/figure would u like TVB to make into a series?
		The event started with a scholar name Zhang Xi handing an anti-Machu letter to a Han general urging him to start an uprising, stating various misdeeds of the Emperor.
		The Han general instead handed this letter to Emperor Yongzheng, thus starting a length investigation to find the other members of the suppose rebellion and the unusual way YongZheng deal with this act of treason.
		I good resourceful woman who contribute a lot to the tribe she was married into and life a fruitful life.
	www.spcnet.tv /forums/printthread.php?t=10303 (2278 words)

	Han Dynasty-3 Kingdoms-6 Dynasties Literature
		Representative work: 'Shih-chi' or 'Historical Records' by Ssu-ma-Chien in the Western Han,containing 130 chapters recording historical events dating back to the Yellow Emperor till the present monarch Han Wu-Ti,the greatest Han emperor aka the Martial Emperor.Essay topics include government,rituals,historical characters,music,geography,economy,astronomy.
		'Han-shu' or 'History of the Earlier Han' by Pan Ku in the Eastern Han period,modelled on 'Shih-chi'.
		But it only records Han history,& does not possess as much literary merit as 'Shih-chi' which serves as the model for many records,novels,plays & poetry of the future.
	www.angelfire.com /journal2/wen/han.html (204 words)

	A Promise Worth More Than A Thousand Onces of Gold (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		When Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu, he ordered the capture of Ji Bu, but after receiving a petition from Teng Gong, the Marquis of Ruyang, Liu released Ji Bu and appointed him a member of the palace guard.
		During the rule of the Han emperor Wen Di, Ji Bu was appointed as magistrate of Hedong Prefecture, but his bold and straightforward character had not changed a whit.
		In those days there was a man named Cao Qiusheng, a good talker who had ingratiated himself with many powerful and wealthy people.
	home.sina.com /sinorama/1196/article4/english/1.html (234 words)

	English translation of 300 Selected Poems from Tang Dynasty
		We used to be companions on the Jiang and the Han,
		And as often as we met, we were likely to be tipsy.
		He was brother of men like Yi and Lu And in time would have surpassed the greatest of all statesmen.
	www.chinapage.com /poem/300poem/t300c.html (5039 words)

	ryanlwh's Xanga Site
		The gigantic tropical fish commonly found in Malaysia
		The rare Emperor fish I used to have few months ago
		This is not wallpaper but a real deep water fish
	www.xanga.com /ryanlwh (1355 words)

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