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	Chinese History - Han Dynasty æ¼¢ event history (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		The army reform of Emperor Wudi lead to the stationing of garrisons throughout the empire, in the capitals of the commanderies (jun é¡), from 111 on the standing army was organized in eight commanderies (xiaowei æ ¡å°).
		Emperor Wudi had the obsession to be cursed by witchcraft and to be the victim of political plots of the feudal princes and their consultants ("clients" binke è³“å®¢, "wandering knights" youxia éä¿ ).
		One crucial task for the young Eastern Han Empire was the reconstruction of the economy after the deastrous years of civil war that followed the inundation catastrophies of the Yellow River in AD 3 and 11.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Han/han-event.html (8024 words)

	Han Dynasty
		The western-eastern Han convention is used nowadays to avoid confusion with the Later Han Dynasty[?] of the Period of the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms though the earlier nomenclature was used in traditional historical texts like Si-ma Guang's Zi Zhi Tung Jian[?].
		The beginning of the Han Dynasty can be dated either from 206 BC when the Qin dynasty crumbled or 202 BC when Liu Bang killed Xiang Yu, the leader of a competing rebellion that sought to re-instate the Zhou dynasty aristocracies.
		Emperor Wu decided that Taoism is no longer suitable for China, and officially declared China to be a Confucian state; however, alike the emperors before him, he combined Legalist methods with the Confucian ideal.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ea/East_Han.html (1155 words)

	Emperor Xuan of Han - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Emperor Xuan of Han (91 BC–49 BC) was an emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty from 74 BC to 49 BC.
		Emperor Xuan was only an infant at the time and hence he was spared (but only barely) but was banished to live as a commoner.
		Emperor Xuan's early reign was generally known for his willingness to innovate, to commission officials who were lenient on the people, and to listen to advice.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emperor_Xuan_of_Han (3079 words)

	Ladies of the Court of Emperor Huan of Han, Rafe de Crespigny Publications, Faculty of Asian Studies, ANU
		Liu Zhi 劉志, known posthumously as Emperor Huan of the Later Han dynasty 漢桓帝, was born in 132 and came to the throne in 146 under the regency of the Empress-Dowager Liang Na and her brother Liang Ji.
		Emperor Huan took the cap of manhood at the beginning of 148, aged sixteen sui, but there was no real change to the political system of control: the Dowager justified her continued maintenance of power by emergencies of the frontier and internal rebellion, and Liang Ji controlled the troops and officials at the capital.
		Emperor Huan, indeed, had gathered a vast harem, alleged to number five or six thousand women, with servants and slaves, and ministers were protesting that the cost was becoming a major strain on the finances of the empire.
	www.anu.edu.au /asianstudies/decrespigny/huan.html (8789 words)

	building of the walls
		Han emissary countered it by stating that Chanyu Modok even engaged in patricide while Han prince rebellion was merely an argument between father and son due to instigation by prime minister.
		However, Han army was informed of the invasion beforehand and thoroughly defeated the three Hunnic columns with the armies from Zhangye "tai-shou" [magistrate] and auxiliary troops from the military farming areas.
		Han court also dispatched representatives to kings and county magistrates as either military officials or civil service officials, which were validated by excavations from Wulei ruins in Luntai county.
	www.findthelinks.com /history/Huns_Turks/HAN_2.htm (2743 words)

	The Ultimate Han Dynasty Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference
		The western-eastern Han convention is used nowadays to avoid confusion with the Later Han Dynasty of the Period of the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms although the former-later nomenclature was used in history texts including Sima Guang's Zizhi Tongjian.
		Emperor Wu decided that Taoism was no longer suitable for China, and officially declared China to be a Confucian state; however, like the emperors before him, he combined Legalist methods with the Confucian ideal.
		Han court officials who attempted to strip lands out of the landlords faced such enormous resistance that their policies would never be put in to place.
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/Han_Dynasty (2342 words)

	Han Dynasty
		The western-eastern Han convention is used nowadays to avoid confusion with the Later Han Dynasty[?] of the Period of the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms though the earlier nomenclature was used in traditional historical texts like Si-ma Guang's Zi Zhi Tung Jian[?].
		The beginning of the Han Dynasty can be dated either from 206 BC when the Qin dynasty crumbled or 202 BC when Liu Bang killed Xiang Yu, the leader of a competing rebellion that sought to re-instate the Zhou dynasty aristocracies.
		Emperor Wu decided that Taoism is no longer suitable for China, and officially declared China to be a Confucian state; however, alike the emperors before him, he combined Legalist methods with the Confucian ideal.
	www.fastload.org /ha/Han_Dynasty.html (1194 words)

	Emperor Guangwu of Han Summary
		Emperor Guangwu (January 15, 5 BC - March 29, 57), born Liu Xiu, was an emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty, restorer of the dynasty in AD 25 and thus founder of the Later Han or Eastern Han (the restored Han Dynasty).
		Emperor Gengshi's regime was only able to obtain nominal submission from many regions of the empire, and one of the trouble region was the region north of the Yellow River.
		Although Emperor Guangwu had already created many of his generals and officials marquesses, in 37, after the conquest of the empire was largely complete, he readjusted their marches in accordance with their accomplishments.
	www.bookrags.com /Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han (5409 words)

	AnywhereChina.com - History Page - Han Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the Han Dynasty, the Huns (known as Xiongnu by the Chinese) threatened the expanding Chinese Empire from the north.
		The Han Empire expanded in the west almost to the borders of eastern Europe and in the northeast to Korea.
		The pattern of the rise and fall of Han was to be repeated in later dynasties.
	www.anywherechina.com /history/dynasties/han/han.htm (856 words)

	Ethics of Legalism, Qin Empire and Han Dynasty by Sanderson Beck
		The Emperor's son-in-law, Zhang Ao of Zhao, conspired to assassinate Gaozu and was demoted.
		Emperor Wen abolished the cruel punishments of mutilation.
		Emperor Xuan gave grants to the heirs of capable officials who died poor, exempted those in mourning from required services, abolished laws banning gatherings of people even at weddings, and increased salaries of lower officials to prevent extortion.
	www.san.beck.org /EC16-Legalism.html (14635 words)

	file_nav_name Encyclopedia Index
		Han Wudi (æ¼¢æ¦å¸) Family name : Liu (å) Given name : ZhiÂ¹ (å½), later CheÂ² (å¾¹) Courtesy name (å...
		Han Jingdi (æ¼¢æ¯å¸) Family name : Liu (å liÃº) Given name : Qi (å• or å•” qÄ) Posthumous name : (f...
		Han Wendi (æ¼¢æ—å¸) Family name : Liu (å liÃº) Given name : Heng (æ hÃ©ng) Dates of reign: 180 BC â...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/bc.html (9281 words)

	Religion Universe: Taoism, HISTORY OF TAOISM
		During the reign of the Han emperor Wu, the Magicians(5) reinterpreted the Yellow Emperor's teachings, to the point of completely merging them with Immortalist thought, so that the Immortalist Tradition(6) came to be associated with the Yellow Emperor.
		During the reigns of emperors Ming and Zhang of the Eastern Han dynasty, the Huang-Lao Tradition had already become popular in the Imperial Court, and by the time of emperor Huan it was recorded in the official histories.
		After emperor Huan openly recognized the Huang-Lao Tradition, he sent officials twice a year to Laozi's ancestral shrine at Ku Xian, and to the Yellow Emperor's Guanlong Hall, marking the final stage of the formation of the Huang-Lao Tradition.
	www.religion-religions.com /html/sub_chapter.php?select=taoism000100 (1239 words)

	Chinese Dynasties - Western Han Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Emperor Wu succeeded to the throne in 140 BC and his reign is one of the most celebrated in Chinese history.
		Emperor Wu continued to weaken the power of the vassal states by eliminating many fiefdoms and restoring central control over the prefectures and counties in the country.
		When Emperor Wu came to power, substantial resources were available to him as a result of his own successful policies as well as those of his predecessors.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/history/han/western.htm (1470 words)

	Lords of the Earth 52
		At his general's advice, the Emperor ordered his troops to marshal around the capital for a reactive move should the invader move directly for the capital.
		The Emperor was beset day and night by angry nobles screaming for the blood of Karl von Haken, the Prussian slave the led the rebellion.
		Likewise the Emperor tried to divert some of his valuable time to improving the infrastructure around Yelang but the duties of his office prevented him from attaining much success.
	www.jubilex.com /lords52/turns/newsfax07.html (4750 words)

	Highlights of Chinese Culture and History
		Worried by the possibility that Zhizhi might ally himself with the Han Dynasty in a united front, Huhanxie came in person to Changan, capital of the Western Han Dynasty, and expressed to the Han Emperor his desire to maintain peace and friendship with the court of the Western Han Dynasty.
		Emperor granted Wang a generous dowry and, specifically for this event, even changed the name of his reign to Jing Ning (peaceful boundary), implying that Zhaojun's departure for Hun way beyond the Great Wall would ensure everlasting peace and harmony between the Han and the Hun and a trouble-free border.
		Under the escort of Han and Hun officials, Wang, in a beautiful red dress and with a pipa in her arms, set off from Changan on a white horse for her long journey to the distant land of the Huns.
	www.chinatown-online.com /cultureeye/highlights/zhaojun.htm (913 words)

	Pleasure and the Hermeneutics of Drunkeness
		During the second century A.D. at the end of the Han dynasty, the scholar Zheng Xuan (127-200) wrote the commentary on the Book of Songs that came to be the most widely read in early medieval China.
		In explicating the first stanza of the poem, Zheng Xuan describes how the imagery of the sopping dew on the branches of the vegetation corresponds with the degree of drunkeness of the banquet participants.
		Yet Zheng Xuan’s interpretation when viewed from a hermeneutical perspective is bound within his own societal perspective or his own “horizon” of interpretation.
	www.siue.edu /EASTASIA/ZHANLU.htm (4001 words)

	Your favourite Chinese Emperor - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		Emperor Taizong was one who listened to the advice of his councellors and ministers.
		Emperor Taizong was also a man of great strategy and tactics, especially during his campaign war against the Tujue (Turks), which allowed him to conquer Mongolia and Central Asia.
		Emperor Xuan of the Han (Liu Bingji aka Liu Xun) is indeed one of the humblest emperors the Chinese have ever had.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=24 (1153 words)

	Western Han Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Because he was the first emperor of Han, he was known as the High Emperor of Han (Han Gaozu).
		The successors of Gaozu, emperor Wen (Han Wen Di) and and emperor Jing (Han Jing Di), helped to bring China to a prosperity never seen before (known as the prosperity of Wen and Jing).
		After the death of emperor Wu (Han Wudi), emperor Zhao and emperor Xuan made Han more prosperous by economic advancements, reduction of slavery and price of salt, opening its doors to foreigners and marriages to the Nomads in the north.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0122767/xihan.html (287 words)

	Han Xuan - Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo yanyi) Biography
		Han Xuan was a native of Changsha, and was known for having no regard to auspicious events.
		Han Xuan, however, didn’t see this until it was too late.
		However, Han Xuan relied primarily on Huang Zhong, and, fearing that he may be defeated, called the battle off.
	kongming.net /novel/sgyy/hanxuan.php (805 words)

	5 Information - Online Prescription Medication Directory
		Grand Empress Dowager Wang appoints Wang Mang as acting-emperor of Han until a suitable successor is found to replace the childless Ping.
		Ruzi Ying, great-grandson of Emperor Xuan of Han, Emperor of China (d.
		Ping of Han, Emperor of China is assassinated, poisoned it is believed on the orders of Wang Mang (born 14 BC).
	www.prescriptiondrug-info.com /drug_information_online.asp?title=5 (154 words)

	Wang Zhaojun
		During the reign of the Han emperor Xuan (91-49BC), the Huns, or Xiong-Nu (http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun), Han’s troublesome northern neighbor, split into five kingdoms, each led by a chieftain known as Shan-Yu.
		Rejoiced and feeling a bit flattered, Emperor Xuan went out of his way to meet Khukhenye at the suburb of Capital Chang’an and held a grand banquet in his honor.
		The emperor granted his request, but instead of his daughter, the bride would be a maid of honor.
	www.wku.edu /~yuanh/China/tales/zhaojun_b.htm (773 words)

	Han Shan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		But Han Shan knew all too well that the proficiency and the insights that gained him such acclaim were the products of that “best possible education” his mother had paid so dearly to obtain for him, and his anger, contempt and indifference melted into shame.
		Han Shan was falsely accused of a crime, and the record of his personal conduct will serve as an exemplar for anyone who suffers such misfortune.
		The Emperor held the monastery’s administrators accountable for the loss, and an order was given to the civilian authorities to arrest the new young abbot and eighteen senior monks.
	www.personal.kent.edu /~jwattles/han_shan.htm (8650 words)

	Xuanzang
		The emperor was impressed with Xuanzang’s description of his journey.
		The emperor took Xuanzang to be his spiritual advisor.
		On the night before his death, it was Xuanzang that the emperor called to sit beside him.
	www.bangorschools.net /hs/SR/Xuanzang.html (948 words)

	Han Legal Code (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The legal spirit of the Han dynasty was the fullest under Prime Minister Dong Zhongshu, a Confucianism who served during the reign of emperor Wu-Di.
		Before the Han Dynasty, people were thought of as “state resources” in China whose only purpose was to help the state.
		Another Han law that is strikingly similar to current laws is from a piece of bamboo found in Juyan.
	questforpeace.com /empire/han_e/handynastylegalcode.html (533 words)

	Chinese History - Han Dynasty æ¼¢ literature, thought, and philosophy (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		After introducing a new calendar in 104 BC (called the taichu å¤ªå reform), assuming a reign motto (nianhao å¹´è) and performing the fengshan å°ç¦ª sacrifices to Heaven and Earth by the emperor at Mount Tai æ³°å±± (suggested by Sima Xiangru å¸é¦¬ç¸å¦) in 110 BC, Confucianism was firmly established as a state doctrine.
		The orthodox Confucianism of the Han Dynasty was not identical to the man-centered philosophy of Confucius who stressed good behaviour of the ruler according to the old customs.
		Ban Biao çå½ª and his son Ban Gu çåº wrote the History of the Former Han Dynasty (Hanshu æ¼¢æ¸) in the biographical-thematic style of the universal history Shiji å²è¨ (ending during the reign of Emperor Han Wudi), a style that was prevalent for official histories (zhengshi æ£å²) during the whole history of the Chinese empire.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Han/han-literature.html (1421 words)

	[No title]
		In the Han system, the grandmother of the emperor was called grand empress dowager, the mother of the emperor was called empress dowager, the wife of the emperor was called empress, and for the remainder of the palace women there were fourteen ranks.
		She was the wife of Di Ku, said to be a great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor, and she became pregnant by treading on the footprint of a giant.
		The emperor shed tears in his sorrow and regret and commanded that in the funeral and burial of the empress dowager all be done as in the case of Empress Zhen.
	jefferson.village.virginia.edu /saxon/xwomen_test/texts/sanguo.xml (14759 words)

	Ethnic Groups - china.org.cn
		In the meantime, when many Hans were sent to areas either south or north of the Tianshan Mountains to open up waste land, many Uygurs moved to central China.
		Many were appointed officials by the Yuan court and, under the impacts of the Han culture, some became outstanding politicians, military strategists, writers, historians and translators.
		The Qing army repelled in 1757 (the 22nd year of the reign of Emperor Qian Long) the separatist rebellion by the Dzungarian nobles instigated by the Russian Tsar, and in 1759 smashed the "Batu Khanate" founded by Poluonidu and Huojishan, the Senior and Junior Khawaja, in a separatist attempt.
	www.china.org.cn /e-groups/shaoshu/shao-2-uygur.htm (3496 words)

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