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	Monomotapa
		Theal, "is attached to this word Monomotapa, inasmuch as it was placed on maps of the day as if it were the name of a territory, not the title of a ruler, and soon it was applied to the entire region from the Zambesi to the mouth of the Fish River.
		Geographers, who knew nothing of the country, wrote the word upon their charts and one copied another until the belief became general that a people far advanced in civilization, and governed by a mighty emperor, occupied the whole of southeastern Africa.
		In the fifteenth century it was united and powerful, but, when the Portuguese arrived in 1505 it was in a state of disruption, as the reigning Monomotapa, Makomba by name, had delegated his authority over the more distant part of his dominions to members of his family who soon asserted their independence.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/m/monomotapa.html (434 words)

	Monomotapa - LoveToKnow 1911
		The precise character of the kingdom or empire to which allusion is made has been the subject of much discussion, and some modern historians have gone so far as to relegate the monomotapa to the realm of myth.
		But such scepticism is unjustifiable in view of the perfect unanimity with which, in spite of variations of detail, all Portuguese writers from the beginning of the 16th century onwards reiterated the assertion that there was a powerful rule known far and wide by that title.
		Lusiads X. 93) sufficiently demonstrate that the monomotapa, though susceptible to the persuasion of foreigners, was an independent potentate in the 16th century.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Monomotapa (611 words)

	Munhumutapa Empire at AllExperts
		The Empire of Great Zimbabwe also called Mwene Mutapa or Manhumutapa or Mhunhumutapa or Monomotapa or Mutapa or Mwanamutapa was a medieval kingdom (c.1450-1629) located in Southern Africa covering mainly the modern states of Zimbabwe and Mozambique.
		Gold was exported from the empire to the port of Sofala south of the Zambezi delta, where Arab traders waited.
		Gold from the empire inspired in Europeans a belief that Munhumutapa held the legendary mines of King Solomon as referenced in the Bible.
	en.allexperts.com /e/m/mu/munhumutapa_empire.htm (607 words)

	History of Africa
		Strenuous efforts were made to obtain possession of the country (modern Zimbabwe) known to them as the kingdom or empire of Monomotapa[?], where gold had been worked by the natives from about the 12th century A.D., and whence the Arabs, whom the Portuguese dispossessed, were still obtaining supplies in the 16th century.
		At this period, the middle of the 19th century, Protestant missions were carrying on active propaganda on the Guinea coast, in South Africa and in the Zanzibar dominions.
		Germany, strong and united as the result of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, was seeking new outlets for her energies—new markets for her growing industries, and with the markets, colonies.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/af/Africa___History.html (4472 words)

	King Mutato
		In 1440, the empire of Monomotapa was under the leadership of the fierce and awesome King Mutato, or "Mutato the Great." His vast empire had been developed by Vakarang immigrants who were invaders.
		The Monomotapa Empire covered what is known today as Rhodesia, Kalahara, Mozambique, and into Transvaal in South Africa.
		Their enemies knew that if they could keep the Blacks fighting amongst themselves, they would be a divided people, lacking in power, and the enemy would have access to their wealth.
	africawithin.com /hpi/hp13.htm (248 words)

	History of Africa - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Strenuous efforts were made to obtain possession of the country (modern Zimbabwe) known to them as the kingdom or empire of Monomotapa, where gold had been worked from about the 12th century, and whence the Arabs, whom the Portuguese dispossessed, were still obtaining supplies in the 16th century.
		Interaction between Asia, Europe and North Africa during this period was significant, major effects include the spread of classical culture around the shores of the Mediterranean; the continual struggle between Rome and the Berber tribes; the introduction of Christianity throughout the region, and the cultural effects of the churches in Tunisia, Egypt and Ethiopia.
		After the First Boer War, a conflict between the British Empire and the Boer South African Republic (Transvaal Republic), the peace treaty on March 23, 1881 gave the Boers self-government in the Transvaal under a theoretical British oversight.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/History_of_Africa (7374 words)

	Baxter's EduNET - Time Machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Due to his victories, he was given the title Mwene Mutapa, "master conqueror", and this was the name eventually given to the empire.
		To the Europeans, Mwene Mutapa became known as the empire of Monomotapa.
		The Mwene Mutapa empire eventually was taken back by a member of the Mutota family, but Great Zimbabwe remained as the capital of a smaller, now independent Changmire kingdom.
	www.edunetconnect.com /cat/timemachine/700saf.html (327 words)

	Philippe Beaujard \| The Indian Ocean in Eurasian and African World-Systems before the Sixteenth Century \| Journal of ...
		States periodically have difficulty trying to control both the oriental and occidental maritime shorelines of the peninsula (the Gupta empire in the fourth and fifth centuries, the Delhi sultanate in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Bahmani sultanate and the Vijayanagara empire in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries).
		All the great empires, whether of China, northern India, Persia, or the Abbasid caliphate—with the exception of the Sung empire—sought to control central Asia, a strategy that was profitable, however, only during periods of expansion in the system.
		In large agricultural empires, princes relied on merchant-bankers to convert wealth in foodstuffs into forms of revenue that could be used by the state.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/jwh/16.4/beaujard.html (12618 words)

	Theal vol. 7 p.459-501
		Its paramount chief was called by them the monomotapa, which word, their writers state, meant emperor, but in reality it was only one of the hereditary titles originally given by the official praisers to the great chief, and meant either master of the mountain or master of the mines.
		A monomotapa, Mokomba by name, had made a favourite of the chief Tshikanga, one of his distant relatives, who was hereditary head of the powerful clan which occupied the district of Manika.
		This was regarded by the monomotapa as a defiance of his authority, and in his wrath he issued orders to a party of men, who strangled the missionary during the night of the 16th of March 1561 and cast his dead body into the river Monsengense.
	www.rhodesia.nl /theal_7_459.html (13937 words)

	Kingdoms in Inner Africa: Zimbabwe and Monopotapa
		The Vakaranga immigrants who developed the Empire of Monomotapa followed the general practice of establishing effective political rule, while promoting economic development.
		In considering the destruction of Zimbabwe and Monomotapa, the ancient ruins of so many cities, towns, and villages are the story pages of the unwritten history we seek.
		Just as the written records of Black history were destroyed, here too in Monomotapa, the first Arabs and Europeans to find these long since deserted sites, undertook wrecking operations beyond belief to gain any valuable remains that they could.
	www.africawithin.com /black_history/overview_chapter13.html (455 words)

	AFFONSO I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Also during his reign, Mali was one of the most prestigious and wealthiest empires in the world.
		This empire at this time also contain one of the worlds most prestigious university in Timbuktu.
		After 30 years of struggle, unity was finally achieve in 1480 into the Empire of Monomotapa.
	www.afrikation.com /Content/From_Africa/justkings.htm (2318 words)

	Re: African values (Was: On interracial relationships, or anything) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Or put another way, how is Zulu *empire* and Egyptian *empire* different from European *empire*, in terms of the concept of African vs. European asili.
		An empire, unlike Monomotapa, that would not only serve as one vast and impregnable fortress against the shrewdly scheming whites swarming up from the Cape, but a fortress from which they could be attacked and destroyed." (Williams, op.
		Shaka was acutely aware of the threat posed by the invading whites, even if most of the other tribes and nations in the region were more complacent or could not see the threat.
	www.theafrican.com /Magazine/Asili/62.htm (1940 words)

	vol06chap04sect07to08
		On this day all the great men of the empire, who are very numerous, resort to court, where they run about with javelins in their hand, as in a mock fight.
		This may suffice for the customs of the natives in the empire of Monomotapa, as it would be endless to recount the whole.
		They even attempted to poison the Portuguese army, and some of the men and horses actually died in consequence; but the cause being discovered [[=revealed]] by one of the Moors, they were all put to the sword, their chiefs being blown from the mouths of cannon, the informer only being pardoned.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/kerr/vol06chap04sect07to08.html (6226 words)

	AFRICAN LEGENDS - The Heroes of African History and Culture, The history of glorious Africa restored
		Under the leadership of Askia, the Songhay Empire flourished until it became one of the richest empires of that period.
		The Songhai Empire was lead by Sunni Ali from 1464 to 1492 and by Askia Muhammad from 1493 to 1528 ("Mali, Republic" 1998).
		Modern educational methods were more widely spread throughout the Empire, and the country embarked on a development scheme and plans for modernization, tempered by Ethiopian traditions, and within the framework of the ancient monarchical structure of the state.
	www.africanholocaust.net /africanlegends.htm (14395 words)

	Great African Kings
		Also during his reign, Mali was one of the most prestigious and wealthiest empires in the world.
		After 30 years of struggle, unity was finally achieve in 1480 into the Empire of Monomotapa.
		He was able to initiate a building program throughout his empire which was overwhelming in scope.
	www.swagga.com /king.htm (2357 words)

	History of Africa
		The pyramids at Giza (near Cairo), which were built in the fourth dynasty, testify to the power of the pharaonic religion and state.
		Further south empires were less common, but theri were exceptions, most notably Great Zimbabwe.
		By 1825 he had conqured a huge empire covering a vast area from the sea in the east to the Drakensberg mountains in the west, and from the Pongola river in the north to the Bashee river in the south, not far from the modern day city of East London.
	www.knowledgefun.com /book/h/hi/history_of_africa.html (5723 words)

	Great Zimbabwe
		It was the start to a thriving new empire known as Monomotapa (Jackson 286).
		From 1905 to 1929, English archaeologist David Randal-MacIver and Gertrude Caton-Thompson studied the Monomotapa ruins (Jackson 283, 284).
		Although the ancient Monomotapa Empire had been looted many times from all of the explorers who visited the site, the stone monument has finally achieved the position of being recognized and preserved by the government (Britannica 1, 2).
	www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us /History/Africa/04/Rcluderay/Rcluderay.htm (827 words)

	Fan The Flame by Leonard Tim Hector (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		I must of necessity add, that in the Muslim or Islamic destruction of the Songhay empire, the main centres of learning with all their precious libraries and original manuscripts were destroyed first.
		However, at the close of his near 30 years of leadership as a great general and statesman in 1492, the Songhay empire unrivalled even by Mali in wealth and territory, Sunni Ali renounced Islam, but he continued to use Arabic as the language of trade and so the principal language.
		From the period, roughly say about 300 B.C. the people of Monomotapa were engaged in a wide range of diversified economic activities that led not only to interstate trade but foreign commerce over the Indian Ocean as well.
	www.candw.ag /~jardinea/ffhtm/ff961025.htm (2583 words)

	blackhistory
		The coalition of the empire was erratic and unstable, which would imply that the Sumerians weren't concerned with the future, or long-term establishment.
		As the Greek kings began to dominate the Egyptian Empire, the knowledge and institutions of the ancient Mysteries had to be corrupted in order for the Greeks to gain control of the Egyptian people.
		The Ethiopian Empire once extended from the Mediterranean at the north and southward, to the source of the Nile.
	www.theamericanpridemovement.com /blackhistory.html (9003 words)

	Learn more about History of Africa in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Separated by the 'sea of sand', the Sahara, North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa have had separate histories, tenuously linked by fluctuating trade routes.
		Phoenician, Greek and Roman history of North Africa can be followed in entries for the Roman Empire and for its individual provinces in the Maghreb, such as Mauretania, Africa, Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, Egypt etc.
		After centuries of rivalry for supremacy, the struggle was ended by the fall of Carthage in 146 BC.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /h/hi/history_of_africa.html (4351 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Rhodesia
		The Dutch South African Republic and Germany were contemplating annexations in the neighbourhood of the Zambesi River.
		Before the arrival of the Matabele warriors the principal inhabitants of Southern Rhodesia were the Makaranga whose ancestors had formed the once powerful empire of Monomotapa.
		North-western Rhodesia or Barotseland is ruled partly by an administrator residing at Livingstone, near the Victoria Falls of the Zambesi and partly by its native King Lewanika, the chief of the Barotse, who has been heavily subsidised by the company.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13025a.htm (1309 words)

	Four centuries of growth and splendour - African history UNESCO Courier - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		But far from the Islamic zone of influence, on the Atlantic coast and in southern Africa, kingdoms and cities arose that were just as advanced and well organized as those of the Sudanese region.
		Among them were the brilliant civilizations of Ife and Benin which reached their apogee from the twelfth to the fourteenth century and whose statuary art constituted a heritage of striking originality.
		Thanks to archeaology, the civilization of Zimbabwe, the ancient empire of Monomotapa, is also gradually yielding up its secrets.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1984_May/ai_3247477 (363 words)

	Empire (government) - List of Items - MSN Encarta
		Empire (government) - List of Items - MSN Encarta
		writer V. Naipaul, said to tell the story of those vanquished by empires
		, also spelled Mwene Matapa, Monomotapa, or Munhumutapa, Shona-speaking kingdom of Karanga people of the 1400s to 1600s in what is...
	encarta.msn.com /refedlist_210029928_1.6/Rozwi_Empire.html (43 words)

	History of Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Strenuous efforts were made to obtain possession of the country (modern Zimbabwe) known to them as the kingdom or empire of Monomotapa, where gold had been worked from about the 12th century, and whence the Arabs, whom the Portuguese dispossessed, were still obtaining supplies in the 16th century.
		Interaction between Asia, Europe and North Africa during this period was significant, major effects include the spread of classical culture around the shores of the Mediterranean; the continual struggle between Rome and the Berber tribes; the introduction of Christianity throughout the region, and the cultural effects of the churches in Tunisia, Egypt and Ethiopia.
		In the Second Boer War, between the British Empire and the two Boer republics of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic), the Boers unsuccessfully resisted absorption in to the British Empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Africa (7452 words)

	[No title]
		Impression is light, and suits the pastel colors outlining borders.
		Miniature map of the Empire of Monomotapa roughly today's Mozambique..
		Mountains, riverways, and forests are all depicted with a gentle style and wonderful color.
	www.worldviewmaps.com /fresh/details.aspx?pi=641 (60 words)

	legends and customs of the zanj people - The builders of a little known ancient empire - African American (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		They called this new empire Zimbabwe, a name that derives from stone buildings they constructed on key administrative centers across the kingdom in the early 11th century.
		The Mwene Mutapa (Monomotapa) empire was founded in 1423 AD, by Mutota, a chief-commander of the Southern Province and a paramount chief of the maKaranga tribe vassal of Mambo Zanze of the Zimbabwe Empire.
		Although, Matope became the greatest ruler, he was not able to regain parts of the empire that were lost to the Rozwis and the Zanzes.
	maxpages.com /kingdomzanj - !http://maxpages.com/kingdomzanj (1957 words)

	Elissa eBook
		These are questions that must have perplexed many generations, and many different races of men.
		Wilmot prove to us indeed that in the Middle Ages Zimbabwe or Zimboe was the seat of a barbarous empire, whose ruler was named the Emperor of Monomotapa, also that for some years the Jesuits ministered in a Christian church built beneath the shadow of its ancient towers.
		But of the original purpose of those towers, and of the race that reared them, the inhabitants of mediaeval Monomotapa, it is probable, knew less even than we know to-day.
	www.bookrags.com /ebooks/2855/1.html (228 words)

	DR. J.C. DeGRAFT-JOHNSON AND THE GLORY OF AFRICA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		DeGraft-Johnson's published works include "The African's Contribution to Civilization" and "The Empire of Monomotapa," but he comes to us here as the author of the classic work, African Glory: The Story of Vanished Negro Civilizations.
		Originally published in 1954 on the eve of the modern African independence movement, African Glory was reprinted in 1986 by Black Classic Press with an Afterword and Supplemental Bibliography by Dr. John Henrik Clarke.
		African Glory contains chapters devoted to Carthage, the early North African Church, the Arab conquest of Africa, the Mali and Songhai Empire, and the Moors.
	www.cwo.com /~lucumi/degraft.html (262 words)

	Nigeriaworld Feature Article - Thank God almighty for the first and the best African Secretary General
		You know Empires rise and fall according to the natural Law of Nature.
		Even though the Great American Civilization is doing her best today with everything at her disposal, including technology, to make sure that American dominance of the World remain unchallenged through out the World.
		My submission is that Africa which is despised today, may well become the corner stone tomorrow through the activities of some of her own sons and daughters at home or in Diaspora.
	nigeriaworld.com /feature/publication/akintide/111802.html (3626 words)

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