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Topic: Empire of Nicaea

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Latin Empire

Despotate of Epirus

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John IV Lascaris

John III Ducas Vatatzes

Theodore I Lascaris

Byzantine Empire

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	Nicaea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nicaea (now İznik) is a city in Anatolia (now part of Turkey) which is known primarily as the site of two major meetings (or Ecumenical councils) in the early history of the Christian church.
		Nicaea (Greek Nikaia; see also List of traditional Greek place names) was originally founded around 310 BC by the Macedonian king Antigonus, who had taken control of much of Asia Minor upon the death of Alexander the Great (under whom he served as a general).
		However it was Nicaea that formed the core of the successor Byzantine Empire after Theodore Lascaris (who became Theodore I) founded the Empire of Nicaea there.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nicaea (964 words)

	Empire of Nicaea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Empire of Nicaea was the largest of the states founded by refugees from the Byzantine Empire after Constantinople was conquered during the Fourth Crusade.
		The Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus.
		The inhabitants of the restored empire considered the Empire of Nicaea the true successor to the Byzantine Empire, although the Empire of Trebizond still existed, as did the Latin Principality of Achaea.
	www.leessummit.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Nicaean_Empire (784 words)

	Empire of Trebizond - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Empire of Trebizond was a successor state of the Byzantine Empire founded in 1204 immediately before the fall of Constantinople.
		When Constantinople fell to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Empire of Trebizond was one of the three smaller Greek states that emerged from the wreckage, along with the Empire of Nicaea and the Despotate of Epirus.
		It was an empire more in title than in action, surviving by playing its rivals against each other, and offering the daughters of its rulers for marriage with generous dowries, especially with the Turkmen rulers of interior Anatolia.
	www.bexley.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Empire_of_Trebizond (1014 words)

	Byzantine Empire Information - TextSheet.com
		The Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire was the eastern section of the Roman Empire which remained in existence after the fall of the western section.
		Surrounding lands and empires (such as the Persians and Arabs to the east, Europeans to the west, and Russians to the north) called them Roman as well, and it was considered a great insult to refer to the empire as "Greek.", because "Greek" meant "Pagan".
		The Eastern Empire was largely spared the difficulties of the west in the 3rd and 4th centuries, in part because urban culture was better established there and the initial invasions were attracted to the wealth of Rome.
	www.medbuster.com /encyclopedia/b/by/byzantine_empire.html (2019 words)

	AllRefer.com - Nicaea, empire of (Ancient History, Late Roman And Byzantine) - Encyclopedia
		The empire of Nicaea preserved the continuity of emperors, patriarchs, and institutions of Byzantium.
		Founded by Theodore I (Theodore Lascaris) in NW Asia Minor, with Nicaea as its capital, it played the decisive part in reuniting the Byzantine Empire.
		Michael VIII (Michael Palaeologus), who usurped the throne of Nicaea in 1259, captured Constantinople from the Latins and restored (1261) the Byzantine Empire.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/N/Nicaea-e.html (307 words)

	Encyclopedia: Empire-of-Nicaea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centred at its capital in Constantinople.
		John III Ducas Vatatzes (1193 - November 3, 1254) was Byzantine Emperor, in exile in the Empire of Nicaea, from 1222 to 1254.
		Theodore II Lascaris (died August 1258) was Byzantine emperor, in exile in the Empire of Nicaea, from 1254 to 1258.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Empire_of_Nicaea (2579 words)

	Latin Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Latin Empire laid claim to all of the lands controlled by the Byzantine Empire at the time Constantinople was conquered and did exert control over areas of Greece (the Crusader States: the Kingdom of Thessalonica, the Principality of Achaea and the Duchy of Athens).
		However, much of the territory remained in the hands of rival states led by aristocrats of the former empire, such as the Despotate of Epirus, the Empire of Nicaea, and the Empire of Trebizond.
		For about a century thereafter, the heirs of Baldwin II continued to use the title of Emperor of Constantinople, and were seen as theoretical overlords by the various remaining Latin states in the Aegean.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/l/la/latin_empire.html (344 words)

	Byzantine Empire
		The Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire was the eastern section of the Roman Empire, with its capital at Constantinople (modern Istanbul), which remained in existence after the fall of Rome in the 5th century.
		This was the official name of the Empire until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453.
		The empire was a multinational state, including Greeks, Vlachs, Armenians, Jews, Egyptians, Syrians, Illyrians, and Slavs, but its Greek culture radiated from large centers of Hellenism such as Constantinople, Antioch, Ephesus, Thessaloniki, Athens, and Alexandria.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/b/by/byzantine_empire.html (2215 words)

	List of Byzantine emperors - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		15 Laskarid dynasty (in exile in the Empire of Nicaea)
		Laskarid dynasty (in exile in the Empire of Nicaea)
		In 1453 Mehmed II overthrew the Byzantine Empire and claimed the title of Caesar; his successors continued this claim.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Byzantine_Emperors (2274 words)

	Nicaea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Nicaea''' (now '''İznik) is a city in Anatolia (now part of Turkey) which is known primarily as the site of two major meetings (or Ecumenical councils) in the early history of the ChristianityChristian/ church.
		Nicaea (Greek languageGreek ''Nikaia'') was originally founded around 310 BC by the MacedonMacedonian king Antigonus I MonophthalmusAntigonus, who had taken control of much of Asia Minor upon the death of Alexander the Great (under whom he served as a general).
		However it was Nicaea that formed the core of the successor Byzantine Empire after Theodore I LascarisTheodore Lascaris (who became Theodore I) founded the Empire of Nicaea there.
	www.infothis.com /find/Nicaea (876 words)

	NICAEA - LoveToKnow Article on NICAEA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		He convened a council, designed to represent the whole Church of the empire, at Nicaea in Bithynia, a town situated no great way from the imperial summer-residence of Nicomedia and within easy reach by sea of the Oriental bishops.
		True, at Nicaea this majority eventually acquiesced in the ruling of the Alexandnians; yet this result was due, not to internal conviction, but partly to indifference, partly to the pressure of the imperial willa fact which is mainly demonstrated by the subsequent history of the Arian conflicts.
		This, however, was not the case; in fact, the creed was assailed by those very bodies which had composed the laissez-faire centre at Nicaea; and we are compelled to the conclusion that, in this point, the voting was no criterion of the inward convictions of the council.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /N/NI/NICAEA.htm (2862 words)

	The End of the Byzantine Empire, 1081-1453
		That Empire was already rotten to the core and well deserving of such a fate, when, in 1203, the knights of the Fourth Crusade, aided by the Venetians, laid siege to Constantinople.
		The important city of Nicaea opened its gates to him, and became for nearly sixty years the capital of a fourth Empire, which, by its prosperity and growing power, soon made good its claim to be regarded as the true representative of the ancient dominion of the Caesars.
		Under their government, the history of the Empire of Nicaea presents one of the most pleasing and instructive portions of the later Byzantine annals.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/EndByz.html (2187 words)

	Empire of Nicaea -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		With Trebizond lacking any real power, Nicaea was the only Byzantine state left, and John III expanded his territory into the (An arm of the Mediterranean between Greece and Turkey; a main trade route for the ancient civilizations of Crete and Greece and Rome and Persia) Aegean Sea.
		In 1242 the (A member of the nomadic peoples of Mongolia) Mongols invaded Seljuk territory to the west of Nicaea, and although John III was worried they may attack him next, they ended up eliminating the Seljuk threat to Nicaea.
		In 1245 John allied with the (The lands ruled by Charlemagne; a continuation of the Roman Empire in Europe) Holy Roman Empire by marrying Constance Anna, daughter of (The Holy Roman Emperor who led the Sixth Crusade and crowned himself king of Jerusalem (1194-1250)) Frederick II.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/E/Em/Empire_of_Nicaea.htm (669 words)

	AllRefer.com - Trebizond, empire of (Ancient History, Late Roman And Byzantine) - Encyclopedia
		These were the empire of Nicaea, the despotate of Epirus, and the empire of Trebizond.
		The empire of Trebizond was further diminished when Sinope fell (1214) to the Seljuk Turks, and the emperor became a vassal of the sultan of Iconium; for the remainder of its existence Trebizond was restricted to the SE Black Sea coastal region.
		When the Byzantine Empire was restored (1261) under Nicaean leadership, Trebizond remained separate and independent, although it was often forced to pay tribute to the succeeding dominant powers of Asia Minor.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/T/Trebizemp.html (573 words)

	Latin Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This name has nothing to do with the modern country by that name; rather, it is the Latin form of the title of the Byzantine Emperor, whom the Latin Emperor hoped to replace.
		The Byzantine Empire was never called that at the time, and the Emperor's title was Basileos Rhomaion, or Emperor of the Romans.
		This has the curious effect of creating three Roman Empires in Europe at the same time (the other was the Holy Roman Empire).
	www.northmiami.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Latin_Empire (400 words)

	The Age of Chivalry - Empire of Nicaea 1204-1261 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Of these three petty empires it was the Nicaean Empire that was the most powerful and would ultimately reclaim Constantinople from the Latins and restore the Byzantine emperor to the throne.
		Founded by Theodore I Laskaris, son-in-law of Alexios III Angelos Komnenos, the Empire of Nicaea was situated in north-western Anatolia and at its height controlled the western rim of Asia Minor as well as Thrace and southern Macedonia with the city of Nicaea (Iznik) as the capital.
		The town of Nicaea was blessed with powerful walls and the empire itself benefited greatly from a prosperous economy of grain produce from the riverine valleys and craft production and trade from a dozen key cities.
	www.taoc.co.uk /content/view/33/45 (933 words)

	Articles - Translatio imperii (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Empire of Nicaea (1204-1261)- The legitimate Byzantine throne in exile.
		In 1453, the Ottoman Empire conquered the Byzantine Empire.
		His empire was an attempt to mimic the Roman Empire and he was responsible for forcing the Holy Roman Empire to dissolve with the Treaty of Lunéville.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Translatio_imperii?mySession=fa3515ae3d286e160c3e5a4025b2cec9 (620 words)

	LATIN EMPIRE FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This name had nothing to do with the modern country by that name; rather, it is the Latin form of the title of the Byzantine_Emperor, whom the Latin Emperor hoped to replace.
		The Latin Empire laid claim to all of the lands controlled by the Byzantine Empire at the time Constantinople was conquered, and did exert control over areas of Greece (the Crusader_States: the Kingdom_of_Thessalonica, the Principality_of_Achaea, and the Duchy_of_Athens).
		However, much of the territory remained in the hands of rival states led by aristocrats of the former empire, such as the Despotate_of_Epirus, the Empire_of_Nicaea, and the Empire_of_Trebizond.
	www.palfacts.com /Latin_Empire (306 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Nicaea
		Captured by the Seljukids at an unknown date, perhaps subsequent to the revolt of Melissenus against Nicephorus Botaniates, it was afterwards ceded to the Turks by Alexius Comnenus.
		In June, 1097, the city was taken, after a memorable siege, by the Crusaders and ceded by them to the Greek Emperor Alexius I. It was retained, but with great difficulty, during the twelfth century.
		After the capture of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204 Nicaea, restored, fortified, and embellished, became until 1261 the capital of the new Byzantine Empire of the Lascari or Palaeologi.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11043a.htm (585 words)

	LIBRARIES
		After the capture of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204, three states were formed: the empire of Nicaea, the despotate of Epiros and the empire of the Komnenoi with its capital at Trebizond.
		It was the empire of Nicaea, however, that was the legitimate successor to the Byzantine empire, at not only the political, but also the religious and cultural level.
		The court of Theodore Laskaris (1204-1222) at Nicaea, almost on the outskirts of Constantinople, began to attract teachers, men of letters and figures from the intellectual world of Byzantium, and thereby carried on the movement for the revival of letters and educational and culture more generally.
	www.libraries.gr /nonmembers/en/history_bizadinos_nikea.htm (198 words)

	John Camaterus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		He fled to Thrace with the deposed emperor Alexius V after the capture of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade in 1204.
		In 1206 Theodore I Lascaris invited him to Nicaea where Theodore founded the Byzantine successor state of the Empire of Nicaea, but John died in the same year.
		The Crusaders installed a Latin Patriarch in Constantinople, while Theodore simply created a new Greek Patriarchate in Nicaea, which was eventually restored in Constantinople with the rest of the Empire in 1261.
	www.lexington-fayette.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/John_Camaterus (159 words)

	Nicaea, empire of -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		independent principality of the fragmented Byzantine Empire, founded in 1204 by Theodore I Lascaris (1208–22); it served as a political and cultural centre from which a restored Byzantium arose in the mid-13th century under Michael VIII Palaeologus.
		Early in the 14th century the Turkish tribal chieftain Othman, or Osman, founded an empire in western Anatolia (Asia Minor) that was to endure for almost six centuries.
		As this empire grew by conquering lands of the Byzantine Empire and beyond, it came to include at the height of its power all of Asia Minor; the countries of the Balkan Peninsula; the islands of the...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9055693?tocId=9055693 (724 words)

	Politics in Late Byzantine Period
		The Byzantine Empire was replaced by the Latin Empire of Constantinople that occupied five eighths of the land of the capital, Thrace and North-West Asia Minor.
		It was to both these states, each of which claimed the title of the successor of the Byzantine Empire, which the majority of the Byzantine people fled, after the fall of Constantinople to the crusaders.
		The Empire of Nicaea was the one to finally win the title of the "exiled" Byzantine Empire and brought the capital of the state back to its natural place, in Constantinople.
	www.fhw.gr /chronos/10/en/p/pa1.html (342 words)

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