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	Empire of Trebizond - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When Constantinople fell to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Empire of Trebizond was one of the three smaller Greek states that emerged from the wreckage, along with the Empire of Nicaea and the so-called Despotate of Epirus.
		It was an empire more in title than in fact, surviving by playing its rivals against each other, and offering the daughters of its rulers for marriage with generous dowries, especially with the Turkmen rulers of interior Anatolia.
		Levan Urushadze, The Comnenus of Trabizond and the Bagrationi dynasty of Georgia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond (1160 words)

	Empire of Trebizond (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Empire of Trebizond was a successor state of the Byzantine Empire founded in 1204 immediately before the fall of Constantinople.
		When Constantinople fell to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Empire of Trebizond was one of the three smaller Greek states that emerged from the wreckage, along with the Empire of Nicaea and the Despotate of Epirus.
		It was an empire more in title than in action, surviving by playing its rivals against each other, and offering the daughters of its rulers for marriage with generous dowries, especially with the Turkmen rulers of interior Anatolia.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Medieval/LX/EmpireOfTrebizond.html (1058 words)

	TAMAR OF GEORGIA FACTS AND INFORMATION
		In 1204, Tamar helped to found the Empire of Trabizond on the southern shore of the Black Sea (now the Turkish province of Trabzon).
		This so-called "empire" was populated mainly by Laz (Chani) Georgian tribes, ruled by refugees from Constantinople.
		The first ruler of the Empire of Trabizond Alexius I Comnenus was a grandson of the King of Georgia David the Builder.
	gottaorderflowers.com /Tamar_of_Georgia (978 words)

	The Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		This covers the various phases of the Roman Empire: the original, the Western, the Eastern (Byzantine), and the Holy Roman Empire.
		It is also worth noting, for it is a fact neglected even by some professional historians, that the Byzantine Empire retook the City of Rome from the Ostrogoths in 553, and held it for the next 200 years.
		The Western division of the Empire, encompassing Rome itself together with Italy, Gaul, Britain, Iberia, and northwestern Africa, was utterly unable to maintain itself in the face of overwhelming barbarian invasion/migration.
	www.hostkingdom.net /empire.html (1774 words)

	The Last Roman Empire
		While most of the empire was partitioned among the leaders of the Crusade (with the Venetians gaining control of many Aegean islands), three regions remained under the control of Byzantine rulers: the Despotate of Epirus, the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond.
		Notwithstanding the protection of St. Eugene and the highly noble origin of its emperors, the Empire of Trebizond was in a state of inferiority in respect of its powerful neighbours: the Seljuks, the Persians and, on the sea, Genoa and Venice.
		David, the last emperor, apologized for being late in his payments, claiming that the revenue he got from his empire was so reduced that he could not meet his obligation and he offered his empire to Mehmet II in return of a yearly amount for him and his successors.
	members.tripod.com /romeartlover/Trebison.html (2342 words)

	UNIFORM INSIGNIA :: View topic - Greek Armed Forces History
		Officially he was leading a Panhellenic invasion of the Persian Empire to rid the world of tyranny and oppression, and he also sought revenge on the Persians for their invasion of Greece in 490 BC.
		Arsites, the satrap (satrap was the governor of the satrapy-province-of the ancient Persian empire.
		The Battle of Syllaeum was a naval battle between the Arabs and the Byzantine Empire in 677, in coordination with a series of land battles in Anatolia and Syria.
	forum.uniforminsignia.net /viewtopic.php?p=10269 (9107 words)

	Turkey Highlights
		It was the capital of the Pergamum Kingdom and later the capital of the Asian province of the Roman Empire.
		In 64 B.C. Zeugma was conquered and ruled by Roman Empire and with this shift the name of the city was changed into Zeugma to mean “bridge-passage”.
		For about two centuries the city was home to high ranking officials and officers of the Roman Empire, who transferred their cultural understanding and sophisticated life style into the region.
	www.anadol.com /turkeyhighlights.htm (5202 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Encyclopedia wAARspite : The Roman Empire
		It was clear at the turn of the 15th century, that the Roman Empire was crumbling amidst fierce Ottoman aggression.
		Ramileous was a pretender to the throne and Johns brother Constantine XI led revolts in the Balkans against Ramileous for the throne.
		Arbelia, frustrated left for Moscow leaving her brother to run the Empire on his own, she was not finished planning for the Empires future though.........
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/printthread.php?t=35601 (5868 words)

	Anatolia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		At a much later era, Bithynia was the heartland of Byzantine opposition to the Latin Empire in the 13th century (see Nicaea), and the cradle of Ottoman power, during the 14th century CE.
		With the Taurus Mountains astride its southern perimeter, Cappadocia was a bulwark of the Byzantine Empire's efforts to contain Islam, and a prime recruiting ground for the army until the Seljuq victory at Manzikert in 1071.
		She was a military commander on both land and sea in the service of the Persian Empire, whose feats of daring and military acumen won the stunned admiration of all.
	kaery.ellone-loire.net /obsidian/turkey.html (2626 words)

	Talk:Armenian Genocide/Archive 6 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		What Ottoman Government did was a reaction they had expected to some extent and now that they have a capital in Yerevan (1923), they have to stop dreaming about the territories and focus on the future in their own territory in peace with their neighbours.
		The Ottoman Empire has seized the documents of the bureaus of the revolutionary federation, and all the sort of evidences they could get, are like this one above.
		Violated the borders of Armenia, is the allusion to Russian Armenia, which the Ottoman Empire decided to invade.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Armenian_Genocide/Archive_6 (15295 words)

	Chronology of the History of Armenia - Armenica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		His empire stretches from the Caspian Sea in the east to the Mediterranean Sea in south-west and Black Sea in the north-west.
		This revolt was crushed brutally by the Turks during a period of couple of days, thanks to a crushing advantage of the organised Turkish army, and the freedom of the Bulgarians was realised first after the victories of the Russian army during the years 1877-1878.
		This way, the Ottoman Empire transformed to a parliamentary monarchy in which the rights of the individuals and freedom were guarantied.
	www.armenica.org /cgi-bin/history/en/getHistory.cgi?2=1 (9376 words)

	Cardinal Bessarion
		The Metropolitan of Trabizond Dositheos, who later became Metropolitan of Monemvasia, recognizing the genius of Bessarion at an early age, sent him to Constantinople in the year 1415 to receive formal education.
		His lengthy letters addressed to the two Paleologos's, suggested that the only way to save the Empire was to realign it's political direction towards the West, and recommended immediate socio-political changes.
		In 1437, Bessarion was appointed by the Emperor as member of the Orthodox representation who was to discuss the unification of the Churches in Florence, with the Roman Catholics, and at the same time he was given the office of Metropolitan of Nicea.
	www.greece.org /poseidon/work/occupation/cardinal.html (1000 words)

	Revisiting the Armenian Genocide - Middle East Quarterly - Fall 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		While the entire text of the deposition was allegedly read into the record of the Trabizond trial on March 29, 1919, the proceedings of this trial are not preserved in any source; only the verdict is reprinted in the official gazette.
		An end must be put to their [the Armenians'] existence, however criminal the measure taken may be, and no regard must be paid to either age or sex nor to conscientious scruples.
		Whether to apply the genocide label to the events that occurred almost one hundred years ago in the Ottoman Empire may be of minor consequence to many historians, but it remains of great political relevance.
	www.meforum.org /article/748 (4454 words)

	Canik
		When the Roman Empire was divided into two at the end of the 4th century, Trabzon remained under the sovereignty of the Eastern Roman Empire which later on was called as Byzantine Empire.
		As a matter of fact the ruler of the Ottoman Empire Sultan Murat II had attacked Trabzon in 1442 from the sea and returned home taking slaves and taxes.
		Trabzon was the center of one of the 39 provinces of the Ottoman Empire.
	twanclik.free.fr /janik_vank.htm (6980 words)

	Rendeciler orman ürünleri ltd- keresteci- (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		After the collapse of the Alexander the Great’s large but short-lived empire, Trabzon was left to the Pontus Kingdom which was founded by a Persian nobleman in the North Anatolia (280-66 BC).
		After the division of the Roman Empire as East and West circa 395 AC, the region was left to the Eastern Roman Empire known as Byzantium.
		With the Armistice of Mondros, the Ottoman Empire faced with many sanctions of the Allies as the defeated side of the World War I. During the independence war, which started with Ataturk’s arrival in Samsun on 19 May 1919, the people of Trabzon fought successfully against the enemy.
	www.rendeciler.com /ing/tarihceing.htm (1187 words)

	The Bagrationi Royal Dynasty of Georgia
		In 1204 Queen Tamar was a main founder of the Empire of Trabizond (now part of Turkey).
		In 1801, the Tsarist Russian Empire invaded and annexed the neighboring Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti (Eastern Georgia), deposing its King Giorgi XII (1798-1800).
		The main purposes of this Union were liberation of Georgia from tyranny of Soviet Empire and foundation of the Constitutional Monarchy in Georgia.
	www.iaphs.org /articles/urushadze.html (1764 words)

	CRAG - Updates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		This was the most important period for the fate of Armenians living in the Turkish Empire, as it leads to one of the most cruel crimes ever committed in the history of mankind--the Genocide of Armenians in Ottoman Turkey.
		You are aware that by the terms of the Constitution equality of Mussulman and Ghiaur [which means "infidel" in Turkish], was affirmed by you and all know and feel that this is an unrealizable ideal.
		The Agreement divided areas of the seven Armenian-populated provinces of Erzoroum, Trabizond, Sivas, Van, Bitlis, Kharput, and Diarbekir into two sectors, each to be headed by two foreign Inspectors General appointed by the Porte with the approval of the Powers.
	www.crag.org.uk /history/history1.html (3035 words)

	Bagrationi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In 1204 Queen Tamar founded the Empire of Trebizond (now part of Turkey).
		In 1801, the Russian Empire invaded and annexed the neighboring Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti (Eastern Georgia), deposing its king, Giorgi XII (1798-1801).
		Solomon II was deposed in 1810 when the Russians invaded His kingdom, completing their conquest of Georgia.
	bagrationi.area51.ipupdater.com (597 words)

	Home > San Carlos, CA, California Yellow Pages, Classifieds, Real Estate, Business, Schools, Library and Jobs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Queen Tamar of Georgia provided troops to her nephew Alexius I for the conquest of Trabzon, Sinope and Paphlagonia.
		Alexius, a grandson of Byzantine emperor Andronikos I Komnenos and a descendant of King David the Builder of Georgia through his mother Rusudan (daughter of George III of Georgia), made Trebizond (referred by Georgians as "Trapizoni") his capital and asserted a claim to be the legitimate succe
		Latin Empire, only to be conquered in 1453 by the Ottoman Empire, Trebizond managed to outlive is competitors in Epirus and Nicaea.
	www.sancarloscaus.com /section/Empire_of_Trebizond (1142 words)

	WarChron - March 1916 - Russian Operations Black Sea - Battle of Lake Naroch
		A similar operation was carried out at Meparvi on the 5th, with another landing taking place west of Rize on the 6th, as they moved forward along the coast.
		On 13 March, on the Caucasian Front, the Russians defeated the Turks near Kalopotamos River, east of Trabizond.
		The Tsar dismissed A.N. Khovstov as Minister of the Interior along with his police director S.P. Beletskiy because of their investigation of Rasputin's activities and a plot to have him murdered.
	www.warchron.com /russianOperationsBlackSeaLakeNaroch.htm (1098 words)

	WarChron - December 1914 - Critical Shortages
		On the Southwest Front in Galicia, the Russians began counter-attacks in an effort to recover the Carpathian Passes.
		On the Caucasian Front, the Turkish IX Corps advanced on Sarikamis, while their X and XI Corps moved on Trabizond.
		During December there were reports of an uprising by Romanians in Transylvania within the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
	www.warchron.com /criticalShortages.htm (995 words)

	search.com - Empire of Trebizond
		Queen of Georgia Tamar provided troops to Alexius I for the conquest of Trabzon, Sinope and Paphlagonia.
		Alexius, a grandson of Byzantine emperor Andronicus I Comnenus and a great grandson of King David the Builder of Georgia through his mother, Rusudan of Georgia, made Trebizond his capital and asserted a claim to be the legitimate successor of the Byzantine Empire.
		For example, Manuel III, who succeeded his father Alexius III as emperor in 1390, had allied himself with Timur, and benefited from Timur's defeat of the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Ankara in 1402.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Empire_of_Trebizond (739 words)

	Ottoman Traders Guild (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Although officially the Ottoman Empire had no trade with anyone outside the Empire, the reality is quite different.
		Caravans left and arrived in Istanbul on a daily basis and there are numerous records of merchant ships moving between English and Ottoman ports.
		Shipping by boat between England and the Ottoman Empire was at a standstill only between 1550 to 1573, due to generally unfavorable economic conditions.
	www.ottoman-traders.com /caravan.html (851 words)

	Civilization Fanatics' Forums - Nes III - Try Again...
		The Emperor is the fourth of the Cooper family to hold the royal title, the first being Emperor Richard the Strong in 1889.
		The Empire looks forward to friendly realtions between our great nations, and looks forward to further communication with you in the future.
		The Empire would be interested in a North American mutual protection pact, to keep the scourge of war from visiting our shores.
	forums.civfanatics.com /printthread.php?t=24327&pp=40 (4452 words)

	Dynasties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Emperors and Empress of Trabizond (17/1) 1204-1222, 1235-1340, 1341-1461
		Empire of Rome (70) 27 BCE-395 CE Empire of the West (Holy Roman from 800) (59) 395-480, 800-1806
		Empire of the French (2) 1804-1814, 1815, 1852-1870
	ellone-loire.net /obsidian/dynast.html (1113 words)

	The greatest battle in history? [Archive] - SpaceBattles.com
		In the light of the Fourth Crusade, the damage was irreparable, but until the Fourth Crusade the Empire was regaining the territory which it had lost, and whilt Manuel Komnenos screwed the pooch, he didn't loose much of the territory that had been regained and under another good ruler such losses could have been retaken.
		To suggest that Manzikert is the event that killed they Empire, when the Empire when on for almost four hundred years and recaptured territory lost to them while improving their military is insane.
		All of the ancient Empires had vastly larger armies than those of the feudal period and that's because a feudal structure is exceptionally inefficient in organizing armies, among other things.
	kier.3dfrontier.com /forums/archive/index.php/t-59339.html (12222 words)

	Trabzon - All About Turkey
		Byzantines and the Arabs started, the Arabs called the people under the Roman Sovereignty as Rum, and the areas under the Roman sovereignty as Diyar-i Rum or Memleket-ul Rum (land of Rums).
		In 1411 the Saint Savas Church built in the Boztepe slope was decorated; according to the people the construction of the bell tower and belfry of the Saint Sophia Church was completed in 1427 and the drawing of the pictures on the arches of the entrance door of the Church was terminated in 1444.
		Trabzon became the center of an intensive transit transportation in the middle of the 19th century; The trade in Trabzon Harbor started to expand continuously.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /trabzon.htm (4835 words)

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