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Topic: Empire Trebizond

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David of Trebizond

Empire of Nicea

Manuel I of Trebizond

Despotate of Epirus

Fall of Byzantium

Empire of Romania

Latin Empire

Byzantine Empire

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Byzantine

Trebizond

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John III Ducas Vatatzes

Theodore I Lascaris

John VIII Palaeologus

	Empire of Trebizond - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When Constantinople fell to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Empire of Trebizond was one of the three smaller Greek states that emerged from the wreckage, along with the Empire of Nicaea and the so-called Despotate of Epirus.
		Trebizond initially controlled a contiguous area on the southern Black Sea coast between Soterioupolis and Sinope, comprising the modern Turkish provinces of Sinop, Ordu, Giresun, Trabzon, Bayburt, Gumushane, Rise and Artvin.
		Trebizond was in continual conflict with the Sultanate of Iconium and later with the Ottoman Turks, as well as Byzantium, the Italian republics, and especially the Genoese.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond (1160 words)

	Trabzon
		It remained a city under the rule of one empire or another for some time, and gained importance under Roman rule in the 1st century AD because it was the nearest port to the Armenian frontier.
		Alexius Comnenus, a grandson of emperor Andronicus I Comnenus, made Trebizond the seat of an empire, and because of this connection the polity was sometimes referred to as the Comnenus Empire.
		Trebizond controlled an area across the southern Black Sea coast, and parts of the Crimean peninsula and Kerch briefly in the thirteenth century.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/tr/Trabzon.html (673 words)

	Trebizond - LoveToKnow 1911
		The vilayet, of which Trebizond is the chief town, consists of a long irregular strip of coast country, the eastern half of which is deeply indented and mountainous.
		The palace of Trebizond was famed for its magnificence, the court for its luxury and elaborate ceremonial, while at the same time it was frequently a hotbed of intrigue and immorality.
		From time to time the emperors of Trebizond paid tribute to the Seljuk sultans of Iconium, to the grand khans of the Mongols, to Timur the Tatar, to the Turkoman chieftains, and to the Ottomans; but by means of skilful negotiations they were enabled practically to secure their independence.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Trebizond (1536 words)

	Trebizond
		In 1462 Trebizond was taken by assault by the troops of Mohammed II, and its last emperor, David, was exiled to the vicinity of Serrae in Macedonia.
		At present Trebizond is the capital of the vilayet of the same name, bounded by those of Sivas and Erzeroum, the Black Sea, and Asiatic Russia, which after the war of 1877 absorbed a part of its territory.
		The Capuchins are established for the Latins at Trebizond, Samsun, and Ineboli, and are dependent on the delegate Apostolic at Constantinople; the Sisters of St. Joseph of the Apparition have a boarding-school at Trebizond.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/t/trebizond.html (1122 words)

	Empire of Nicaea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Empire of Nicaea was the largest of the Byzantine Greek states founded by the nobility of the Byzantine Empire after Constantinople was conquered during the Fourth Crusade.
		The Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond, and the Despotate of Epirus.
		The Latin Empire, which was established by the Crusaders in Constantinople, had poor control over former Byzantine territory, and Byzantine successor states sprang up in Epirus and Trebizond as well as Nicaea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nicaean_Empire (728 words)

	The Age of Chivalry - Empire of Trebizond 1204-1461 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The empire was organised similarly along Byzantine lines with local warlords recognised as pronoiai and who were tasked with protecting the frontier regions and maintaining their fortresses.
		What prompted the final fall of the Empire of Trebizond was the cancellation of the tribute promised to the Ottomans in 1456 by the new Emperor David Komnenos (1458-1461).
		Thus the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Mehmed the Conqueror (so-called because of his capture of the Byzantine capital Constantinople in 1453) gathered a huge army reportedly consisting of 60,000 horse and 80,000 foot and laid siege to the city in 1461.
	www.taoc.co.uk /content/view/32/45 (1031 words)

	Roman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Western Roman Empire was divided among the eldest son Constantine II and the youngest son Constans.
		The Holy Roman Empire, an attempt to resurrect the Empire in the West, was established in 800 when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Roman Emperor on Christmas Day, though the empire and the imperial office did not become formalized for some decades.
		But excluding these states claiming their heritage, the Roman state lasted (in some form) from the founding of Rome in 753 BC to the fall in 1461 of the Empire of Trebizond (a successor state and fragment of the Byzantine Empire which escaped conquest by the Ottomans in 1453), for a total of 2214 years.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roman_empire (10627 words)

	Byzantine Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire was the eastern section of the Roman Empire with its capital at Constantinople (modern Istanbul) which remained in existence after the of Rome in the 5th century.
		The Eastern Empire was largely spared the of the west in the 3rd and 4th centuries (see Crisis of the Third Century) in part because urban culture was established there and the initial invasions were to the wealth of Rome.
		Heraclius divided the empire into a system military provinces called thémata (themes) to face permanent assault with life declining outside the capital while Constantinople to become the largest city in the Attempts by the Arabs to conquer Constantinople in the face of the Byzantines' superior and their monopoly of the still mysterious weapon Greek fire.
	www.freeglossary.com /Byzantine_Empire (2436 words)

	The Last Roman Empire
		While most of the empire was partitioned among the leaders of the Crusade (with the Venetians gaining control of many Aegean islands), three regions remained under the control of Byzantine rulers: the Despotate of Epirus, the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond.
		Trebizond too had its Haghia Sophia, the emperors decorated it with reliefs and paintings and the church, after having been used as a mosque and a war hospital, was restored by theTurkish authorities with the help of the University of Edinburgh and it is now a museum, surrounded by a peaceful garden.
		A Byzantine princess of Trebizond was married to one of Mehmet's sons.
	members.tripod.com /romeartlover/Trebison.html (2342 words)

	AllRefer.com - Trebizond, empire of (Ancient History, Late Roman And Byzantine) - Encyclopedia
		These were the empire of Nicaea, the despotate of Epirus, and the empire of Trebizond.
		The empire of Trebizond was further diminished when Sinope fell (1214) to the Seljuk Turks, and the emperor became a vassal of the sultan of Iconium; for the remainder of its existence Trebizond was restricted to the SE Black Sea coastal region.
		Relations between Trebizond and the Muslims were generally friendly, but after the Turkish conquest of Constantinople (1453), David Comnenus, the last emperor of Trebizond, promoted an alliance of the non-Ottoman Asian states against Sultan Muhammad II.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/T/Trebizemp.html (573 words)

	f. The Byzantine Empire. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		After the recapture of Constantinople by the Greeks in 1261, the empire of the Paleologi was still a relatively small domain, consisting of the former Nicaean Empire, the city of Constantinople and its immediate surroundings, the coastal part of Thrace, Salonika (Thessalonica), and southern Macedonia with the islands of Imbros, Samothrace, Lesbos, and Rhodes.
		The empire of Trebizond ended with the Ottoman conquest in 1461 (last ruler, David, 1458–61).
		The European territories of the earlier empire were divided between the Greek despotate of Epirus and the Greek duchy of Neopatras (Thessaly, Locris), the Latin duchy of Athens, the Latin principality of Achaea, and the Venetian duchy of the Archipelago.
	www.bartleby.com /67/564.html (582 words)

	Wikinfo \| Trabzon
		Alexius I, a grandson of Byzantine emperor Andronicus I Comnenus and Georgian King David the Builder, made Trebizond the seat of an empire, and because of this connection the polity was sometimes referred to as the Comnenan Empire.
		It was an empire more in title than in action, surviving by playing its rivals against each other, and offering daughters of its rulers or marriage with generous dowries.
		His son Alexius IV married two of his daughters to Cihanshah, khan of the Black Sheep Turkmen, and to Ali Beg, khan of the White Sheep Turkmen; while his eldest daughter Maria became the third wife of the Byzantine Emperor John VIII Palaeologus.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Trabzon (771 words)

	Trapezuntine Byzantine (1204-1461 AD) DBA IV-34 by Andy Hooper
		The Empire of Nicaea was formed from western and southern Anatolia and southern Greece, the Despotate of Epirus from Northern Greece and Thrace, and the Empire of Trebizond held all but the very westernmost portion of the temperate Black Sea coast.
		Trebizond therefore survived several invasions that were catastrophic to other states in the region, including the Mongol Conquest in the 13th Century, and the campaigns of Tamerlane at the opening of the 15th.
		Trebizond was therefore an immensely wealthy state at times, and used their economic strength to hire professional soldiers from all around the region.
	www.fanaticus.org /DBA/armies/IV34/index.html (994 words)

	The Age of Chivalry - Empire of Nicaea 1204-1261 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		After the establishment of the crusader Latin Empire of Constantinople in 1204 three Byzantine splinter states sprang up: the Empire of Trebizond, which actually claimed independence a month or so before the Fourth Crusade; the Empire of Nicaea; and the Despotate of Epiros.
		Of these three petty empires it was the Nicaean Empire that was the most powerful and would ultimately reclaim Constantinople from the Latins and restore the Byzantine emperor to the throne.
		Founded by Theodore I Laskaris, son-in-law of Alexios III Angelos Komnenos, the Empire of Nicaea was situated in north-western Anatolia and at its height controlled the western rim of Asia Minor as well as Thrace and southern Macedonia with the city of Nicaea (Iznik) as the capital.
	www.taoc.co.uk /content/view/33/45 (913 words)

	Byzantine Empire 2 - Crystalinks
		The Germans of the Holy Roman Empire and the Normans of Sicily and southern Italy continued to attack the empire in the 11t and 12th centuries.
		The Latin Empire, the Empire of Nicaea, the Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of EpirusThree successor states were left - the Empire of Nicaea, the Empire of Trebizond, and the Despotate of Epirus.
		The Byzantine Empire was the empire that brought widespread adoption of Christianity to Europe - arguably one of the central aspects of a modern Europe¹s identity.
	www.crystalinks.com /byzantine2.html (2428 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - The One True Faith: A Byzantine AAR
		The internal affairs of the Empire got as close to normal as possible, and on March 1, 1444, a pact of reconciliation was signed with some of the nobles in Morea and Hellas, further promoting stability.
		Trebizond's ally Georgia also decided to participate in the war, but this was of minimal consequence to Byzantium, as the Georgian armies were not large enough to compete with Byzantium.
		The first major campaign of the second war with Trebizond began on February 14, 1452, and was over by the ides of March, ending in the commencement of the siege of Trebizond.
	forum.paradoxplaza.com /forum/showthread.php?t=105271&page=2&pp=25 (6657 words)

	Rome and Romania, Roman Emperors, Byzantine Emperors, etc.
		Decius and Herennius were killed in battle by the Goths in 251 -- the only Roman Emperors to die in battle (against external enemies) besides Julian (against the Persians, 363), Valens (against the Goths again, 378), Nicephorus I (against the Bulgars, 811), and Constantine XI (with the fall of Constantinople to the Turks, 1453).
		The abyss of the deep was laid open; various types of marine creatures could be seen stuck in the slime, and huge mountains and valleys which had been hidden since the creation in the depths of the waves then, one must suppose, saw the light of the sun for the first time.
		The Lombards invaded Italy in 568; and although they were unable to secure the whole peninsula, or the major cities (except in the Po valley), they became a source of constant conflict for most of the next two hundred years.
	www.friesian.com /romania.htm (13905 words)

	TREBIZOND Resurrected - NEW BYZANTIUM
		This caused the eventual dichotomy known as the East and the West or the Greek and the Latin sectors.
		Examples of this civilization were the dreamlike amphitheatric cities -- cities, theater -- on the shore of the Euxinus -- Amissos, Kotiora, Kerasounta, Tripolis, Trebizond; and the architectural creations, a synthesis of classical and Byzantine forms, of the Pontian maestros -- the masters that adorned Asia Minor and especially Kappadokia.
		In 2004, it will be eight hundred years since the founding of the empire of Trebizond which for two and a half centuries developed a rich civilization forming the crossroads between Europe and Asia on the silk route.
	www.new-byzantium.org /trerctd.html (3461 words)

	[No title]
		See the both Miller's old history of Trebizond and Bryer's new study of the monuments of the area.
		Chicago: Argonaut Publishers, 1968) Minzlov, The Empire of Trebizond (in Russian), (Berlin: c.
		A., "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond", Speculum 11 (1936), pp.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/byzantium/texts/byztreb.txt (826 words)

	empire of Nicaea
		In 1204 the armies of the Fourth Crusade set up the Latin Empire of Constantinople, but the Crusaders' influence did not extend over the entire Byzantine Empire.
		The empire of Nicaea preserved the continuity of emperors, patriarchs, and institutions of Byzantium.
		Byzantine Empire: The Ebb of Power - The Ebb of Power With the rule of Zoë (1028–50) anarchy and decline set in.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0835562.html (246 words)

	History of Pontus, Anatolian history,Ottoman Turkey
		The Empire of Trebizond was already foreshadowed in the 1080s by the exploits of Theodore Gabras.
		The Great feudal families of the Empire often preferred a Turkish alliance to one with the Italians, and occasionally even to one with their own Greek rulers.
		In direct continuation of the habits of the Trebizond Empire, the maintenance of law and order in remote areas was entrusted shortly after the conquest to dercbeyis, literally Lords of the Valley.
	www.karalahana.com /english/archive/history.html (4166 words)

	Ask Us A Question (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Because of this network of roads, the amount of time necessary to travel between destinations in Europe did not decrease until the 19th century after the invention of steam power.
		The Roman Empire also contributed its form of government, which influences various constitutions including those of most European countries, and that of the United States, whose framers remarked, in creating the Presidency, that they wanted to inaugurate an "Augustan Age." The modern world also inherited legal thinking from the Roman law, codified in Late Antiquity.
		Governing a vast territory, the Romans developed the science of public administration to an extent never before conceived or necessary, creating an extensive civil service and formalized methods of tax collection.
	www.avoo.com /wiki/Roman_Empire (10737 words)

	Byzantine Coins of Alexius IV (Trebizond)
		1447 A.D. Trebizond was founded about 1204 A.D., probably following the Crusader takeover of Constantinople.
		It was surrounded by Muslim states and constantly paid tribute to them.
		Trebizond did not fall to the Ottomans until 1461, nearly a decade after Constantinople, but its emperor was little more than a puppet for the Sultan.
	www.forumancientcoins.com /Roman-Coins.asp?e=Alexius_IV_(Trebizond)&par=946&pos=1&target=99 (108 words)

	Wikinfo \| Latin Empire
		The knights of the Fourth Crusade set up a Crusader kingdom known as the Latin Empire or Romania based on Constantinople after sacking the city in 1204, with the intent that it would be a Roman Catholic successor of the Byzantine Empire.
		Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders, was crowned the first emperor May 16, 1204.
		Although the relatives of Baldwin, Count of Flanders struggled for many years for their domain, it came to an end on July 25, 1261 when Michael VIII Palaeologus recaptured Constantinople, deposing the last Latin Emperor, Baldwin II.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Latin_Empire (260 words)

	Byzantine Fortresses in the Empire of Trebizond
		The Empire of Trebizond stretched for hundred of miles along the coast of the Black Sea and it included several ports which were founded by the first settlers who explored this sea.
		A few miles off Tirebolu, near the town of Espiye, there is a castle protecting the coast from attacks coming from the tableland.
		Based on information I found on a map of Eastern Turkey I expected the town of Surmene, east of Trebizond, to have the ruins of a fortress.
	members.tripod.com /romeartlover/Trebiso2.html (693 words)

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