Empire-of-Nicaea - Factbites

Empire-of-Nicaea - Factbites
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Topic: Empire-of-Nicaea

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	Empire of Trebizond - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When Constantinople fell to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Empire of Trebizond was one of the three smaller Greek states that emerged from the wreckage, along with the Empire of Nicaea and the Despotate of Epirus.
		It was an empire more in title than in action, surviving by playing its rivals against each other, and offering the daughters of its rulers for marriage with generous dowries, especially with the Turkmen rulers of interior Anatolia.
		The Empire of Trebizond was a successor state of the Byzantine Empire founded in 1204 immediately before the fall of Constantinople.
	www.bexley.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Empire_of_Trebizond

	Nicaea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nicaea (Greek Nikaia; see also List of traditional Greek place names) was originally founded around 310 BC by the Macedonian king Antigonus, who had taken control of much of Asia Minor upon the death of Alexander the Great (under whom he served as a general).
		Nicaea (now İznik) is a city in Anatolia (now part of Turkey) which is known primarily as the site of two major meetings (or Ecumenical councils) in the early history of the Christian church.
		Nicaea is also the ancient name of the French city Nice.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nicaea

	Empire of Nicaea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Empire of Nicaea was the largest of the states founded by refugees from the Byzantine Empire after Constantinople was conquered during the Fourth Crusade.
		The Latin Empire which was established by the crusaders in Constantinople had poor control over former Byzantine territory, and Byzantine successor states sprang up in Epirus and Trebizond as well as Nicaea.
		The inhabitants of the restored empire considered the Empire of Nicaea the true successor to the Byzantine Empire, although the Empire of Trebizond still existed, as did the Latin Principality of Achaea.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nicaean_Empire

	List of Byzantine emperors - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Laskarid dynasty (in exile in the Empire of Nicaea)
		15 Laskarid dynasty (in exile in the Empire of Nicaea)
		This list begins with Constantine the Great, the first Christian emperor reigning from Constantinople, although Diocletian before him had ruled from Nicaea and replaced the pseudorepublican trappings of the office with a straightforward autocracy and Heraclius I after him replaced Latin with Greek and began the restructuring of the Empire into themata.]
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Byzantine_Emperors

	AllRefer.com - Trebizond, empire of (Ancient History, Late Roman And Byzantine) - Encyclopedia
		These were the empire of Nicaea, the despotate of Epirus, and the empire of Trebizond.
		When the Byzantine Empire was restored (1261) under Nicaean leadership, Trebizond remained separate and independent, although it was often forced to pay tribute to the succeeding dominant powers of Asia Minor.
		The western part of the empire was the conquest of David Comnenus, who soon lost his dominions to Nicaea.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/T/Trebizemp.html

	NICAEA - LoveToKnow Article on NICAEA
		He convened a council, designed to represent the whole Church of the empire, at Nicaea in Bithynia, a town situated no great way from the imperial summer-residence of Nicomedia and within easy reach by sea of the Oriental bishops.
		True, at Nicaea this majority eventually acquiesced in the ruling of the Alexandnians; yet this result was due, not to internal conviction, but partly to indifference, partly to the pressure of the imperial willa fact which is mainly demonstrated by the subsequent history of the Arian conflicts.
		This, however, was not the case; in fact, the creed was assailed by those very bodies which had composed the laissez-faire centre at Nicaea; and we are compelled to the conclusion that, in this point, the voting was no criterion of the inward convictions of the council.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /N/NI/NICAEA.htm

	Latin Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, much of the territory remained in the hands of rival states led by aristocrats of the former empire, such as the Despotate of Epirus, the Empire of Nicaea, and the Empire of Trebizond.
		The Latin Empire laid claim to all of the lands controlled by the Byzantine Empire at the time Constantinople was conquered, and did exert control over areas of Greece (the Crusader States: the Kingdom of Thessalonica, the Principality of Achaea, and the Duchy of Athens).
		For about a century thereafter, the heirs of Baldwin II continued to use the title of Emperor of Constantinople, and were seen as theoretical overlords by the various remaining Latin states in the Aegean.
	www.northmiami.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Latin_Empire

	Nicaea, empire of -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		As this empire grew by conquering lands of the Byzantine Empire and beyond, it came to include at the height of its power all of Asia Minor; the countries of the Balkan Peninsula; the islands of the...
		independent principality of the fragmented Byzantine Empire, founded in 1204 by Theodore I Lascaris (1208–22); it served as a political and cultural centre from which a restored Byzantium arose in the mid-13th century under Michael VIII Palaeologus.
		Early in the 14th century the Turkish tribal chieftain Othman, or Osman, founded an empire in western Anatolia (Asia Minor) that was to endure for almost six centuries.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9055693?tocId=9055693

	EefyWiki - Empire Of Nicaea
		The Empire of Nicaea was the largest of the states founded by refugees from the Byzantine Empire after Constantinople was conquered during the Fourth Crusade.
	eefy.editme.com /EmpireOfNicaea

	The Age of Chivalry - Empire of Nicaea 1204-1261
		Founded by Theodore I Laskaris, son-in-law of Alexios III Angelos Komnenos, the Empire of Nicaea was situated in north-western Anatolia and at its height controlled the western rim of Asia Minor as well as Thrace and southern Macedonia with the city of Nicaea (Iznik) as the capital.
		Of these three petty empires it was the Nicaean Empire that was the most powerful and would ultimately reclaim Constantinople from the Latins and restore the Byzantine emperor to the throne.
		The town of Nicaea was blessed with powerful walls and the empire itself benefited greatly from a prosperous economy of grain produce from the riverine valleys and craft production and trade from a dozen key cities.
	www.taoc.co.uk /content/view/33/45

	The End of the Byzantine Empire, 1081-1453
		The important city of Nicaea opened its gates to him, and became for nearly sixty years the capital of a fourth Empire, which, by its prosperity and growing power, soon made good its claim to be regarded as the true representative of the ancient dominion of the Caesars.
		Under their government, the history of the Empire of Nicaea presents one of the most pleasing and instructive portions of the later Byzantine annals.
		He ought to be execrated as the corrupter of the Greek race."' With the recovery of Constantinople, the short-lived revival of the social and political life of the Greeks, which had appeared in the Empire of Nicaea, came to a sudden end.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/EndByz.html

	Articles - Translatio imperii
		Empire of Nicaea (1204-1261)- The legitimate Byzantine throne in exile.
		His empire was an attempt to mimic the Roman Empire and he was responsible for forcing the Holy Roman Empire to dissolve with the Treaty of Lunéville.
		Empire of Trebizond (1204-1461)- Splinter state that claimed imperium.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Translatio_imperii?mySession=fa3515ae3d286e160c3e5a4025b2cec9

	Politics in Late Byzantine Period
		The Empire of Nicaea was the one to finally win the title of the "exiled" Byzantine Empire and brought the capital of the state back to its natural place, in Constantinople.
		Those were the Empire of Nicaea, which was founded in Asia Minor by
		The Byzantine Empire was replaced by the Latin Empire of Constantinople that occupied five eighths of the land of the capital, Thrace and North-West Asia Minor.
	www.fhw.gr /chronos/10/en/p/pa1.html

	Macedon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Philip's son Alexander III (the Great) (336–323 BC) managed to briefly extend Macedon power not only over the central Greek city-states, but also to the Persian empire, including Egypt and lands as far east as the fringes of India.
		In 215 BC Macedon became involved in the first of three wars with the rising power of Rome: defeat in the second (197 BC) and third (168 BC) led to the deposition of the Macedonian dynasty and the establishment of Roman client republics.
		The same might have held true of feudal institutions like serfdom, which may have persisted in Macedon well into historical time, whereas they had been abolished by city-states several centuries ago (most notably by the Athenian legislator Solon's famous seisachtheia laws).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Macedon

	Balkan Peninsula, 1000-1400 A.D. Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art
		In place of a centralized Byzantine government, with its one capital in Constantinople, independent Byzantine states in exile are established in the former imperial provinces: the empire of Nicaea (1204–61), the empire of Trebizond (1204–1461), and the despotate of Epirus (1204–1318).
		Byzantine art and architecture of the eleventh and twelfth centuries reflect the empire's prosperity and cultural dominance in the Balkans.
		This period witnesses Byzantium's greatest medieval expansion in the Balkans, followed by the empire's almost complete collapse in 1204 with the fall of the Byzantine capital to the Western knights of the
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/07/eusb/ht07eusb.htm

	The Last Roman Empire
		While most of the empire was partitioned among the leaders of the Crusade (with the Venetians gaining control of many Aegean islands), three regions remained under the control of Byzantine rulers: the Despotate of Epirus, the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond.
		Notwithstanding the protection of St. Eugene and the highly noble origin of its emperors, the Empire of Trebizond was in a state of inferiority in respect of its powerful neighbours: the Seljuks, the Persians and, on the sea, Genoa and Venice.
		David, the last emperor, apologized for being late in his payments, claiming that the revenue he got from his empire was so reduced that he could not meet his obligation and he offered his empire to Mehmet II in return of a yearly amount for him and his successors.
	members.tripod.com /romeartlover/Trebison.html

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Nicaea
		After the capture of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204 Nicaea, restored, fortified, and embellished, became until 1261 the capital of the new Byzantine Empire of the Lascari or Palaeologi.
		Later Lysimachus enlarged it and called it Nicaea in honour of his wife.
		Captured by the Seljukids at an unknown date, perhaps subsequent to the revolt of Melissenus against Nicephorus Botaniates, it was afterwards ceded to the Turks by Alexius Comnenus.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11043a.htm

	Politics in Late Byzantine Period
		was the expansion of the borders of the Empire of Nicaea at the expense of the Latins as well as of the Turks of Asia Minor and,
		The treaty of Nymphaion meant recognition of the status quo by both Empires and marked the beginning of a period of stability for the Empire of Nicaea, which eventually also extended its sovereignty over Paphlagonia, the domain of the
		Towards the end of 1214 was signed the treaty of Nymphaion, which determined the borders between the Byzantine and the Latin Empires.
	www.fhw.gr /chronos/10/en/p/pa2/pa2b.html

	LIBRARIES
		It was the empire of Nicaea, however, that was the legitimate successor to the Byzantine empire, at not only the political, but also the religious and cultural level.
		After the capture of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204, three states were formed: the empire of Nicaea, the despotate of Epiros and the empire of the Komnenoi with its capital at Trebizond.
		The court of Theodore Laskaris (1204-1222) at Nicaea, almost on the outskirts of Constantinople, began to attract teachers, men of letters and figures from the intellectual world of Byzantium, and thereby carried on the movement for the revival of letters and educational and culture more generally.
	www.libraries.gr /nonmembers/en/history_bizadinos_nikea.htm

	Constantinople, Latin Empire of. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The empire declined immediately after its creation, being beset by the Greek emperors of Nicaea (see Nicaea, empire of) and despots of Epirus (see Epirus, despotate of), by the Bulgars under Ivan II (Ivan Asen), by the Turks, by discord among the Westerners, and by Greek resistance.
		1204–61, feudal empire established in the S Balkan Peninsula and the Greek archipelago by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade (see Crusades) after they had sacked (1204) Constantinople; also known as the empire of Romania (not to be confused with the modern nation Romania).
		In 1222, Thessalonica fell to the despot of Epirus.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/ConstntLE.html

	John Camaterus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1206 Theodore I Lascaris invited him to Nicaea where Theodore founded the Byzantine successor state of the Empire of Nicaea, but John died in the same year.
		The Crusaders installed a Latin Patriarch in Constantinople, while Theodore simply created a new Greek Patriarchate in Nicaea, which was eventually restored in Constantinople with the rest of the Empire in 1261.
		He fled to Thrace with the deposed emperor Alexius V after the capture of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade in 1204.
	www.lexington-fayette.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/John_Camaterus

	1222 Details, Meaning 1222 Article and Explanation Guide
		Theodore I Lascaris, founder of the Byzantine Empire of Nicaea
		John III Ducas Vatatzes becomes Byzantine emperor (in the Empire of Nicaea)
		Mongol Empire - Genghis Khan, Mongol Khan (from 1206 to 1227)
	www.e-paranoids.com /1/12/1222.html

	Anatolia and the Caucasus, 1000-1400 A.D. Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art
		In place of a centralized Byzantine government, with its one capital in Constantinople, independent Byzantine states in exile are established in the former imperial provinces: the empire of Nicaea (1204–61), the empire of the Grand Komnenoi at Trebizond (1204–1461), and the despotate of Epirus (1204–1318).
		Their capture of Nicaea (Iznik) forces the Anatolian Seljuqs to find a new capital, which is eventually established in Konya (1116).
		The period from 1000 to 1400 in Anatolia and the Caucasus is a time of Turkic and Muslim expansion at the expense of the Byzantine empire's eastern territories.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/07/waa/ht07waa.htm

	Nicaea, empire of
		The empire of Nicaea preserved the continuity of emperors, patriarchs, and institutions of Byzantium.
		Several Greek successor states, chief among them the empire of Nicaea, sprang up (see also
		Holy Roman Empire, The: Chapter XVII: The Renaissance: Change In The Character Of The Empire.
	www.infoplease.com /ce5/CE037188.html

	John III - Byzantine Coinage - WildWinds.com
		Empire of Nicaea, John III Ducas-Vatatzes AR Trachy.
		Empire of Nicaea, John III Ducas Vatatzes (AD 1222-1254) Silver Aspron Trachy.
		Empire of Nicaea, John III Ducas-Vatatzes (AD 1222-1254).
	www.wildwinds.com /coins/byz/john_III/i.html

	Byzantine
		Traditionally, numismatists categorize the "Byzantine Empire" from the reign of Anastasias I in 491 to Constantine XI Palaeologus, ending in 1453.
		There is still much debate as to whether or not this is correct or if perhaps it should be moved back to the point when Constantine I moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople or perhaps when the Roman Empire split between the East and West.
		Even the term "Byzantine" itself is debated by some numismatists and historians, who prefer to use the term "Romaion".
	www.beastcoins.com /Byzantine/Byzantine.htm

	Byzantium's Successor States: The Laskarids of Nicaea (1205-1261), the Despots of Epirus (1205-1340), and the Grand Comneni of Trebizond (1205-1461)
		Three Greek successor states ultimately established themselves after the fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade: the Empire of Nicaea, in northwestern Asia Minor (1205-1261); the Despotate of Epirus, in the mountains of northwestern Greece (1205-1318); and the Empire of Trebizond (1205-1461), along the Pontic coast on the southeastern shores of the Black Sea.
		How did the Empire of Nicaea emerge as the front-runner of the Byzantine Successor States and eventually become the restorer of Constantinople?
		Each successor state had its own ruling family: the Laskarids of Nicaea, the Despots of Epirus, and the Grand Comneni of Trebizond.
	www.ancientsites.com /aw/Thread/34093

	Basileos's Inquiry -- and Two Excellent Posts by Publius on the Empire of Nicaea and the Battle of Ankara/Angora
		In the meantime, I would commend to all Group members the outstanding and well-researched post which Publius has done on the reasons for the ultimate success of the Empire of Nicaea ("How did the Empire of Nicaea re-emerge as the front-runner of the Byzantine Successor States?").
		(These would be the Laskarids/Ducae/Grand Comneni thread on "The Emperors" board for the piece on the Empire of Nicaea, and the Palaeologi thread on "The Emperors" Board and/or the Battles thread on the "Military" Board.)
		Basileos's Inquiry -- and Two Excellent Posts by Publius on the Empire of Nicaea and the Battle of Ankara/Angora
	www.ancientsites.com /aw/Post/487190

	Politics in Late Byzantine Period
		However, the Mongol raid left the Empire of Nicaea intact, while ridding it, at the same time, of its Turkish rival, who, in 1243, was forced to pay tribute to the Mongols.
		with the Emperor of Nicaea, and to this end, in 1233, he resumed his relations with the Patriarchate of that state, which had been severed following Theodore Doukas' coronation as Emperor.
		forced John Doukas, the successor of Manuel (1237-44), to give up his imperial title and to recognise the Emperor of Nicaea as his suzerain.
	pegasos.fhw.gr /chronos/10/en/p/pa3/pa3a3.html

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