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Topic: Empirical knowledge

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	Empirical knowledge - Definition, explanation
		It is contrasted with a priori knowledge, or knowledge that is gained through the apprehension of innate ideas, "intuition," "pure reason," or other non-experiential sources.
		The vast bulk of the empirical knowledge that ordinary people possess is gained via a mixture of direct experience and the testimony of others about what they have experienced—iterated in an interesting way that is studied in the field of social epistemology as well as other fields.
		Kant, in adding the distinction between synthetic and analytic truths to the distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge, created four categories of knowledge (one of which, the analytic a posteriori, is never possible).
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/e/em/empirical_knowledge.php (633 words)

	Glossary of Kant's Technical Terms
		empirical: one of Kant's four main perspectives, aiming to establish a kind of knowledge which is both synthetic and a posteriori.
		By contrast, knowledge implies objective and subjective certainty, while opinion is the state of having neither objective nor subjective certainty.
		It gives rise to the logical perspective, which enables us to compare concepts with each other, and to the empirical perspective (where it is also called judgment), which enables us to combine concepts with intuitions in order to produce empirical knowledge.
	www.hkbu.edu.hk /~ppp/ksp1/KSPglos.html (3078 words)

	KENNETH R. WESTPHAL - Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit
		2 Descartes's Defense of the Metaphysical Certainty of Empirical Knowledge 18
		One is that Hegel himself refutes a fundamental presupposition of Modern empiricism, the doctrine of "knowledge by acquaintance," in the first chapter of the Phenomenology, a chapter that cannot be reconstructed within the bounds of this study.
		The main aim of the present study is to elucidate the desiderata Hegel establishes for the adequacy of any theory of empirical knowledge and to reconstruct the method Hegel proposes for meeting those desiderata.
	www.uea.ac.uk /~j018/HER-BLb.htm (3174 words)

	God and Empirical Logic
		The results yielded by empirical knowledge embrace all the material aspects of life, imprisoning man within their four impenetrable walls, and it is hardly possible to find any natural tool among the means of man's life.
		Once empirical logic succeeded in pouring all thoughts into its own mould, it colored men's outlook on the world to such a degree that they were convinced that it was the only basis for accepting the truth of a thing.
		Now, if a person imprisoned in empirical logic desires to accept the reality of the universe only to the extent permitted him by sensory experience and to deny whatever lies beyond that, he must recognize that this is a path he has chosen for himself; it is not the result of scientific investigation and experiment.
	www.al-islam.org /GodAttributes/logic.htm (2690 words)

	The non-apriority of concept width
		The argument that combining AI and PA can yield non-empirical knowledge of specific features of the external world goes something like this: Let C be a wide concept.
		The exact nature of the environmental relations required for possessing wide concepts and exactly how specific an E environment has to be will depend on the details of a particular anti-individualist thesis.
		Any attempt to derive non-empirical knowledge of the external world via AI from non-empirical knowledge of what one is thinking presupposes that one can know non-empirically that one of her actual concepts is wide.
	www.siue.edu /~wlarkin/research/width.html (1725 words)

	Science at the Crossroads
		So a genuine exchange between the cumulative knowledge and experience of Buddhism and modern science on a wide-ranging issues pertaining to the human mind, from cognition and emotion to understanding the capacity for transformation inherent in the human brain can be deeply interesting and potentially beneficial as well.
		Another area where a critical perspective is required on the part of the scientists is the ability to distinguish between the empirical aspects of Buddhist thought and contemplative practice on the one hand and the philosophical and metaphysical assumptions associated with these meditative practices.
		Our knowledge of the human brain and body at the cellular and genetic level, with the consequent technological possibilities offered for genetic manipulation, has reached such a stage that the ethical challenges of these scientific advances are enormous.
	www.dalailama.com /page.163.htm (2583 words)

	Reconciling Empirical Knowledge and Clinical Experience - APA Books
		The art and science of psychotherapy requires both intuitive knowledge and empirical discipline.
		Researchers labor diligently within the strictures of the rules of empiricism: Hypotheses must be tested, refined, and retested, often repeatedly.
		In Reconciling Empirical Knowledge and Clinical Experience: The Art and Science of Psychotherapy, scientist-practitioners reflect on their efforts to combine these disparate ways of knowing their own work.
	books.apa.org /books.cfm?id=431734A (201 words)

	Empiricism - Psychology Wiki - a Wikia wiki
		As a historical matter, philosophical empiricism is commonly contrasted with the philosophical school of thought known as "rationalism" which, in very broad terms, asserts that much knowledge is attributable to reason independently of the senses.
		It is differentiated from the philosophic usage of empiricism by the use of the adjective "empirical" or the adverb "empirically".
		Empirical is used in conjunction with both the natural and social sciences, and refers to the use of working hypotheses that are testable using observation or experiment.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Empirical (4895 words)

	Kant, "Critique of Pure Reason" (1781) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Knowledge of this kind is called a priori, in contradistinction to empirical knowledge, which has its sources a posteriori, that is, in experience.
		For, in speaking of knowledge which has its sources in experience, we are wont to say, that this or that may be known a priori, because we do not derive this knowledge immediately from experience, but from a general rule, which, however, we have itself borrowed from experience.
		But in the use of these criteria the empirical limitation is sometimes more easily detected than the contingency of the judgement, or the unlimited universality which we attach to a judgement is often a more convincing proof than its necessity, it may be advisable to use the criteria separately, each being by itself infallible.
	www.historyguide.org /intellect/cpr_intro.html (1590 words)

	VIII. DOES EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE HAVE A FOUNDATION?
		And since no empirical sentence type appears to have intrinsic credibility, this means that credibility must accrue to some empirical sentence types by virtue of their logical relations to certain sentence tokens, and, indeed, to sentence tokens the authority of which is not derived, in its turn, from the authority of sentence types.
		These 'takings' are, so to speak, the unmoved movers of empirical knowledge, the 'knowings in presence' which are presupposed by all other knowledge, both the knowledge of general truths and the knowledge 'in absence' of other particular matters of fact.
		For empirical knowledge, like its sophisticated extension, science, is rational, not because it has a foundation but because it is a self-correcting enterprise which can put any claim in jeopardy, though not all at once.
	www.ditext.com /sellars/epm8.html (2188 words)

	The empirical knowledge hypothesis
		Knowledge that would be true in any world, such as mathematical knowledge, is specifically excluded.
		The agent is presumed to be situated in time, that is, with respect to a single time series of experience, of sensations and actions, the data of life, as discussed under the experiential AI hypothesis.
		The knowledge is no more than the sum of those statements, and the sum of those statements is all there is to the knowledge.
	rlai.cs.ualberta.ca /RLAI/empiricalknowledge.html (408 words)

	20th WCP: Logic: An Empirical Study of A Priori Truths
		Knowledge is empirical if it fits experience; thus, one must check to see whether it fits.
		As for empirical knowledge, if this is the precarious knowledge that could in principle be defeated by experience, then much (perhaps all) a priori knowledge is so only relative to our conceptual frameworks, which can always be reformulated or rejected.
		Logical knowledge is empirical knowledge of a priori statements and principles, and logical systems are empirical theories of the statements and principles.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Logi/LogiKear.htm (3050 words)

	From The Critique of Pure Reason (1781)
		Knowledge of this kind is called a priori, in contradistinction to empirical knowledge, which has its sources a posteriori, that is, in experience.
		For, in speaking of knowledge which has its sources in experience, we are wont to say, that this or that may be known a priori, because we do not derive this knowledge immediately from experience, but from a general rule, which, however, we have itself borrowed from experience.
		But in the use of these criteria the empirical limitation is sometimes more easily detected than the contingency of the judgement, or the unlimited universality which we attach to a judgement is often a more convincing proof than its necessity, it may be advisable to use the criteria separately, each being by itself infallible.
	faculty.unionky.edu /jcooley/I-readings/HUMN_213/Kant.Critique.htm (1630 words)

	Kant's Critique of Pure Reason
		Kant does not argue for the Rationalist position that all knowledge is produced by reason, nor does he argue for the Empiricist position that all knowledge is produced by experience.
		He agrees with the Empiricist position that all knowledge begins with experience, and that there cannot be any innate ideas in the mind prior to experience, but he does not agree that this position supports the claim that experience must be the only source of all knowledge.
		Knowledge is attained by the combined operation of the sensibility and the understanding.
	www.angelfire.com /md2/timewarp/purereason.html (2172 words)

	The Phenomenality of Empirical Knowledge
		The objects are different from the knowledge we have of them, for the knowledge of objects is on par with the reality of their forms.
		Dream and waking are different in the quality of knowledge that is manifest in them, though the mould in which experience is cast is the same in both the states.
		The Vedanta theory of knowledge is a radical realism inasmuch as it accepts the outside world as independent of the knowledge which the subject has of it.
	www.swami-krishnananda.org /phil/phil_07.html (3322 words)

	ADLER ARCHIVE: Knowledge and Opinion - 3
		The empirical evidence to which science and history appeal is evidence that consists in observed data produced by methodical investigation, using all the devices and instrumentation of the laboratory and the observatory.
		The kind of questions that the philosopher or the mathematician can answer without any empirical investigation whatsoever cannot be answered by the empirical scientist, and, conversely, the kind of questions that the scientist can answer by his methods of investigation cannot be answered by the philosopher or the mathematician.
		Since our knowledge of reality, whether scientific or philosophical, does not consist exclusively of self-evident truths nor does it consist of conclusions demonstrated to be true by deduction from premises that are self-evidently true, scientific and philosophical theories or conclusions must be refutable in three ways.
	radicalacademy.com /adlerknowledge3.htm (1855 words)

	Knowledge from rationalism of empiricism essay
		The source of rational knowledge is independent of experience, as these truths remain equally true whether an individual is aware of them or not.
		Although we are using empirical knowledge, we are performing a rational operation on it.
		Full knowledge comprises both rational and empirical knowledge and thus is not whole without both of its parts.
	www.arrod.co.uk /essays/empirical-rational-knowledge.php (1288 words)

	VWC: Academics: General Studies: Empirical Knowledge
		Faculty members who wish to apply for Empirical Knowledge credit for a course should complete this form and either attach it to the "Proposed Course Information Sheet” (if the course is new) or else forward a copy to the Director of General Studies.
		Courses bearing the Empirical Knowledge (E) designation use the empirical method to provide a means of gaining knowledge about natural or social phenomena through systematic observation and direct experience.
		Empirical observations are used to develop theories capable of being supported or refuted.
	www.vwc.edu /academics/programs/gen_studies/empirical.php (296 words)

	Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint
		There is no area of knowledge, with the single exception of metaphysics, which the great mass of people look upon with greater contempt.
		Thus delimited, psychology and the natural sciences appear to divide the entire field of the empirical sciences between them, and to be distinguished from one another by a clearly defined boundary.
		It is, therefore, evident that, apart from certain weak empirical antecedents, the higher S sciences will attain their development later than the lower.
	www.marxists.org /reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge/brentano.htm (8320 words)

	[No title]
		The empirical stance to scientific knowledge thus announced was a brave bid, temerity at sight, a promise for radicalism: the naturalistic approach was presented as a reliable means to ‘explain the very content and nature of scientific knowledge’ (Bloor D., 1976-91, p.3).
		First: knowledge is not liable to the habitual ostensive indication (the gesture, accompanying an eventual ‘This-is-knowledge’ instruction), needed for a preliminary identification.
		Merely that the empirical study intended can’t even start for a lack of object: the Observer is unable to recognize whether his intended object (knowledge) is before his eyes or someone’s lost luggage.
	philsci-archive.pitt.edu /archive/00002210/01/PITFALLS_UNDERLYING_THE_EMPIRICAL_EXPLORATION_OF_SCIENTIFIC_KNOWLEDG1.doc (8878 words)

	Article-The Structure of Empirical Knowledge
		Beginning with the traditional definition of knowledge as justified true belief, Lehrer explores the truth, belief, and justif...
		In this important new work, Haack develops an original theory of empirical evidence or justification, and argues its appropriateness to the goals of inquiry.
		This new edition of the classic Contemporary Theories of Knowledge has been significantly updated to include analyses of the recent literature in epistemology.
	www.minihttpserver.net /z_book/A_the_structure_of_emp-0674843819.htm (600 words)

	Illusion of Knowledge
		The Acquisition of Knowledge in Israelite Wisdom Literature.
		From the Fact to Empirical Generalization and Scientific Explanation (Methodology of VI Vernadsky).
		Knowledge management through end user developed expert systems: potential and limitations.
	illusion-of-knowledge.behaviouralfinance.net (885 words)

	Kant and Mathematical Knowledge, by Thomas J McFarlane
		In particular, the objective validity of mathematical knowledge according to Kant rests on the fact that it is based on the a priori forms of our sensibility which condition the possibility of experience.
		Empirical knowledge (e.g.., 'it is raining') is synthetic, for it asserts more than is determined by logic and definitions alone.
		Thus a priori synthetic judgments of empirical space are possible because all our intuitions, both pure (formal) intuitions and empirical intuitions, rest on this form of intuition; and through the science of geometry as the study of the pure intuition of space we have systematized this knowledge in a science.
	www.integralscience.org /sacredscience/SS_kant.html (2955 words)

	Course Development Competition
		The course is named "Empirical Knowledge in Sociology" and is devoted to understanding empirical cognition, studying of the research principles and approaches, cognitive opportunities of the methods, specificity of obtained results in sociology.
		The concept of the course tends towards the development of integral ideas of the essence of the knowledge obtained in empirical sociology, of various systems of evidence being used here, of significant "participants" in empirical investigation in sociology, of cognitive potentials of the research methods and types of research.
		This course is devoted to empirical knowledge in sociology and intended for students of different levels.
	www.ceu.hu /crc/cdc/syllabi/Saganenko.html (2591 words)

	Empiricism - Empirical Knowledge
		Locke considered that knowledge could be of certain types depending on how ideas could be compared.
		This form of knowledge is the most certain because it seems the most obvious to us and the most difficult to doubt.
		This form of knowledge is the most uncertain because it relies merely on the evidence of the senses.
	philosophyonline.co.uk /tok/empiricism6.htm (257 words)

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