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	Irene Doukaina - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Irene was born in 1066 to Andronikos Doukas and Maria of Bulgaria, granddaughter of Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria.
		Irene was in fact barred from the coronation ceremony, but the Doukas family convinced the Patriarch of Constantinople, Kosmas I, to crown her as well, which he did one week later.
		Irene was shy and preferred not to appear in public, although she was forceful and severe when acting officially as empress (basilissa).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Irene_Doukaina (1005 words)

	Irene - LoveToKnow Watches
		Originally a poor but beautiful Athenian orphan, she speedily gained the love and confidence of her feeble husband, and at his death in 780 was left by him sole guardian of the empire and of their ten-year-old son Constantine VI.
		A hollow semblance of friendship was maintained between Constantine and Irene, whose title of empress was confirmed in 792; but the rival factions remained, and Irene, by skilful intrigues with the bishops and courtiers, organized a powerful conspiracy on her own behalf.
		The new empress, who had exchanged her earlier name of Bertha for one more familiar to the Greeks, became a devoted wife, and by the simplicity of her manner contrasted favourably with most Byzantine queens of the age.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Irene (684 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR Irene (Wife of Leo IV)
		Irene was born in Athens, presumably between 750 and 755 (the actual date is unknown, but she can hardly have been older than her husband, Leo IV, who was born in January 750)[[1]] In 769 the iconoclast emperor Constantine V Copronymus (the 'dung-named') wanted a bride for his eldest son and heir Leo IV.
		While Irene was an orphan, her uncle Constantine Sarantapechos was a patrician and possibly strategos (commander of the theme) of the Helladics; his son and her nephew Theophylact, a spatharius -- presumably appointed by Irene herself -- is mentioned in connection with the suppression of a revolt centering around Constantine V's sons in 799.
		Irene had, up to now, moved fairly slowly: even so the venue and participants (many of the bishops having been appointees of her father-in-law and husband) were not favourable to her plans.
	www.roman-emperors.org /irene.htm (9864 words)

	Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This was seen both as a reaction to the supposed vacancy of the Eastern Empire, due to the presence of a woman, Irene on the throne in Constantinople, and as a revival of the Western Roman Empire, and descendants of Charlemagne continued to be crowned in Rome through the 9th century.
		The apparent distinction between the titles of "tsar" and "imperator" in post-1721 usage have led to the mistaken impression that the title of "tsar" is an intermediate rank between those of "emperor" and "king", or else equivalent to the latter.
		Napoleon's infant son, Napoleon II, was recognized by the Council of Peers, as Emperor from the moment of his father's abdication, and theoretically reigned as "Emperor" for fifteen days, June 22 to July 7 of 1815.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Empress (7132 words)

	Alexius II Comnenus
		Alexius II (Comnenus) (1167-1183), Byzantine emperor, was the son of emperor Manuel I Comnenus and Maria, daughter of Raymund, prince of Antioch, and was born at Constantinople on the 10th of September 1167.
		On Manuel's death, Maria, who had been immured in a convent under the name of Xene, had herself proclaimed regent (1179-1180), and handing over her son to evil counsellors, who encouraged him in every vice, supported the government of Alexius the protosebastos (nephew of Manuel), who was popularly believed to be her lover.
		The betrothal in 1180 of Alexius with Agnes, daughter of Louis VII of France, a child of nine, was quashed, and he was married to Irene, daughter of Andronicus.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/al/Alexius_II.html (285 words)

	Mabelyn.com - Infamous Women
		Irene was involved in a number of situations where miraculous help was delivered in response to her prayers.
		She was an Athenian by birth and at seventeen (768) she married Leo, the heir of Emperor Constantine V. Constantine was known for his vehement opposition to the worship of icons and statues; a practice commonly known as iconoclasm.
		Irene reigned alone but the court was divided in a power struggle between the two eunuchs who served as her ministers: Stauricious and Aetius.
	www.mabelyn.com /infamous_women/irene.htm (1052 words)

	Alexius II - LoveToKnow Watches
		On Manuel's death, Maria, who had been immured in a convent under the name of Xene, had herself proclaimed regent (1179-1180), and handing over her son to evil counsellors, who encouraged him in every vice, supported the government of Alexius the protosebastos (nephew of Manuel), who was supposed to be her lover.
		The young Alexius and his friends now tried to form a party against the empress mother and the protosebastos; and his sister Maria, wife of Caesar John, stirred up riots in the streets of the capital.
		The latter was now formally proclaimed as co-emperor, and not long afterwards, on the pretext that divided rule was injurious to the Empire, he caused Alexius to be strangled with a bow-string (October 1183).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Alexius_II (279 words)

	Irene, Byzantine empress. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In 797 Irene had her son deposed and blinded, and she ascended the throne.
		Her accession served as pretext for Charlemagne to be crowned emperor in 800.
		Irene was deposed in 802 and died in exile.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ir/IreneByz.html (121 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Irene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		John II JOHN II [John II] (John Comnenus), 1088-1143, Byzantine emperor (1118-43), son and successor of Alexius I. He was crowned despite the intrigues of his sister, Anna Comnena, and of his mother, Irene.
		Her attributes were similar to those of the Greek Irene, the olive branch and the horn of plenty.
		Irene Satz, 80, dies; was former Ohrbach's exec.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/06463.html (617 words)

	Leo to Irene - History for Kids!
		Irene was originally from Athens, and she was a total iconodule: she loved images and as soon as she came to power, she put all the images back.
		In 800, however, Charlemagne had himself crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, challenging Irene, and in 802 he made matters worse by sending her a proposal of marriage.
		Irene seemed to be about to accept the proposal, when her horrified subjects deposed her and exiled her to Lesbos.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/medieval/history/byzantine/irene.htm (545 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : 790s (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In 791, the Avars invade Europe, but in 796 they are beaten decisively by Charlemagne.
		In Byzantium, Irene is forced to lay down her role as guardian of her son, emperor Constantine VI.
		She still keeps acting as empress, and in 797 she has Constantine captured and deposed, and takes the throne.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /790s (148 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Second Council of Nicaea
		Seventh Ecumenical Council of the Catholic Church, held in 787.
		On 26 September, the second session was held, during which the pope's letters to the empress and the Patriarch Tarasius were read.
		The last (eighth) was held in the Magnaura Palace, at Constantinople, in presence of the empress and her son, on 23 October.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11045a.htm (1339 words)

	Tiberius II Constantine
		As a close friend to Justin II, he was appointed as Count of the Excubitors and his support was instrumental in allowing Justin II to seize the throne upon Justinian's death.
		In December of 574, Sophia was able to influence Justin II to appoint Tiberius as Caesar and he was renamed Tiberius Constantine[[3]].
		Tiberius' co-reign with Justin II Tiberius felt that Justin II had been too conservative financially and immediately began spending money, mainly on the military and his followers, earning him popularity and support [[4]].
	www.roman-emperors.org /ticonii.htm (1009 words)

	The Icon Controversy in the Early Church (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Empress Irene was regent for her son Constantine VI (780-97), who was nine years old when his father died.
		Lastly, there was their indignation against the political conduct of the Empress Irene, the state of friction that led to the coronation of Charlemagne at Rome and the establishment of a rival empire.
		During the second iconoclastic persecution, in 824, the Emperor Michael II wrote to Louis the Pious the letter which, besides demanding that the Byzantine monks who had escaped to the West should be handed over to him, entered into the whole question of image-worship at length and contained vehement accusations against its defenders.
	www.livingepistle.org /News_Church_History/725AD_Icon_Controversy.htm (9672 words)

	The Balkan Peninsula: Part II. Changing Their Religion
		Empress Irene skillfully instigated numerous palace coups in Constantinople.
		Empress Irene was the titular leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church; Charlemagne should also be the leader of some Church.
		The new Emperor was promptly dispatched to work holy miracles of romance and charm upon Empress Irene to persuade her to marry him to rejoin the Eastern and Western Churches.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/9425/63551 (647 words)

	Empress of Ireland - Guest Book Archive
		Their is actually a monument of the empress of Ireland, on one of the southwestern manitoba parks.
		I noticed that on the Empress of Ireland memorial or grave marker in Rimouski, PQ that there are names of passengers and crew who don't have 'Body Identified' by their names in your passenger and crew list.
		Gerald Thompson was a plumber on the fatal journey of the Empress.
	sea-viewdiving.com /shipwreck_info/empress_home/guestbookarchive.htm (5785 words)

	During time of Adrian I Nicaea-2
		The aim was to unite the church and to condemn the decrees passed by the council of 338 bishops held at Hiereia and St Mary of Blachernae in 754.
		At the eighth and last session, which was held at the request of Constantine and Irene in the Magnaura palace in Constantinople, the definition was again decreed and proclaimed and 22 canons were read out.
		Emperor Constantine VI and his mother Irene signed the acts of the council but it is unclear whether or not they promulgated a decree on the matter.
	www.ewtn.com /library/COUNCILS/NICAEA2.HTM (4128 words)

	History of the Iconoclastic (Image Breaking) Heresy -- Iconoclasm Icons
		The Council of Nicaea [II] considered this was a serious flaw in the legitimacy of the Council.
		"Empress Irene came from the Greek region of the empire and favored the veneration of icons.
		To fill the vacancy the Empress chose a layman, one of the highest officers of the state, Tarasios.....Adrian was ready, he said [in letters dated 29 October 785], to be represented at the council, if such a council was the only way to bring about the restoration of the images [in the east].
	www.bringyou.to /apologetics/num55.htm (3581 words)

	FRANCIA
		This gave Charles and the Pope ideas, especially when the Empress Irene deposed and blinded her son, Constantine VI, in 797, assuming sole rule: the first time a woman ruled Romania in her own name.
		In 1349 Count Humbert II (d.1355), the "Dauphin," simply sold the territory to the grandson of Philip VI, the prince who would later become Charles V. Thus, Charles became the first "Dauphin" of France, and as he was the Crown Prince from 1350-1364, this now became the traditional title of the Heir Apparent of France.
		Henry of Guise was of the house of Anjou and Lorraine, descendants of King John II of France.
	www.friesian.com /francia.htm (14313 words)

	classical composers (N-Q) Prokofieff, Prokofiev
		After World War II, he was named conductor and composer-in-residence at Swiss Radio and lecturer at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland.
		Poldowski (Irene Wieniawska Paul) (1880-1932) was born in Brussels of an Irish mother.
		Irene studied in Brussels, England, and in Paris with d'Indy.
	www.leonarda.com /compnq.html (2119 words)

	St. Irene Chrysovalantou \| Hilarion the New
		He was cut down by his own soldiers in church at the very spot where he had once thrown down a holy icon.
		The new emperor Michael II (820-829) freed St. Hilarion from his imprisonment, and the saint settled into a monastic cell.
		After the death of Theophilus, the holy empress St. Theodora (842-855) gave orders to recall the confessors from exile.
	www.stirene.org /Archives/June/0606-StHilarion.htm (577 words)

	Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series II, Vol. XIV
		It was strictly speaking a court movement, backed by the army, and whenever the images were laid low and their veneration condemned it was by the power of the State, enforcing its will upon a yielding and (as we would call them to-day) Erastian clergy.
		With the death of this Emperor, the power of the Iconoclasts likewise died; and at the accession of Michael III with his mother Theodora and his sister Thecla came the final triumph of the images.
		On the other hand it would be unfair to the reader not to state that Charlemagne had, or thought that he had, serious grievances against the Empress Irene, and that he might not have been sorry to have discovered some reason for which to reject her council.
	www.bible.ca /history/fathers/NPNF2-14/Npnf2-14-170.htm (738 words)

	Biography for Kaiser Wilhelm II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Kaiser William II was born on January 27, 1859 to a Prince and Princess of Prussia.
		He admired his grandparents who became Kaiser and Empress when he was small.
		Cousin of Tsar Nicholas II (the two swapped telegrams in English signed "Willie" and "Nicky"), and King George V.
	www.imdb.com /name/nm0435118/bio (608 words)

	Empress Alexandra Feodorovna
		Empress Alexandra Feodorovna was born Alix Victoria Helena Louise Beatrice, Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt on 6 June 1872, in the small German Duchy of Hesse on the Rhine River near Frankfurt.
		Alix' surviving sisters were Victoria (later Marchioness of Milford Haven), Irene (later Princess of Prussia), and Elizabeth (later Grand Duchess of Russia).
		This seemingly wonderful courtship changed drastically soon after the engagement when Alexander III suddenly died and Nicholas II became to Czar.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /hornton/890/Alexandra.html (844 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Byzantine Empress Irene
		He was minister of finance under Empress Irene, whom he deposed and succeeded.
		Veneration of pictures and statues symbolizing sacred figures, Christian doctrine, and biblical events was an early feature of Christian worship (see iconography ; catacombs).
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Byzantine Empress Irene" at HighBeam.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Byzantine+Empress+Irene (383 words)

	CHURCH FATHERS: Church History, Book II (Socrates Scholasticus)
		Not only this but the empress also, under the influence of the eunuchs and the presbyters, became favorable to the tenets of Arius; and not long after the subject was introduced to the emperor himself.
		Thus it became gradually diffused throughout the court, and among the officers of the imperial household and guards, until at length it spread itself over the whole population of the city.
		Paul therefore was ordained bishop in the church called Irene, which is situated near the great church of Sophia; whose election appeared to be more in accordance with the suffrage of the deceased.
	www.newadvent.org /fathers/26012.htm (15708 words)

	PHOENICIAN ARTS - Mosaics, wall murals, decorative tiles, marble mosaic
		Some decorative mosaics of preiconoclastic periods remain, however, as well as nonrepresentational decorations of the 8th and 9th centuries, such as the large cross on a gold background in the apse of Hagia Irene (Church of the Holy Peace) next to Hagia Sophia (Church of the Holy Wisdom).
		In the gallery are imperial portraits of emperor Alexander (912-13), Empress Zöe with her third husband, Constantine Monomachus (11th cent.), and Emperor John II with Empress Irene (12th cent.).
		Perhaps the most famous of all Byzantine mosaics is the Deëis, a mosaic of monumental size that depicts Christ enthroned between the figures of the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist.
	www.phoenicianarts.com /history.asp (1512 words)

	Wilhelm II - Cambridge University Press
		Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859-1941) ruled Imperial Germany from his accession in 1888 to his enforced abdication in 1918 at the end of the First World War.
		This book, based on a wealth of previously unpublished archival material, provides the most detailed account ever written of the first half of his reign.
		The predictable disaster: Wilhelm II and the 'public soul' of Germany; 21.
	www.cup.cam.ac.uk /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521819202&ss=ind (432 words)

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