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	Empress Maud
		Empress Maud is the title often given to Matilda, daughter and dispossessed heir of King Henry I of England, in order to differentiate her from the many other Matildas of the period.
		Maud was born in 1102, and christened Adelaide, but took her mother's name of Matilda when she married for the first time, on January 7, 1114.
		The civil war which followed was bitter and prolonged, with neither side gaining the ascendancy for long, but it was not until 1139 that Maud could command the military strength necessary to challenge Stephen within his own realm.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/em/Empress_Maud.html (443 words)

	Empress Matilda
		Empress Matilda born in 1101, the only surviving legitimate child of King Henry I was betrothed to the German Emperor, Henry V, when she was only eight.
		Matilda's only brother had been killed in 1120 and she was now her father's only hope for the continuation of his empire.
		Matilda was declared Queen or "Lady of the English" at Winchester and immediately began to isolate and alienate the people of London with arrogant manner.
	www.guide-to-castles-of-europe.com /empress-matilda.html (377 words)

	Matilda, the Empress Maud
		Matilda invaded England in 1139 and captured Stephen at Lincoln in 1141.
		Matilda was married to the Holy Roman Emperor Henry V in 1114 and returned to England as the ‘Empress Maud’ after his death in 1125.
		Matilda's case is sometimes used to suggest that women in medieval times could not rule a kingdom, but in fact Matilda retained control of Normandy after 1148, and ruled the duchy effectively on behalf of her son when he became king of England in 1154.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0011314.html (410 words)

	King Stephen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Unlike Matilda and most of the baronage he was not hard and avaricious; his faults were his lack of statesmanship, his lack of firmness, and a normal inability to make decisions.
		Matilda's fortunes rose when her half-brother Robert of Gloucester renounced his allegiance to the king and prepared to go to war for the challenger.
		The strength of the empress' position was centered on Bristol in the west: Stephen's was in the east and the south.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /westcivi/stephen.htm (1727 words)

	Empress Matilda - Cunnan
		Matilda (or Maud -- the French form of the name) was the daughter of Henry I of England, and his wife Maud/Matilda of Scotland, herself daughter of Malcolm III and Margaret, daughter of Edward Atheling.
		Henry I selected Matilda as his heir, having no sons, and had the English baronage swear to support her.
		With the support of Bishop Henry, Matilda was shortly declared "Lady of the English" and was about to be crowned as Queen at Westminster when the citizens of London rose against her and she and all her court were forced to flee into the countryside.
	cunnan.sca.org.au /index.php?title=Empress_Matilda&redirect=no (536 words)

	Berkshire History: Biographies: Empress Matilda (1101-1169)
		Matilda is the Latin form of Maud, and the name of the only surviving legitimate child of King Henry I.
		Matilda's only legitimate brother had been killed in the disastrous Wreck of the White Ship in late 1120 and she was now her father's only hope for the continuation of his dynasty.
		Being absent in Anjou at the time of her father's death on 1st December 1135, possibly due to pregnancy, Matilda was not in much of a position to take up the throne which had been promised her and she quickly lost out to her fast-moving cousin, Stephen.
	www.berkshirehistory.com /bios/matilda.html (468 words)

	channel4.com - Monarchy - Matilda - text only
		Matilda (also later known as the 'Empress Maud'), daughter of Henry I,, was the only remaining legitimate heir to the throne after her brother William Atheling drowned in the White Ship disaster of 1120.
		Matilda was involved in government from a young age – for example, left in charge of affairs in Italy in her husband's absence.
		Matilda's main chance to seize the crown came after Stephen was captured at Lincoln in 1141 – she declared herself 'Lady of the English' and was elected queen at Winchester on 8 April.
	www.channel4.com /history/microsites/M/monarchy/biogs/matilda_t.html (584 words)

	Britannia: Monarchs of Britain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		She was born in 1101, generally it is said at Winchester, but recent research indicates that she was actually born at the Royal Palace in Sutton Courtenay (Berkshire).
		With encouragement from supporters in England though, it was not long before Matilda invaded her rightful English domain and so began a long-standing Civil War from the powerbase of her half-brother, Robert of Gloucester, in the West Country.
		Matilda was obliged to swap Stephen for Robert on 1st November 1141.
	www.britannia.com /history/monarchs/mon25a.html (458 words)

	Empress Matilda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Empress Matilda (February, 1101 — September 10, 1167; Saxon form Maud or Maude) — was the daughter and dispossessed heir of King Henry I of England.
		However, 'Empress' was arguably an appropriate courtesy title for the wife of the Emperor (who had been crowned by the Pope), and indeed, in later years she encouraged chroniclers to believe that the Pope had crowned her.
		Stephen's wife was another Matilda: Matilda of Boulogne, Countess of Boulogne, and the Empress's maternal cousin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Empress_Matilda (1328 words)

	Women in Medieval Warfare
		Matilda the empress and her son sent immediately to Bristol for King Stephen, and he was freed and released in exchange for the earl of Leicester.
		Matilda the empress waged war very hard against her nephew King Stephen; often she had the advantage, and often she had the disadvantage, but you should know that she had more success against the king than she had had against the queen.
		When Matilda the empress saw that the war was going on for so long, she granted all her rights over the country to her son Henry, and made him receive all the homages that she had received, and said that he should conquer the crown, if he could, and be king.
	medieval.ucdavis.edu /130/WOMEN_WARFARE.HTML (4716 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		Matilda never had another good chance to win her father's crown.
		Matilda seems to have lost hope that she would ever be queen of England after her brother Robert died in 1148.
		David the king of Scots was still inclined in favor of Matilda's party, and in 1149 David knighted Henry and formed an alliance in return for the promise of Cumbria and Northumberland.
	www.the-orb.net /textbooks/muhlberger/stephen.html (1763 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Empress Matilda - A400410
		Matilda (or Maud) was the only legitimate daughter of Henry I and his wife Matilda of Scotland.
		Matilda started to garner up the support she had been promised while her father was alive in an attempt to overthrow Stephen and his illegitimate claim to the throne.
		Both sides at times held the upper hand and Matilda fled attacks, sometimes by the narrowest of margins; in 1141 she was carried out of Devizes disguised as a corpse to avoid capture and the following year she fled Oxford Castle via a rope and dressed in white to blend in with the snowy landscape.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/alabaster/A400410 (1154 words)

	Queen Matilda
		Matilda, the daughter of Henry I and Edith of Scotland, was born in 1102.
		Matilda's cousin, Stephen, swore an oath recognizing her as heir to the English throne.
		When Matilda went to be crowned the first queen of England, the people of London rebelled and she was forced to flee from the area.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /MEDmatilda.htm (299 words)

	Matilda the Empress Maud, and the civil war with Stephen in 12th century England
		Matilda was nominated by her father as the heir to the throne of England, but in 1135, Stephen of Blois claimed that his uncle had changed his mind on his deathbed, recognising Stephen instead as his successor to the throne.
		Matilda was also found to have an unfortunate personality, She was proud and overbearing, arranging everything as she thought fit, according to her own whim.
		But Matilda did not get the crown as she had hoped …not because she was lacking in courage …but more because she had an arrogant and haughty manner and was heartily disliked.
	www.historic-uk.com /HistoryUK/England-History/Matilda.htm (623 words)

	Medieval Royalty - Person Page 1
		Matilda of England was crowned Empress of the Holy Roman Empire on 7 January 1114 on the day of her marriage.
		Matilda became the mother of Count Geoffrey of Nantes at Rouen or Argentan, Duchy of Normandy, on 1 June 1134.
		Matilda of Scotland was the daughter of Malcolm III King of Scotland and St.
	pages.prodigy.net /chuckwolfram/p1.htm (9920 words)

	Stephen and Matilda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Matilda herself was able to join her half-brother Robert of Gloucester at Bristol.
		Matilda was unable to take advantage of her good luck, although Stephen’s brother, Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester, briefly deserted the King’s cause.
		Summer 1141 found Matilda in London preparing for her coronation, but she was driven out by the citizens objecting to new taxes.
	www.mondes-normands.caen.fr /angleterre/histoires/8/histoireNorm8_2.htm (305 words)

	The Major Battles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ranulf, Earl of Chester, a powerful northern magnate, was the pivotal figure that brought the major forces of Empress Matilda and King Stephen in the second major battle of the "civil war", the battle of Lincoln in 1141.
		The likelihood is that it was set by the Empress' troops at Wolvesey, St. Mary's Nunnaminster, Hyde Abbey, and the Royal Palace were all burnt to the ground.
		The conflict between King Stephen and Empress Matilda was basically a series of sieges of strategic castles and raids consisting of systematic ravaging of the enemy's lands.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /WestCivI/the_major_battles.htm (2538 words)

	King Stephen
		But the return of the widowed empress Matilda to her father's court changed the situation.
		He hurried across the Channel and began to canvass for supporters, arguing that his oaths to Matilda were taken under coercion, and that she, as the daughter of a professed nun, was illegitimate.
		In 1147 the situation improved for Stephen; Robert of Gloucester, the ablest of the Angevin partisans, died, and the empress left England in despair.
	www.nndb.com /people/714/000093435 (1042 words)

	The politics of William le Gros, Earl of Yorkshire
		In 1141 King Stephen's army was defeated by Empress Matilda's forces and he was captured.
		Empress Matilda could not get any material help from her young husband Geoffrey, because he was concentrating on conquering Normandy (until 1144-45 when he succeeded).
		Probably the closest King Stephen ever came to winning was when he trapped Empress Matilda in Oxford Castle in December of 1142, forcing her to flee in disguise through the snow.
	kinemage.biochem.duke.edu /~panther/scarborough/html/index.william.p.html (933 words)

	Empress Maud biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Empress Maud (February 7, 1102 – September 10, 1169) is the title by which Matilda, daughter and dispossessed heir of King Henry I of England and his wife Maud of Scotland (herself daughter of Malcolm III Canmore and St.
		Maud was christened Adelaide, but took her mother's name of Matilda when she married for the first time, on January 7, 1114.
		Although the marriage could not be said to be a happy one, it did produce three sons, the eldest of whom, Henry, was born on March 5, 1132/3.
	empress-maud.biography.ms (533 words)

	Fitzwilliam Museum: Coins and Medals - The Normans
		Stephen himself was captured at the Battle of Lincoln in 1141, and Matilda claimed the throne with the aid of her husband Geoffrey, count of Anjou.
		Matilda's claim to the throne as the heir of her father Henry I became a threat to the rule of Stephen after her arrival in England in 1139.
		In the winter of that year Matilda was surrounded by the forces of Stephen in Oxford Castle, and escaped using the camouflage of a white cloak in the snow.
	www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk /gallery/normans/chapters/Normans_3_4.htm (1669 words)

	Matilda BEAUCLERC - Ancestor of Wayne Bower or Laurie McBurney
		Matilda BEAUCLERC - Ancestor of Wayne Bower or Laurie McBurney
		Matilda married Geoffrey V PLANTAGENET on 22 May 1127 in Le Mans, France.
		Matilda next married Henry V on 7 Jan 1114 in Mainz, Germany.
	www.ncf.ca /~ab462/genealogy/3/3223.htm (576 words)

	Haley Elizabeth Garwood - The Warrior Queen Series - The Forgotten Queen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Empress Matilda dried her tears with rage, invaded England, and with sword in hand, fought lover turned enemy.
		The Forgotten Queen is a gutsy tale of a warrior, Empress Matilda, daughter of King Henry I of England and granddaughter of William the Conqueror.
		Aided by her illegitimate half-brother, Robert of Gloucester and scores of nobility, Empress Matilda gained control of the western half of England.
	www.haleyelizabethgarwood.com /forgottenqueen.html (285 words)

	Matilda, queen of England — FactMonster.com
		Empress Matilda was popular in Germany and seemed more German than English, but after her husband's death (1125) she returned to England.
		In 1148 she withdrew; her son Henry inherited her claim to the throne and was recognized as heir in 1153.
		Matilda spent her remaining years in Normandy and became noted for her charity.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0832213.html (265 words)

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