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	Vitreous enamel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In a discussion of art or technology, enamel (or vitreous enamel, or porcelain enamel in American English) is the colorful result of fusion of powdered glass to a substrate through the process of firing, usually between 750 and 850 degrees Celsius.
		The durability of enamel has given it many functional applications, including: early 20th century advertising signs, interior walls of ovens, speckleware cooking pots, exterior walls of high quality kitchen appliances, cast iron bathtubs, storage silos on farms and process equipment such as chemical reactors and tanks for the chemical and pharmaceutical process industries.
		Color in enamel is obtained by the addition of various minerals, often metal oxides cobalt, praseodymium, iron, or neodymium.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vitreous_enamel (750 words)

	Enamel Developement
		The process by which enamel proteins such as amelogenin mediate the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals from calcium and phosphate is called enamel biomineralization.
		Enamel crystals are some of the most astounding structures in nature featuring extremely long and parallel organized hydroxyapatite crystals organized in bundles which are called prisms.
		Tooth enamel is a wonderful biomineral that evolves as the result of highly controlled interactions between specialized enamel proteins and tooth minerals.
	dentistry.uic.edu /CraniofacialGenetics/ResearchTED.htm (1297 words)

	Glossary of Enamel Microstructures
		Enamel type (in prismless enamel): In prismless enamel, an enamel type is a large volume of enamel that consist of crystallites or modules of the same type and of similar orientation.
		Enamel unit: At the module level, the enamel unit is the smallest repeatable volume of enamel bounded by planar crystallite discontinuities.
		Enamel types may be arranged in layers from the EDJ to the OES but also may vary along the side and between the top and the bottom of an enamel cap.
	research.amnh.org /vertpaleo/enamel/schmelz.html (4681 words)

	Enamel (Rostov finift) jewelry
		Russian enamel jewelry or in other words Rostov finft (ROSTOV - name of the town where traditions of enamel goods production, FINIFT - old Russian name of these things made in technique of enamel) items are well known all over the world for their high quality and designs, luster and transparency of enamel colors.
		During a painting process fire-resistant enamel paints on a plate are burnt some times, thus color of paints varies, as well as during burning of porcelain.
		Enamel clearcole is as a basis for painting, it is a mixture of pounded white enamel with water.
	russian-crafts.com /enamel.html (1366 words)

	Enamel paint - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An enamel paint is a paint that dries to an especially hard, usually glossy, finish.
		This is a commonly used, yet fanciful term, implying that an ordinary latex or oil-based paint has the same properties as true, fired vitreous enamel.
		Some enamel paints have been made by adding varnish to oil-based paint.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Enamel_paint (115 words)

	Safety - Enamel Fluorosis - Water Fluoridation - Oral Health Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Enamel fluorosis is a hypomineralization of the enamel surface of the tooth that develops during tooth formation.
		The occurrence of enamel fluorosis is reported to be most strongly associated with fluoride intake during enamel development, with the severity of the condition depending on the dose, duration, and timing of fluoride intake.
		The risk for enamel fluorosis, even for posterior (back of mouth) teeth that do not show, ends when children reach age 8, because the pre-eruptive maturation of the tooth is complete and the enamel is no longer susceptible.
	www.cdc.gov /Oralhealth/waterfluoridation/safety/enamel_fluorosis.htm (692 words)

	AllRefer.com - enamel (Art, General) - Encyclopedia
		It may be so compounded as to be transparent or opaque and with or without color, but it is usually employed to add decorative color.
		B.C. Perfected in the Byzantine world, enamel, often in the cloisonnE technique, was used to adorn screens and tabernacles.
		there was a decline in craftsmanship and a general loss of interest in the enamel medium.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/E/enamel.html (280 words)

	Soul Heirs: Enamel Jewelry
		In the simplest terms, enameling is the fusion of powdered glass to metal through the process of firing.
		There are many techniques of enameling: Cloisonne, French for "cell", the art of filling channels of wire with enamel, Champleve - french for "raised field" where enamel in fired around raised fields of metal, leaving the metal exposed.
		Presented is an enameled oval brooch of unknown nonmagnetic metal.
	www.soulheirs.com /enamel.html (310 words)

	enamel -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		The thickness and density of enamel vary over the surface of the tooth; it is hardest at the biting edges, or cusps.
		Although these enamels are still applied in their wet, powdered state, the adjacent patch of coloured enamel is first allowed to dry to avoid one running into the other and so blurring the outline between them.
		Enamels are made from finely powdered glass that is used to coat a base of metal, pottery, or other mineral substance and...
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9274178?tocId=9274178&query=rene (750 words)

	ArtLex on Enamel
		Portrait of the Connetable de Montmorency, Limoges, 1556, enamel on copper, mount in gilt wood, 0.72 x 0.56 m, Louvre.
		The rim of this plate is decorated with a frieze of monsters and animals, with an escutcheon bearing the date 1578 at the top.
		And, a paint that dries to a hard, glossy finish, the vehicle in which is a resinous varnish.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/e/enamel.html (312 words)

	Features Item: Optimizing Enamel Adhesion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The A glass (Enamel A) had no transition metals; the B glass (Enamel B) had the normal amount of transition metals for this particular glass; and the C glass (Enamel C) contained half the metals of the B glass.
		Enamel B at 1390¿F. Iron is migrating into the glass and being dissolved.
		Enamel B at 1390¿F. Optical micrographs on 30-degree cross-sections of Enamel B were taken on the panels at 1390, 1480 and 1670?F intervals.
	www.ceramicindustry.com /CDA/ArticleInformation/features/BNP__Features__Item/0,2710,68750,00.html (1807 words)

	BDJ \| Study of enamel density (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		X-ray microtomographic images showed; a 20% reduction in mineral concentration of affected enamel (most cases involved full enamel thickness); hypomineralised enamel had a mineral concentration gradient opposite to that of normal enamel; regions of hypomineralisation distributed randomly throughout affected teeth, (apart from cervical region which was less severely affected).
		Idiopathic enamel hypomineralisation (IEH), also known as molar incisors hypomineralisation (MIH) is a condition of unknown aetiology in which enamel defects are seen in one or more first permanent molars usually with one or more incisors affected.
		Hypomineralised enamel was randomly distributed throughout the crowns of the affected teeth with a mineral concentration up to 20% lower than normal and a gradient form ADJ to surface reverse that of normal enamel.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/dynapage.taf?file=/bdj/journal/v196/n10/full/4811299a.html (603 words)

	Lochiano Fine Antiques Antiques,Decorative Art,Enamel Directory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The enamels are thick and lustrous with a depth and heaviness the camera can't catch.
		Condition is very good for the fragile nature of the piece with just a bit of enamel missing on the back where the box attachs to the lower secti...
		The base, the inside of the hull and the outside are all enameled and the top and figure are gilded bronze.
	www.trocadero.com /lochianos/catalog/Antiques:Decorative_Art:Enamel.html (561 words)

	American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry - AAPD Publications
		A: A child may face the condition called enamel fluorosis if he or she gets too much fluoride during the years of tooth development.
		A: In severe cases of enamel fluorosis, the appearance of the teeth is marred by discoloration or brown markings.
		The enamel may be pitted, rough, and hard to clean.
	www.aapd.org /publications/brochures/fluorosis.asp (390 words)

	The bonding of composite resin to moist enamel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It was established at a relatively early stage in the evolution of this technique that contamination of the dried etched enamel surface with water, saliva or GCF resulted in failure of resin penetration and dramatic reductions in bond strength.
		After etching the enamel surfaces were washed with water for 15 seconds and dried with oil-free air until the typical chalk-like appearance of etched enamel was observed.
		Whilst we did not measure the extent of enamel removed by the refinishing procedure for the enamel surfaces, the bond surface was re-prepared using abrasive paper to give a freshened smooth enamel surface for etching.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/bdj/journal/v191/n3/full/4801124a.html (2625 words)

	ARTeffects - Original Works of Enamel Art by Jaime Frechette
		Continue with this until there is enamel in all of the open cells.
		The excess enamel can be scraped onto the side of its jar so as to not waste.
		This should be done for about 35 seconds, allowing the enamel to fuse to a smooth and shiny surface.
	www.enamelartist.com /gommesh.htm (896 words)

	Enamel Saver from BenSalem Naturals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Enamel Saver Toothpaste is SLS-free and has 36% by weight of natural Xylitol.
		THE BENEFITS OF Enamel Saver is one of the very few toothpastes on the market to contain natural Xylitol.
		Enamel Saver® Toothpaste is 2 to 3 times less abrasive than regular toothpaste.
	www.bnatural.com /enamel/techinfo.htm (234 words)

	Thompson Enamel Inc. \| Publications and Videos
		enameler should therefore be able to produce colorful and attractive pieces quickly as they learn about the craft, and acquire the skill to progress to more advanced techniques.
		Enamelling on Precious Metals looks at how such stunning effects are achieved from the inspiration of design through the intricacies of the process to the skills of firing.
		Pamela has analyzed the process of enamel bead making and arranged a series of easy how-to-do steps into logical fool-proof procedures; which are simple for the beginner to learn and in many cases, will improve the effectiveness of the seasoned bead maker's work.
	www.thompsonenamel.com /products/publications (2067 words)

	Iranica.com -ENAMEL
		Enamel is a heat-fused glass paste colored by metal oxides and used to decorate metal surfaces.
		Enamel was associated with lapidary, glassworking, and goldmithing crafts and was probably used primarily in place of precious stones before the 17th century.
		Indeed, the enamel painting of this period is characterized by brilliant colors (primarily pink, royal blue, turquoise, and translucent green) set off against gold or opaque grounds; elegant figural, animal, and floral designs; shading; and fine detailing.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v8f4/v8f468.html (1131 words)

	ENAMEL - Definition
		A variety of glass, used in ornament, to cover a surface, as of metal or pottery, and admitting of after decoration in color, or used itself for inlaying or application in varied colors.
		{Enamel painting}, painting with enamel colors upon a ground of metal, porcelain, or the like, the colors being afterwards fixed by fire.
		To lay enamel upon; to decorate with enamel whether inlaid or painted.
	www.hyperdictionary.com /search.aspx?define=enamel (286 words)

	MINIATURE PAINTING ON ENAMEL - Russian Miniature Miniatures Painting on Enamel Rostov Finift Painted Enamels Shaded ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The elite, exclusive character of miniatures on enamel is defined on the one hand by high picturesque skill of the artist on enamel, and with other - extremely difficult process of their manufacturing.
		Russian painted enamels are characterised by the filling of an outline by means of hatching.
		In the shaded enamel technique colour transparent and non - transparent enamels as well as colourless transparent enamel are used.
	www.artenamels.com /enright1.html (592 words)

	PNNL - Tooth Enamel
		The difference in bone and enamel microstructure is attributed to a key protein in enamel that molds crystals into strands thousands of times longer and much stronger than those in bone.
		The dimension of an enamel strand is 100,000 by 50 by 25 nanometers; bone is 35 by 25 by 4 nanometers.
		In this case, the "camera" was a powerful nuclear magnetic resonance instrument capable of recording the positions of tagged protein atoms in relation to the forming HAP crystals.
	www.pnl.gov /main/highlights/bone.html (587 words)

	Scientists Answer Key Enamel Question (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Competing Proteins Influence Strength Of Tooth Enamel (September 7, 2005) -- A gene critical to tooth enamel formation expresses a protein that is then cleaved into a pair of proteins with opposing...
		The apatite crystals in enamel are highly elongated, with a length to width ratio as high as 1000.
		Growing artificial enamel is a decades-old goal among researchers in dental science and, more generally, in the medical-device community.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/03/050310110000.htm (912 words)

	Dinosaur Tooth Enamel: A Key To Investigating Ancient Climate On Land
		The key to infer past temperatures using tooth enamel is in measuring small differences in the chemical composition of oxygen in dinosaur tooth enamel, in particular, differences in the ratio of heavy (oxygen-18) to light (oxygen-16) oxygen.
		This 'oxygen isotope ratio' of enamel is directly related to the isotopic ratio of rain and snow falling on a local area.
		Fortunately the oxygen isotope ratio of tooth enamel does not change over the millions of years that a dinosaur fossil is buried, so it is possible to use this ratio to infer surface temperature when the dinosaur was actually alive.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/1998/10/981031180429.htm (866 words)

	Could we have prevented poor enamel formation?
		This type of enamel will easily chip away from the underlying tooth structure, and these teeth appear white to yellow-white in color.
		The hypomaturation form of amelogenesis imperfecta presents enamel which is soft, cavity-prone, and has a brown-yellow-white mottled appearance.
		The enamel is of normal thickness on newly erupted teeth, is honey-colored or yellow-orange-brown in appearance, and is soft, causing it to be lost soon after eruption of the tooth.
	parenting.ivillage.com /baby/bhealth/0,,3xs8,00.html (512 words)

	Kensington House Antiques Antiques,Decorative Art,Enamel Directory
		Important and masterful enameled silver serving spoon from the era of Czar Nicholas II and Czarina Alexandra Feodorovna.
		The back of the bowl is enameled in five shades of opaque and translucent enamels against a gilt, stippled background.
		The silver surface under the enamel is beautifully engraved in a foral pattern.
	www.kensingtonhouseantiques.com /catalog/Antiques:Decorative_Art:Enamel.html (965 words)

	Competing proteins influence strength of tooth enamel
		They found that over-expression of DSP increased the hardness of enamel and its rate of formation, while over-expression of DPP created pitted and chalky enamel that was more prone to fracture and wear.
		This thin enamel layer also appears to be considerably harder than the bulk enamel of teeth, Paine said.
		Dental researchers sometimes liken dentin and enamel to a bed mattress and a glass plate, respectively, Paine said, with the difference that the supple dentin-enamel junction prevents the enamel from shattering over an individual's lifetime of chewing and grinding.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-09/uosc-cpi083105.php (461 words)

	Enamel Charms charms bracelet. Laser and gold charms bracelet.
		Painting on enamel is close to painting on porcelain, that’s why enamel charms are real work of art.
		During a painting process fire-resistant enamel paints on a charm are burnt some times and those colors of paints varies.
		Painting by fire-resistant dye on an enamel basis practically eternally keeps cleanliness, shine and a transparency of color.
	enamel-charm.20megsfree.com /next2.html (111 words)

	Russian Enamel by The Russian Store
		The traditional Rostov method of creation begins with laying the enamel powder on the surface of the metal base by pulverizing, and several coats, usually white, can be built up before the plate is placed in a kiln, baked at high temperature, to create a foundation for the miniature painting.
		The magic of this transformation, the purity and transparency of enamel colors make these works of art unforgettable, they are the hallmark of enamel miniatures.
		They still create enamel jewelry items of the same high quality and designs, luster and transparency of enamel colors, as did their predecessors centuries ago.
	www.therussianstore.com /index.cfm/fuseaction/products.finift_enamel.cfm (313 words)

	“Khors”. The Art Of Enamel :: Gallery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The “Khors” Enamel Art Gallery was opened in Rostov the Great in 1995 on the base of the “Khors” House of Art by Mikhail Selishchev.
		That is an ancient Russian town Rostov the Great, the motherland of Russian enamel art and a modern Russian enamel art center, that became the place where enamel artists from all over the world have the opportunity to show their works.
		The Exhibition of enamel by Mikhail Selishchev (Rostov).
	www.khors.org /index.shtml (531 words)

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