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Topic: Enantiornithes

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	Enantiornithes - EvoWiki
		Enantiornithes is a major infraclass of Aves that is without question the most spectacular and most speciose avian assemblage from the Mesozoic.
		The discovery of the bones later attributed to Enantiornithes by Cyril Walker of the British Museum (Natural History), took place during field work under the supervision of enterprising South American paleontology Jose Bonaparte near Salta from 1974 to 1976.
		The adapative radiation of Enantiornithes, apparently a major function of the early evolution of the class Aves, appears to have occurred extremely rapidly and by the Upper Cretaceous Enantiornithes were the most diverse and abundant of all land birds (Feduccia 1996, 1999, Hou et al.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Enantiornithine (403 words)

	Enantiornithes-AS
		Enantiornithes-AS In our home timeline, the gondwanan forms of bird life (known to most of us as "normal" birds) were given a decisive edge when the Chixulab boloid hit the Yucatan.
		Laurasiavians are easily identifiable their ankles (the namesake of Enantiornithes or 'opposite birds') in which the three metatarsal bones are not fused bottom-to-top as in true birds, but top to bottom.
		If the twitiaviforms are not paleognaths, but trace their origin to Laurasia, then perhaps the fate of the opposite birds has not been so dreary and this chapter should be much expanded.
	www.bowdoin.edu /~dbensen/Spec/Enantiornithes-AS.html (1136 words)

	Enantiornithes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Buffetaut, Éric; Mechin, Patrick and Mechin-Salessy, Annie (2000): An archaic bird (Enantiornithes) from the Upper Cretaceous of Provence (southern France).
		Chiappe, Luis M. and Walker, C. (2002): Skeletal morphology and systematics of the Cretaceous Euenantiornithes (Ornithothoraces: Enantiornithes).
		Kurochkin, E. (1996): A new enantiornithid of the Mongolian Late Cretaceous, and a general appraisal of the Infraclass Enantiornithes (Aves).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Enantiornithes (1126 words)

	Glossary E @ Planet Dinosaur
		Enantiornithes (meaning: "opposite birds") were a group of toothless birds that evolved during the Cretaceous period.
		Their name, meaning: "opposite birds," refers to the fact that their shoulder blade (scapula) and coracoid (a small bone connected to the scapula) are oriented opposite to that of modern birds.
		An endocast is the cast of a brain, taken from the cranial cavity of a skull.
	planetdinosaur.com /glossary/e.htm (4974 words)

	Sauriurae - EvoWiki
		Sauriurae is an allegedly holophyletic clade, the diagnosis of which was amended from Haeckel's original in 1983, 1985 and 1987 by Martin, and it allies Archaeopterygiformes and Enantiornithes, with the subsequent addition in 1996 of Confuciusornithidae by Hou et al.
		Though Sauriurae is intellectually appealing for its convenient compartmentalization of the vast adaptive radiation of archaic birds in the Cretaceous, the validity of this clade is suspect.
		The lack of lateral compressibility in the furcula would also appear to be a plesiomorphic attribute, and thus of no phylogenetic relevance.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Sauriurae (590 words)

	Re: Enantiornithes question
		Late Cretaceous Birds of Southern South America: Anatomy and Systematics of Enantiornithes and Patagopteryx deferrariisi.
		Neuquenornis volans, a new Late Cretaceous bird (Enantiornithes: Avisauridae) from Patagonia, Argentina.
		A New Enantiornithid of the Mongolian Late Cretaceous, and a general appraisal of the Infraclass Enantiornithes (Aves).
	dml.cmnh.org /1998Aug/msg00811.html (241 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 350.800 Aves: Neornithes
		Contrast this spotty record with the main competitors of Neornithes: the Enantiornithes.
		So, when neornithines returned to the air in the Latest Cretaceous, they were pre-adapted for a whole new range of high-energy flying behaviors not open to the Enantiornithes, such as migration, predation on the wing, or extended care of young.
		The Anhimidae are quite good flyers today, but have a number of characteristics so weird that we question whether their immediate Cretaceous ancestors could fly at all: lack of apteria, ground-nesting, large number of cervical vertebrae, hallux low, very large feet.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.800.html (1107 words)

	Re: Enantiornithes question
		What is not hidden by the feathers in some birds, and what are often mistaken for wing claws, are bony "spurs" on the carpus that are often used as weapons.
		To cut a long response short, my bet is that--to the extent Enantiornithes possessed carpal claws--they were reduced in size and function and hidden by feathers.
		The presence of a propatagia should also be considered in your Enantiornithes reconstruction (although if your work is limited to skeletal elements, this won't be relevant).
	dml.cmnh.org /1998Aug/msg00804.html (311 words)

	Aves Translation and Pronunciation Guide
		Recent discoveries and new research have established that the Enantiornithes were a widespread and surprisingly diverse group of birds (ranging from sparrow- to turkey-vulture size, and including toothless forms) that flourished during the Cretaceous, but went extinct before the Tertiary along with the dinosaurs.
		Flying forms of enantiornithes were nonetheless capable of sustained, powered flight, and had toes adapted to perching in trees.
		Gurilynia indicates that comparatively large enantiornithes were present in Central Asia by the end of the Late Cretaceous, though the entire size of the bird is difficult to estimate based on fragments alone.
	www.dinosauria.com /dml/names/aves.htm (10086 words)

	Enantiornithes Wikipedia, Flickr, Delicious Bash at Bashr.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Enantiornithes, or 'opposite birds', are an extinct group of flying birds, so named because their scapula and coracoid had a concave-convex surface different from those of modern birds.
		The widespread occurrence suggests that the Enantiornithes were able to cross oceans on their own power; they are the first bird lineage with a global distribution.
		* Chiappe, L. and Walker, C. (2002): Skeletal morphology and systematics of the Cretaceous Euenantiornithes (Ornithothoraces: Enantiornithes).
	www.bashr.com /en_bio_pics/Enantiornithes (931 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Enantiornithes
		The Enantiornithes, or "opposite birds", are an extinct group of flying birds.
		Over 30 species have been named, but probably not all are valid.
		All but the most primitive enantiornithes belong to a clade called Euenantiornithes.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Enantiornithes (524 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In the further evolution of birds, characters related to the flight apparatus phylogenetically preceded those related to the rest of the skeleton and skull.
		Mesozoic birds are more diverse and numerous than thought previously and the most diverse known group of Cretaceous birds, the Enantiornithes, was not even recognized until 1981.
		By that time, a few Linnean 'Orders' of extant birds had appeared, but none of these taxa belongs to extant 'families', and it is not until the Paleocene or (in most cases) the Eocene that the majority of extant bird 'Orders' are known in the fossil record.
	www.amnh.org /exhibitions/expeditions/dinosaur/patagonia/abstract_biol_rev.html (335 words)

	Discovery Of Earliest-Known Fossil-Bird Hatchling Gives Insight Into The Evolution Of Birds
		The research team has determined that this bird hatchling falls between the very early Archaeopteryx (approximately 150 million years old) and the more modern fossil birds Hersperonis and Ichthyornis, both of which are approximately 85 million years old.
		No more than four inches long, the hatchling is believed to be a new bird species; it has been classified as an Enantiornithes (a member of a diverse group of birds that were capable of flight and that arose in the Cretaceous Period) and has not yet been scientifically named.
		While discoveries during the last seven years have more than tripled the number of early bird species known to science, the understanding of the evolution of the modern bird skull has not advanced significantly since the first complete fossil bird skull was found a century ago.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1997-06/AMoN-DOEF-070697.php (634 words)

	Informat.io on Bird
		Both may be predated by Protoavis texensis, though the fragmentary nature of this fossil leaves it open to considerable doubt if this was a bird ancestor.
		Other Mesozoic birds include the Enantiornithes, Yanornis, Ichthyornis, Gansus and the Hesperornithiformes, a group of flightless divers resembling grebes and loons.
		The recently discovered dromaeosaur Cryptovolans was capable of powered flight, possessed a sternal keel and had ribs with uncinate processes.
	www.informat.io /?title=bird (2276 words)

	The Alula at Dawn - - science news articles online technology magazine articles The Alula at Dawn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In most ways the bird’s anatomy is typical of its family, the Enantiornithes, which was the dominant group of the Cretaceous and went extinct 70 million years ago.
		But this new fossil bird (which the researchers have dubbed Eoalulavis--dawn alula bird) suggests that the crucial change in flight was not a recent one.
		Modern birds descend from a branch separate from that of the Enantiornithes.
	discover.com /issues/jan-97/features/thealulaatdawn1010 (664 words)

	Enantiornithes
		Chiappe, L. M., Norell, M. and Clark, J. M., 2001: A new skull of Gobipteryx minuta (Aves: Enantiornithes) from the Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert.
		Kurochkin, E. N., 1996: A new enantiornithid of the Mongolian Late Cretaceous, and a general appraisal of the Infraclass Enantiornithes (Aves).
		Zhou, Z., Chiappe, L. and Zhang, F., 2005: Anatomy of the Early Cretaceous bird Eoenantiornis buhleri (Aves: Enantiornithes) from China.
	www.fmnh.helsinki.fi /users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Archosauria/Urvogels/Enantiornithes_1.htm (957 words)

	Amazon.com: Enantiornithes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A new skull of Gobipteryx minuta (Aves, Enantiornithes) from the Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert (American Museum novitates) by Luis M Chiappe (Unknown Binding - 2001)
		The osteology of Concornis lacustris (Aves, Enantiornithes) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain and a reexamination of its phylogenetic relationships (American Museum novitates) by JoseÌ L Sanz (Unknown Binding - 1995)
		In contrast, that of the Enantiornithes was completely formed of lamellated...
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Enantiornithes&tag=tabularasa0f&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (817 words)

	ScienceNow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Called the Enantiornithes, or "opposite" birds, for the way their foot bones grew, they flourished for 80 million years before going extinct.
		For example, it shows that a dozen enantiornithine traits thought to be diagnostic of that group actually aren't.
		That means the dozen or so fragmentary fossils classed as Enantiornithes by those features may not belong to the group--and that could shake up the standard idea that Cretaceous enantiornithines were much more diverse than ornithurines.
	bric.postech.ac.kr /science/97now/01_1now/010110b.html (344 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 350.500 Aves: Ornithothoraces
		Compared to modern divers, then, the hesperornithiforms may have been sprinters, rather than long distance pursuit hunters; able to accelerate rapidly and use their slender bodies and long necks to snatch prey, rather than running it down and outmaneuvering it.
		Pattern of bone growth has suggested to some that * may have been, if not ectothermic, at least less than fully endothermic.
		The Rex Files; EARLY BIRD FOSSIL; Enantiornithes -- The Dinosauricon.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.500.html (2080 words)

	Maniraptora
		Most notable among these are the Enantiornithes, which have enjoyed a global distribution more or less since the age of their oldest fossil representative, some 135 million years ago.
		In addition, almost all enantiornith species precocial, meaning they can fly and leave the nest just a few days after hatching.
		Unlike Enantiornithes, Euornithes has been very successful in producing a diversity of waterfowl.
	www.bowdoin.edu /~dbensen/Spec/Maniraptora.htm (756 words)

	SAPE-L archives -- November 2000 (#2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Sanz and Buscalioni named their Euornithes as a new subclass and defined it as the group that comprises the most recent common ancestor of Iberomesornis and Ornithurae (sensu Gauthier 1986 and Cracraft 1986) and all of its descendants.
		All other taxa proposed as avian subclasses (Neornithes, Enantiornithes, etc.) are included within Euornithes at a lower taxonomic level.
		Euornithiformes Kurochkin was an order within the infraclass Enantiornithes Walker, 1981 and included the family Concornithidae Kurochkin, 1996 with the genera Iberomesornis, Noguerornis, Concornis, Sinornis, Cathayornis and Boluochia.
	listserv.nic.museum /cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0011&L=sape-l&F=&S=&P=138 (237 words)

	DISCOVERY OF SPARROW-LIKE FOSSIL FUELS OLD DEBATE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The discovery of this bird and our ability to classify it with Archaeopteryx demonstrate that Archaeopteryx could not be the ancestor of modern birds, because its group went extinct."
		The fossil, discovered in a remote region of northeast China by KU doctoral student Zhonghe Zhou in the early 1990s, is of a bird that comes from a lineage -- the enantiornithes -- that became extinct along with dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous period.
		They survived when the other bird family -- the enantiornithes -- were cold blooded and became extinct," Martin said.
	www.news.ku.edu /1997/97N/OctNews/Oct10/birds.html (406 words)

	Presses scientifiques du CNRC : Revue canadienne des sciences de la Terre
		New fossil avians from the Campanian Northumberland Formation on Hornby Island (Strait of Georgia) add to the known distributions of two groups of fossil birds during the latter stage of the Mesozoic.
		New specimens referred to the clades Ornithurae and Enantiornithes demonstrate the presence of a diverse marine avifauna in Canadian Pacific marine sediments prior to the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary.
		These new fossil bird remains from coastal rocks on the west coast of British Columbia lend further support to suggestions that ocean-going birds were important constituents of marine ecosystems in the terminal stages of the Mesozoic.
	pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca /cgi-bin/rp/rp2_abst_f?cjes_e05-081_42_ns_nf_cjes12-05 (252 words)

	Fossil Record of the Aves
		Our understanding of bird evolution is constantly changing as more fossils are found, and scientists still debate the classification of some of these Mesozoic fossils.
		Prominent and well-known Cretaceous bird taxa included the Enantiornithes, a fairly diverse group of birds, mostly flying forms; Hesperornithiformes, toothed birds which were mostly flightless swimmers; and Ichthyornithiformes, toothed flying birds that probably fed on fish.
		These taxa are extinct today, but by the close of the Cretaceous, representatives of several modern bird taxa were sharing the skies with these extinct birds.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /diapsids/birds/birdfr.html (808 words)

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