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Topic: Encephalopathy

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	Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are fatal, incurable degenerative diseases of the brain transmitted by prions.
		Note that not all encephalopathies are caused by prions, as in the cases of PML (caused by the JC virus), CADASIL (caused by abnormal NOTCH3 protein activity), and Krabbe disease (caused by a deficiency of the enzyme galactosylceramidase).
		PSL -- which is a spongiform encephalopathy -- is also probably not caused by a prion, although the adulterant which causes it among heroin smokers has not yet been identified ([1], [2], [3], [4]).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transmissible_spongiform_encephalopathy (922 words)

	Dr. Koop - Hepatic Encephalopathy- Health Encyclopedia and Reference
		Hepatic encephalopathy is the result of biochemical abnormalities associated with liver failure.
		Although disturbed ammonia metabolism is one component of hepatic encephalopathy, it is clear that ammonia is not solely responsible for the disturbed mental status.
		Current clinical management of hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure is derived from experience in chronic liver disease.
	www.drkoop.com /encyclopedia/93/368.html (503 words)

	Welcome Sheet: Understanding the Evaluation & Treatment for Encephalopathy
		Encephalopathy is a change in your mental condition in which toxins that normally circulate in the bloodstream are not cleared properly by the liver and result in altered brain function.
		A deficiency of zinc worsens the amount of encephalopathy a patient may be having with liver failure or cirrhosis.
		Answer: Encephalopathy is a change in your mental condition in which toxins that normally circulate in the blood stream are not cleared properly by the liver and result in altered brain function.
	www.cpmc.org /learning/documents/encephalopathy-ws.html (853 words)

	Hepatic encephalopathy - The Doctors Lounge(TM)
		Encephalopathy may be acute and reversible or chronic and progressive.
		The diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy is usually one of exclusion.
		Specific treatment of hepatic encephalopathy is aimed at (1) elimination or treatment of precipitating factors and (2) lowering of blood ammonia (and other toxin) levels by decreasing the absorption of protein and nitrogenous products from the intestine.
	www.thedoctorslounge.net /gastroenterology/diseases/hepatic_encephalopathy.htm (991 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 4, Ch. 38, Clinical Features Of Liver Disease
		Portal-systemic encephalopathy may occur in fulminant hepatitis caused by viruses, drugs, or toxins, but it more commonly occurs in cirrhosis or other chronic disorders when extensive portal-systemic collaterals have developed as a result of portal hypertension.
		In patients with chronic liver disease, encephalopathy is usually precipitated by specific, potentially reversible causes (eg, GI bleeding; infection; electrolyte imbalance, especially hypokalemia; alcoholic debauches) or iatrogenic causes (tranquilizers, sedatives, analgesics, diuretics).
		Encephalopathy in chronic liver disease usually responds to treatment, especially if the precipitating cause is reversible.
	www.merck.com /pubs/mmanual/section4/chapter38/38f.htm (907 words)

	Chapter 14 - Section 13: First Principles of Gastroenterology
		Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complex, potentially reversible neuropsychiatric condition that occurs as a consequence of acute or chronic liver disease.
		Factors of importance in the pathogenesis of encephalopathy are the shunting of blood around the hepatocytes into the systemic circulation and the presence of hepatocellular dysfunction.
		Encephalopathy probably results from one or more toxic products of gut origin that are usually metabolized by the liver entering this systemic circulation and reaching the brain.
	gastroresource.com /GITextbook/En/Chapter14/14-13.htm (816 words)

	Hepatic Encephalopathy - Dr Hicham Mansour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The development of hepatic encephalopathy is explained to some extent by the effect of neurotoxic substances, which occurs in the setting of cirrhosis and portal hypertension.
		Symptoms of encephalopathy in FHF are graded using the same scale employed to assess encephalopathy symptoms in cirrhosis.
		In patients with acute encephalopathy, neurologic deficits are completely reversible upon correction of underlying precipitating factors and/or improvement in liver function, but in patients with chronic encephalopathy, the deficits may be irreversible and progressive.
	www.geocities.com /twisted_artist/Medecine/hepatic_encephalopathy.htm (2786 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Hepatic encephalopathy
		Often, the term "portal-systemic encephalopathy" is used to emphasize the failure of the liver to detoxify toxins that escape from the intestine.
		With progressive hepatic encephalopathy, there is a gradual decrease in the level of consciousness (from lethargy to somnolence to stupor and, eventually, coma), impairment of intellectual capacity (eg, reasoning, orientation), and progressive neurologic deficits (eg, asterixis).
		Carnitine deficiency is a genetic syndrome manifested by hepatic encephalopathy.
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/2001/02_01/assi.htm (3841 words)

	Early myoclonic encephalopathy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Early myoclonic encephalopathy is characterized clinically by the onset of erratic or fragmentary myoclonus.
		The incidence and prevalence of early myoclonic encephalopathy are unknown because of the rarity of this syndrome.
		In early myoclonic encephalopathy, EEG is characterized by a "burst-suppression" pattern with bursts of spikes, sharp waves, and slow waves, which are irregularly intermingled and separated by periods of electrical silence.
	www.epilepsy.org /ctf/early_myoclonic_encephalo.html (2120 words)

	Liver encephalopathy
		Liver encephalopathy is a potentially life-threatening disease in which toxic substances accumulate in the blood.
		Despite intensive treatment, encephalopathy caused by acute liver inflammation (fulminant hepatitis) is fatal for as many as 80% of patients.
		Hepatic encephalopathy is brain dysfunction that occurs because the liver isn't removing harmful substances from the blood.
	www.healthatoz.com /healthatoz/Atoz/ency/liver_encephalopathy.jsp (991 words)

	American Family Physician: Wernicke's encephalopathy
		Wernicke's encephalopathy, a common, acute neurologic disorder, is frequently associated with chronic alcoholism in the United States.
		Wernicke's encephalopathy classically presents as a triad of ataxia, ophthalmoplegia and a disorder of consciousness.
		Once the acute stages of Wernicke's encephalopathy have resolved, the manifestations often merge into those of Korsakoff's psychosis, typified by a loss of memory that is usually short-term but may involve several years of recent memory, anterograde amnesia, impaired time perception and confabulation.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3225/is_n4_v41/ai_9020749 (1280 words)

	Encephalopathy Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
		Encephalopathy is a term for any diffuse disease of the brain that alters brain function or structure.
		Encephalopathy may be caused by infectious agent (bacteria, virus, or prion), metabolic or mitochondrial dysfunction, brain tumor or increased pressure in the skull, prolonged exposure to toxic elements (including solvents, drugs, radiation, paints, industrial chemicals, and certain metals), chronic progressive trauma, poor nutrition, or lack of oxygen or blood flow to the brain.
		Depending on the type and severity of encephalopathy, common neurological symptoms are progressive loss of memory and cognitive ability, subtle personality changes, inability to concentrate, lethargy, and progressive loss of consciousness.
	accessible.ninds.nih.gov /disorders/encephalopathy/encephalopathy.htm (445 words)

	Regular review: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease -- Brown 322 (7290): 841 -- BMJ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The first case of a cow with bovine spongiform encephalopathy was diagnosed in 1986, and because of the long incubation periods
		that are characteristic of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
		of the disease and for the absence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/322/7290/841 (2502 words)

	Encephalopathy, Hypertensive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Hypertensive encephalopathy describes the transient, migratory, neurologic symptoms associated with the malignant hypertensive state in hypertensive emergency.
		The morbidity and mortality associated with hypertensive encephalopathy are related to the degree of target organ damage.
		Hypertensive encephalopathy is a diagnosis of exclusion, and other potentially life-threatening etiologies must be considered in assessing a patient with neurologic deficits.
	www.perioperativemed.jeeran.com /Encephalopathy.htm (2275 words)

	[No title]
		035 "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (B.S.E.): A new disease?" P.J.N. Pinsent.
		058 "Post-mortem immunodiagnosis of scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy." C.F. Farquhar, R.A. Somerville and L.A. Ritchie.
		102 "Spongiform encephalopathy in an eland." (Correspondence) A.J. Fleetwood and C.W. Furley.
	netvet.wustl.edu /species/cows/srb91-05.txt (3645 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Hepatic encephalopathy
		Hepatic encephalopathy is caused by disorders affecting the liver.
		In people with otherwise stable liver disorders, hepatic encephalopathy may be triggered by episodes of gastrointestinal bleeding, excessive intake of dietary protein, electrolyte abnormalities (especially decrease in potassium, which may result from vomiting or treatments such as diuretics or paracentesis), infections, renal disease, and procedures that shunt (bypass) blood past the liver.
		Hepatic encephalopathy may occur as an acute, potentially reversible disorder or as a chronic, progressive disorder associated with chronic liver disease.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/000302.htm (989 words)

	FDIUBSE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Although it has been recognized that transmissible spongiform encephalopathies may readily spread within species, the recent observations that bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle may have originated from another transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in sheep, known as scrapie, is cause for concern.
		Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, are mammalian neurodegenerative disorders characterized by a posttranslational conversion and brain accumulation of an insoluble, protease-resistant isoform (PrPSc) of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrPC).
		We have shown that it is possible to transmit bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) to a sheep by transfusion with whole blood taken from another sheep during the symptom-free phase of an experimental BSE infection.
	www.vetmed.wsu.edu /courses-jmgay/fdiubse.htm (7647 words)

	BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), widely known as "mad cow disease," is a chronic, afebrile, degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS) of cattle.
		Bovine spongiform encephalopathy belongs to the family of diseases known as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE's).
		Bovine spongiform encephalopathy from foreign sources may be prevented by the implementation of import regulations prohibiting live ruminants and ruminant products (especially meat, bone meal, and offal) from countries where BSE may exist.
	www.vet.uga.edu /vpp/gray_book/FAD/BSE.htm (4454 words)

	Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE; Mad Cow Disease)
		Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a disease condition in cattle which is thought to have originated in Great Britain.
		BSE is similar to other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) present in man and animals.
		In animals the TSEs include scrapie (sheep and goats), chronic wasting disease (deer and elk), transmissible mink encephalopathy (mink), and feline spongiform encephalopathy (felines).
	www.ext.nodak.edu /extpubs/ansci/beef/as1206w.htm (1373 words)

	Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease, is a fatal, neurodegenerative disease of cattle, which infects by a mechanism that shocked biologists on its discovery in late 20th century and appears transmissible to humans.
		While never having killed cattle on a scale comparable to other dreaded livestock diseases, such as foot and mouth and rinderpest, BSE has attracted wide attention because of its apparent transmissibility and lethality to humans, as well as for the nature of the mental decay it causes.
		It was first believed to have originated in sheep, in which the related prion disease scrapie is common (such diseases collectively are called "transmissible spongiform encephalopathies" or TSEs).
	artisticnudity.com /encyclopedia/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy (2671 words)

	bovine spongiform encephalopathy -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is caused by an infectious agent that has a long incubation period, between two and five years.
		More results on "bovine spongiform encephalopathy" when you join.
		Although prions are merely self-perpetuating proteins, they have been implicated as the cause of various diseases, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy (“mad cow disease”), and are suspected of...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9002739 (729 words)

	"Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and other animal related transmissible spongiform encephalopathies"
		BSE is one of several known animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies including transmissible mink encephalopathy, scrapie, chronic wasting disease of mule deer, and elk, and feline spongiform encephalopathy.
		This concern is due to an outbreak of the BSE disease in United Kingdom (UK) cattle, and the increase of a human spongiform encephalopathy Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the British population that was exposed to meat from cattle that had BSE.
		Descriptors: prion diseases, TSE, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, mechanism of neurogeneration in spongiform encephalopathies is unknown.
	www.nal.usda.gov /awic/pubs/bsebib.htm (5069 words)

	Officiel animal health status
		Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurological disease of adult cattle that was first recognised in Great Britain in 1986.
		The clinical signs, the spread and the transmissibility of the disease indicate that it is caused by an unconventional transmissible agent hypothetically termed a prion to denote an infectious protein.
		Participation in the OIE procedure is entirely voluntary and the costs (up to 9,000 euros) involved in the examination of documentation, the convening of meetings of designated experts, and other miscellaneous items are defrayed by the participating country.
	www.oie.int /eng/info/en_statesb.htm (1012 words)

	Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Questions & Answers
		BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) is a progressive neurological disorder of cattle; its symptoms are similar to a disease of sheep, called scrapie.
		In 1996 the Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (SEAC) of the UK announced the identification of 10 cases of variant CJD (vCJD, Lancet, 1996, 347: 921-25).
		On March 20, 1996 a statement from the Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (SEAC) of the United Kingdom indicated concern that before November 1989, when inclusion of certain cow and sheep by-products in human food was banned, the BSE agent may have been transmitted to people through contaminated food products.
	www.fda.gov /cber/bse/bseqa.htm#a2 (5349 words)

	eMedicine - Encephalopathy, Hypertensive : Article by Ryan C Chang, MD
		A continuum exists between the clinical syndrome of hypertensive urgency and emergency; hence, their distinction may not always be clear and precise.
		Causes: The most common cause of hypertensive encephalopathy is abrupt blood pressure elevation in the chronically hypertensive patient.
		Healton EB, Brust JC, Feinfeld DA: Hypertensive encephalopathy and the neurologic manifestations of malignant hypertension.
	www.emedicine.com /MED/topic667.htm (2829 words)

	MANUAL ON BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY
		It is likely that BSE has resulted in the occurrence of feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE) in domestic cats and cases of spongiform encephalopathy in exotic species bred in zoological collections in the United Kingdom.
		Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) is a very rare disease of ranch-reared mink, but when it occurs, the mortality rate is high and can be 100 percent of the breeding animals.
		Cases of spongiform encephalopathy (SE) in domestic cats, various species of Felidae in zoos and exotic ruminants have occurred concurrently with the BSE epidemic.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/003/W8656E/W8656E00.HTM (12666 words)

	eMedicine - Encephalopathy, Hepatic : Article by David C Wolf, MD, FACP, FACG (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Hepatic encephalopathy is a syndrome observed in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.
		Subtle signs of hepatic encephalopathy are observed in nearly 70% of patients with cirrhosis.
		Distinguishing hepatic encephalopathy from other acute and chronic causes of altered mental status may be difficult in patients with cirrhosis.
	www.emedicine.com /MED/topic3185.htm (2735 words)

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