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Topic: Encke Division

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Johann Franz Encke

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	Rings of Saturn - Wikipedia Light! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Cassini Division is a 4,800 km (2,980 mile) region between the A Ring and B Ring.
		Its inner boundary is the Cassini Division and its sharp outer boundary is the orbit of the small moon Atlas.
		The division is centered at a distance 133,580 kilometers from Saturn's center, and has a width of 325 kilometers.
	godseye.com /wiki/index.php?title=F_Ring (1086 words)

	Johann Encke Biography
		Encke studied mathematics and astronomy from 1811 at the University of Göttingen under Carl Friedrich Gauss; but he enlisted in the Hanseatic Legion for the campaign of 1813—1814, and became lieutenant of artillery in the Prussian service in 1815.
		Encke predicted its return for 1822, but this return was only observable from the southern hemisphere and was seen by K. Ruemker from Australia.
		The first object of this family, the Encke comet, was named after him and so it is one of the few comets not named after the discoverer, but after the one who calculated the orbit.
	www.biographybase.com /biography/Encke_Johann.html (747 words)

	Johann Franz Encke
		Encke was a German astronomer, mathematician and physicist who is noted for calculating the orbit of the comet that now bears his name (Encke's Comet) and for discovering a faint division in the outermost ring of Saturn, now known as Encke's Division.
		Encke's parallax distance held until more accurate measurements could be taken of transits by minor planets, which have no atmosphere to confuse the points of contact as they cross the Sun.
		In 1825 Encke was appointed professor of astronomy and director of the observatory of the University of Berlin.
	members.tripod.com /astro1000/info/i0000015.htm (509 words)

	Comet Encke
		Comet Encke was first discovered in 1786 by French astronomer Piere A.M. Méchain (1744-1804), then in 1795 by Caroline L. Herschel (1750-1848), and again in 1805 and 1818, both by Jean L. Pons (1761-1831).
		It was Johann Franz Encke who, in 1819, was able to demonstrate that these four comets were identical; this was the second comet (after 1P/Halley) which was established as periodic, therefore designated "2P".
		Encke found the periodicity of "his" comet during his time at Seeberg; also at that time, he calculated the Sun's distance from observations of the Venus transits of 1761 and 1769.
	www.seds.org /~spider/spider/Comets/encke.html (212 words)

	The Encke Minima and Encke Division in Saturn's A-Ring
		The Encke Minima and Encke Division in Saturn's A-Ring
		Encke concluded that due to the fact that the stripe had been seen 1825 when the ring system was seen from the southern side of the ring than in 1837, the phenomena should actually be a separation.
		As when Kater had observed the Encke Minima and Encke Division in December 1825, Saturn was at opposition that month, was high in the sky in the constellation of Taurus, with an altitude of almost 68°.
	members.leapmail.net /~ericj/encke.html (3036 words)

	Saturn's Magnificent Rings
		Between the A and B rings is a gap called the Cassini division named after Giovanni Cassini who discovered the Gap in 1676.
		It was suggested that an unseen asteroid-sized moon in the gap caused the disturbance.
		The Encke gap is at a 5:3 resonance with Mimas.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/saturnrings.htm (2606 words)

	[No title]
		This narrow division, just a mere 200 miles wide, residing near the outer edge of the A ring, is actually the "Keeler" division, first confirmed by James Edward Keeler using the 36" Lick refractor in 1888.
		This division is now officially accepted by the International Astronomical Union as "Encke's" division, and thus I would prefer to give credit where it is due, and will refer to it only as the "Keeler" division from here on.
		The division is caused by gravitational trepidation from one of Saturn's moons, Mimas.
	home.earthlink.net /~ghost65/html/observing.html (2242 words)

	The Planets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The gap between the A and B rings is known as the Cassini division.
		The much fainter gap in the outer part of the A ring is known as the Encke Division (but this is somewhat of a misnomer since it was very likely never seen by Encke).
		Atlas, Prometheus and Pandora) are clearly important in keeping the rings in place; Mimas seems to be responsible for the paucity of material in the Cassini division, which seems to be similar to the Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt; Pan is located inside the Encke Division.
	www.expage.com /wincollphysicsproject7 (684 words)

	Historical Background of Saturn's Rings
		1837 - Johann Encke observes a dark band in the middle of the A Ring that matches one of the gaps that Kater observed in 1825.
		This dark band in the A Ring would be later known as Encke's Division, even though Encke never really observed it as a gap in the rings.
		1978 - H. Reitsema establishes the existence of the Encke Division with his observations of Iapetus as it was eclipsed by the rings.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/saturnbg.htm (2228 words)

	Rings of Saturn - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Similarly to the B Ring, the A Ring's outer edge is maintained by a resonance, in this case the 7:6 resonance with Janus.
		Johann Encke himself did not observe this division; it was named in honour of his ring observations.
		The G Ring is the faint, thin line to the left of this image; to the right are the F Ring, Encke Division and A Ring.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Encke_division (1544 words)

	Lake County Astronomical Society NightTimes
		One test is the 325km wide Encke division, which is farther toward the outer edge than the easy Cassini division, which spans a width of 4700km.
		The earliest recorded observation of the Encke Division was by Henry Kater in December 1825.
		The central one is not actually a division but a wide and somewhat darker portion of the ring; it’s now known as the Encke Minima.
	www.bpccs.com /lcas/Articles/satring.htm (1586 words)

	This Rings of Confusion!
		These two rings are separated by the Cassini Division, although the presence of two different rings was suspected before the discovery of the Division due to the differing brightness and color of the rings.
		One of the divisions that I saw this apparition was a narrow dark line roughly five-sixths of the way to the outside edge of the A ring.
		Encke was, by this time, a renowned mathematical astronomer, already having made a reputation in the calculation of cometary orbits.
	obs.nineplanets.org /psc/guest/medkeff.html (1489 words)

	TPS: Images of Saturn and Its Rings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		At the top is the smooth outer A ring with its Encke Division; then the Cassini Division; then the color-banded B ring; and inside the B ring are lots of little fl scratches, which are the individual ringlets of the C ring.
		The Cassini Division lies at the extreme lower right of this image, which was made by compositing green, violet, and ultraviolet images captured on August 23, 1981.
		Two bright ringlets are visible within the division, and the inner edge of the division is lumpy and wavy due to perturbations by Pan.
	www.planetary.org /saturn/images_saturn_rings.html (1915 words)

	appendix b
		The rings separated by this "division" were named Rings A and B by W. Struve.
		An additional division was found in Ring A by J. Encke in 1837 and is now called Encke's Division.
		A third ring inside Ring B was noted in 1838 by J. Galle and is known as the Crepe or Ring C. Other rings and ring features were suspected by observers, but were not resolved until spacecraft traversed the Saturnian system in 1980 and 1981.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-474/appb.htm (724 words)

	The Cassini-Huygens Mission to Saturn and Titan
		The rings are split into a number of different parts, which include the bright A and B rings and a fainter C ring.
		The most notable gap is the Cassini [kah-SEE-nee] Division, which separates the A and B rings.
		The Encke [EN-kee] Division, which splits the A Ring, is named after Johann Encke, who discovered it in 1837.
	www.ssd.rl.ac.uk /news/cassini/sat.html (2715 words)

	What's New
		The article on Saturn's Encke Minima and Encke Division was updated and expanded on April 21st, 2006.
		Some new photographs were added to the article on Saturn's Encke Minima and Encke Division, and the article Choosing A Telescope was updated on February 22nd, 2005.
		The article on Saturn's Encke Minima and Encke Division was updated and expanded on November 16th, 2002.
	members.leapmail.net /~ericj/new.html (2882 words)

	NASAexplores 9-12 Lesson: Saturn's Got Rings (Student Sheets)
		In the 1800s a third, faint ring was found and named C. It wasn't until 1979 that we found the E, F, and G rings, when the Pioneer 11 and Voyager spacecrafts flew by Saturn.
		They also found a smaller gap between the A and F rings, called the Encke division.
		The distance from Saturn is measured from the center of the planet to the edge of the ring or division in km.
	www.nasaexplores.com /show_912_student_st.php?id=041115114019 (605 words)

	[13.0] The Exploration Of Saturn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In 1872, Kirkwood elaborated on this theory, suggesting that the Cassini Division and the Encke Division were due to resonances with the four inner moons -- Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, and Dione.
		There is a narrow division near the outer edge of the ring, known as the "Keeler Gap"; in 2005 the Cassini probe photographed a moonlet about six kilometers wide in the middle of the gap.
		The bright B Ring is separated from the A Ring by the Cassini Division.
	www.vectorsite.net /taxpl_13.html (5935 words)

	ASTRONOMY 101- LECTURE 39
		The Cassini Division is at lower right and the Encke Division, much thinner, runs round the upper left of the picture.
		If an outer moon has a period that is an integer fraction (1:2, 2:3, 1:3, etc)of that of particles in a ring, then it gives an extra pull on the particles each time they line up, and this tends to throw the particle into a new orbit that does not have a resonance.
		For instance the Mimas is in a 1:2 resonance with particles in the Cassini Division, and any particles in the Division would feel this added gravitational tug from Mimas every second revolution.
	www.gettysburg.edu /~marschal/clea/A101ol39.html (1069 words)

	The Rings of Saturn - Astronomy for Kids
		We did know that there were two obvious divisions in the rings that are shown in the picture at the right.
		The large division is known as the Cassini division, named from the French astronomer Giovanni Cassini, division and is easily seen through a medium sized telescope.
		The smaller division at the top of the picture is called the Encke division, named for Johann Encke, and is visible through a large telescope.
	www.dustbunny.com /afk/planets/saturn/saturnrings.html (839 words)

	Planetary Science
		With improved telescopes, astronomers were able to see that one of the large rings was in fact, two rings (B and C) and there is a gap in the A ring (the Encke division).
		Saturn's A and B rings are separated by the Cassini Division.
		Other resonances with Mimas are responsible for other features in Saturn's rings: the boundary between the C and B ring is at the 1:3 resonance and the outer edge of the A ring is at the 2:3 resonance.
	www.astronomynotes.com /solarsys/s16.htm (1727 words)

	Saturn, rings
		The rest of the time, only the outer A-ring, the brighter B-ring and the bluish inner C-ring are clearly visible through telescopes on Earth, together with several dark gaps, including the Cassini Division and the Encke Division, in which ring material is much sparser.
		Four additional faint rings together with a wealth of other complex and puzzling features were discovered or confirmed by the Voyager probes.
		Some of the moons – the so-called shepherd moons, Atlas, Pandora, and Prometheus – are important in keeping the rings in place; Mimas seems to be responsible for the paucity of material in the Cassini division; while Pandora is located inside the Encke Division.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/S/Saturn_rings.html (388 words)

	TPS: Exploration of the Outer Planets Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Johann Encke observes a dark band in the middle of the A ring that matches one of the gaps Kater observed in 1825.
		The divisions in the A ring are now named for Encke (the Encke Division, near the outer edge, and the Encke Minima, a band across the middle).
		Daniel Kirkwood performs work on resonances in orbital systems, and is able to associate the Cassini and Encke Divisions with orbital resonances of Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, and Dione.
	www.planetary.org /saturn/timeline.html (2939 words)

	Weasner's Meade ETX Site
		Cassini's Division - this is an easy test for your 3" telescope and should be held steady at magnifications of 100x or greater.
		Encke's Division - probably not possible to discern in a 3-inch telescope, but a test for a 5", I have clearly seen Encke's division with my ETX 125 on numerous very steady nights; on nights of average seeing, it evades observation.
		For the purists out there, Encke's division is a gap that is only.35" arc, thereby a real test for amateur telescopes; smaller telescopes, although they cannot resolve to that small a measure, can "see" Encke's through the CONTRAST of the "A-ring" on each side of it!
	www.weasner.com /etx/buyer-newuser-tips/planets-saturn.html (1597 words)

	Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 19-18
		The Cassini Division (also referred to as a Gap) separates rings A and B, and the Encke Division lies within the outer part of A. We show details of the ring structure in this color-enhanced version, made by assigning red, green, and blue to clear, orange, and ultraviolet image frames, respectively.
		Beyond it is the B ring, whose inner part is orange and outer is greenish-blue.
		There is a large dark area known as the Cassini division (a gap) that separates the B ring from the outer (purplish) A ring.
	rst.gsfc.nasa.gov /Sect19/Sect19_18.html (1693 words)

	Gaps in the Darkness
		The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Cassini-Huygens mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The imaging team consists of scientists from the US, England, France, and Germany.
		From bottom to top here (and widest to thinnest) they are the Cassini Division, the Encke Gap and the Keeler Gap.
		The image was taken in infrared light (752 nanometers) using the Cassini spacecraft wide-angle camera on Oct. 29, 2005, at a distance of approximately 446,000 kilometers (277,000 miles) from Saturn.
	www.eurekalert.org /multimedia/pub/273.php (320 words)

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