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Topic: Encryption keys

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Data Encryption Standard

Advanced Encryption Standard

Type 1 encryption

Advanced Encryption Standard process

International Data Encryption Algorithm

40 bit encryption

Type 2 encryption

encryption algorithm

Certificate based encryption

Tiny Encryption Algorithm

encryption keys

symmetric encryption

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	Encryption Keys: Basic Concepts
		In secret-key encryption, also referred to as symmetric encryption, the same key is used for both encryption and decryption.
		Encryption is performed with the public key while decryption is done with the private key.
		Secret keys are almost impossible to memorize (imagine that in order to encrypt some data you need to learn by heart the sequence of 255 numbers), and it takes several minutes to input them from the keyboard.
	www.finecrypt.net /ukbasics.html (640 words)

	>A Taxonomy for Key Escrow Encryption Systems
		With escrowed encryption, all encrypted data are bound to escrowed data recovery keys that enable access to the data encryption keys.
		Keys can be split so that all n escrow agents are needed to restore a given key or so that any "k out of n" suffices for some k, where n is the number of agents.
		Keys may be generated jointly so that a user cannot hide a "shadow key" in an escrowed key and thereby circumvent the key escrow mechanism.
	www.cosc.georgetown.edu /~denning/crypto/Taxonomy.html (3846 words)

	Encryption (open literature only)
		Encryption is used to protect the confidentiality of information when it must reside or be transmitted through otherwise unsafe environments.
		In addition to the characteristics of a particular encryption algorithm that are required to support a given use, the algorithm itself is generally integrated into a larger system that handles other aspects of the area to which encryption is being applied to ensure correct use and to minimize the visibility of the use of encryption.
		Key use must be synchronized so that both sender and receiver are using the same key for a communication.
	www.objs.com /survey/encrypt.htm (2276 words)

	Team Sends Quantum Encryption 'Keys' Over Record Distances
		Secret quantum key is a code for encrypting data that not only have been transmitted and detected successfully, but also processed to correct for errors and enhance privacy, steps considered essential for practical applications.
		QKD systems produce keys using single photons transmitted with their electric fields in different orientations to represent the values 1 and 0 used in digital communications.
		Encryption Advance For Secure Global Communications (Oct. 8, 1998) — Scientists at the Department of Energy's Los Alamos National Laboratory have achieved a significant advance in demonstrating the viability of an unbreakable encryption scheme for transmitting...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/09/060926104345.htm (1252 words)

	FBI software cracks encryption wall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The key was later used to decrypt critical evidence in the case.
		Encryption keys are unbreakable by brute force, but the keys themselves are only protected by the passphrase used to start the Pretty Good Privacy program, similar to a password used to log on to a network.
		Stealing encryption keys could be touchy ground for federal investigators, who have always fretted openly about encryption’s ability to help criminals and terrorists hide their work.
	www.msnbc.com /news/660096.asp?0na=x21017M32&cp1=1 (1106 words)

	Core Java Technologies Technical Tips
		Public key encryption allows you to provide a public key that can be used to both decrypt messages you have encrypted and encrypt messages that only you can decrypt.
		A problem with symmetric keys is that keys must be shared among parties involved in encryption or decryption.
		Encryption and decryption ordinarily occur on different VMs at different times, so you need a method for securely transporting the key.
	java.sun.com /developer/JDCTechTips/2004/tt0116.html (1856 words)

	Types of Encryption Keys Used in Cryptosystem ME6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		There is a slight problem connected with using a key that you type in at the keyboard, namely, that for such a key to be easily remembered by most people it must either be short or else consist of a natural language phrase.
		A short key is vulnerable to a brute force attack, and a key which consists solely of natural language words plus punctuation marks is vulnerable to discovery by means of a dictionary attack.
		Such a key eludes a dictionary attack but since it cannot be remembered (by people with normal memory) it must be stored in a file so that the program can access it.
	www.hermetic.ch /crypto/keys.htm (492 words)

	Scan for encryption keys
		Usually, there are a few encryption keys (the actual value may vary depending on the number of users in the system), and a few copies of SYSTEM and SAM Registry (the "active" one, and two or more backup copies) – but at least one of each.
		Probably, these keys are not needed at all, and you can go directly to the second step – Scan for encrypted files or Browse for encrypted files.
		When/if encryption keys (and other EFS-related data) have been found and decrypted by the program, it is recommended to save them for the future use – to avoid scanning the disk again, or just for the case if some data will be tampered.
	www.elcomsoft.com /help/aefsdr/scan_for_encryption_keys.html (1179 words)

	NetAction's Guide to Encryption (whole guide, no reviews)
		In symmetric key encryption, the same key is used to scramble and unscramble data.
		In asymmetric key encryption, two different keys are required: one to scramble and one to unscramble.
		A private key is used to create a digital signature, and a corresponding public key can be used to verify that the signature was really generated by the holder of the private key.
	www.netaction.org /encrypt/guide.html (8187 words)

	RFC 3185 (rfc3185) - Reuse of CMS Content Encryption Keys
		Abstract This document describes a way to include a key identifier in a CMS (Cryptographic Message Syntax) enveloped data structure, so that the content encryption key can be re-used for further enveloped data packets.
		Since asymmetric key establishment is relatively expensive, it is desirable in some environments to re-use a shared content-encryption key established using asymmetric mechanisms for encryption operations in subsequent messages.
		The basic idea here is to reuse the content-encryption key (CEK) from a message (say MSG1) to derive the key-encryption key (KEK) for a later message, (MSG2), by including a reference value for the CEK in message 1, and that same value as the KEKIdentifier for message 2.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc3185.html (2010 words)

	Oracle database encryption software - The Encryption Wizard Overview
		The Encryption Wizard for Oracle is the only database encryption software in existence that allows you to specify the encryption of data at the schema, table, or column levels.
		Encryption Keys can either be specified by the user or automatically generated by the Encryption Wizard.
		All user-defined keys, or pass-phrases, are expanded to the 256 byte key value and obfuscated using Triple DES and then again obfuscated at runtime.
	www.relationalwizards.com /html/ora_encyrption.html (1299 words)

	Why FineCrypt is a powerful and reliable encryption software.
		In fact, Quick Encrypt lets you not to care about passwords and encryption keys at all (except of providing physical safety for a media where encryption keys are stored).
		With Key Manager you can handle not only the files which are encrypted with key, but also those ones that are encrypted with password.
		The number of keys grows rapidly so that the user has to maintain a key database and keep count of what key is used for what file.
	www.finecrypt.net /about.html (943 words)

	Cover Pages: XML and Encryption
		XML Encryption is a method whereby XML content can be transformed such that it is discernable only to the intended recipients, and opaque to all others.
		In addition, XML Encryption and Exclusive XML Canonicalization are currently being standardized by the W3C.
		XML Encryption can be used to perform fine-grained, element-based encryption of fragments within an XML Document as well as encrypt arbitrary binary data and include this within an XML document.
	www.oasis-open.org /cover/xmlAndEncryption.html (9496 words)

	Encryption keys
		It is not impossible to find the key, but the expense involved probably exceeds the value of the protected data.
		The number of possible keys can be reduced if the hacker analyses the way in which the key is created.
		A weak key generation procedure can mean that it is possible to crack a strong encryption algorithm in a matter of minutes.
	www.softheap.com /security/encryption_keys.html (220 words)

	Encryption Technology
		Encryption is a procedure that involves a mathematical transformation of information into scrambled gobbledygook, called "cipher text." The computational process (an algorithm) uses a key--actually just a big number associated with a password or pass phrase--to compute or convert plain text into cipher text with numbers or strings of characters.
		In public-key encryption, two different mathematically related keys (a key pair) are used to encrypt and decrypt data.
		Further, by using your own private key, you can also digitally sign the message, either in addition to encrypting it, or in lieu of encryption (in cases where the content does not require privacy protection, but authentication and integrity are needed).
	www.washington.edu /computing/windows/issue22/encryption.html (2633 words)

	Government to force handover of encryption keys - ZDNet UK
		The UK Government is preparing to give the police the authority to force organisations and individuals to disclose encryption keys, a move which has outraged some security and civil rights experts.
		If Part 3 is passed, financial institutions could be compelled to give up the encryption keys they use for banking transactions, experts have warned.
		The Home Office said last week that the focus on key disclosure and forced decryption was necessary due to "the threat to public safety posed by terrorist use of encryption technology".
	news.zdnet.co.uk /0,39020330,39269746,00.htm (1068 words)

	DNA Key to Decoding Human Factor (washingtonpost.com)
		The strength of any encryption scheme is based largely on the complexity of its algorithm -- the mathematical formula used to scramble the data -- and the length of the "key" required to encode and unscramble the information.
		Keys consist of long strings of binary numbers or "bits," and generally the greater number of bits in a key, the more secure the encryption.
		Breaking a 256-bit key would likely take eons using today's conventional "dictionary" and "brute force" decryption methods -- that is, trying word-based, random or sequential combinations of letters and numbers -- even on a distributed network many times the size of the Secret Service's DNA.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/articles/A6098-2005Mar28.html (722 words)

	Data Encryption Standard - a Whatis.com definition - see also: DES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Data Encryption Standard (DES) is a widely-used method of data encryption using a private (secret) key that was judged so difficult to break by the U.S. government that it was restricted for exportation to other countries.
		For each given message, the key is chosen at random from among this enormous number of keys.
		Since there is some concern that the encryption algorithm will remain relatively unbreakable, NIST has indicated DES will not be recertified as a standard and submissions for its replacement are being accepted.
	searchsecurity.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci213893,00.html (459 words)

	Security / Encryption hazards - Tech Update - ZDNet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		WEP uses the RC4 encryption algorithm, which uses the same key to scramble and descramble the packets.
		If your key management system cycles through the same set of keys in a predictable manner, determined hackers can gather data from your LAN traffic and correlate it with the keys to help decipher the encryption.
		WEP2--an encryption protocol that may be adopted for 802.11i--would be easier to implement on top of the existing WEP infrastructure, but many experts are concerned that it is not secure enough.
	techupdate.zdnet.com /techupdate/stories/main/0,14179,2806945-4,00.html (451 words)

	U.K. police: Let us seize encryption keys \| CNET News.com
		Because British law enforcement officers don't have the authority to seize encryption keys, an increasing number of criminals are able to evade justice, a senior police officer said.
		Part 3 of the RIP Act has been heavily criticized in the past by some security professionals and academics who believe that it is a dangerous and badly written piece of legislation that cannot be properly implemented.
		Clayton also argued that businesses may take their encryption keys out of U.K. jurisdiction so that they can't be seized.
	news.com.com /U.K.+police+Let+us+seize+encryption+keys/2100-7348_3-6105680.html (845 words)

	Home : AACS - Advanced Access Content System
		Consumers can continue to enjoy content that is protected by the AACS technology by refreshing the encryption keys associated with their HD DVD and Blu-ray software players.
		Through this online update process, manufacturers are also able to see that consumers update their player implementations prior to distribution of encryption key expiration information via new movie discs.
		Although a different key was extracted, this represents no adverse impact on the ability of the AACS ecosystem to address the attack.
	www.aacsla.com (819 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - Voiceprints provide mobile encryption keys
		In a paper entitled Toward speech-generated cryptographic keys on resource constrained devices they write: "Rather than deriving the cryptographic key from merely the pass phrase that was spoken, we strive to generate a substantially stronger cryptographic key with entropy drawn both from the pass phrase spoken and how the user speaks it."
		The team says it would also be nearly impossible for an attacker to capture encryption keys by stealing the device and breaking it open.
		This is because the complete key only exists when a voiceprint is combined with the stored encryption data.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn2942 (472 words)

	Encryption Plus Email (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Encryption Plus® Email is an enterprise email encryption solution designed for large organizations that need the benefits of email security without the hassle and cost of PKI-based product.
		Encryption Plus Email is being used by hundreds of organizations around the world to protect confidential electronic communications with employees as well as vendors.
		Encryption Plus Email uses a FIPS certified AES algorithm with a 256-bit symmetric key to encrypt and decrypt messages and attachments.
	www.pcguardian.com /software/email_e.html (719 words)

	WDVL: Public Versus Private Key Encryption
		Thus, rather than distributing your private decryption and encryption keys to trusted parties and crossing your fingers, you distribute your public key to anyone who wants it with full confidence that messages sent to you that have been encrypted with your public key will only be readable by you.
		There are several popular magical algorithms for public key encryption including RSA, Diffie-Hellman, and Elliptic-Curve cryptography and several packages such as PGP to implement them within your web applications.
		Private keys also have the added benefit that a bit of text which has been encrypted with the private key, can be verified through the use of the public key to have been encrypted by the holder of the private key.
	www.wdvl.com /Authoring/Tools/Tutorial/public_vs_private.html (490 words)

	Sen:te - GPGMail
		There is also a new submenu, PGP Keys, in menu View, allowing you to choose on-the-fly which attributes must be displayed for keys.
		They allow you to choose which key you want to sign, and which keys have to be used for encryption, when enabled.
		In case it misses some keys, a warning icon will be displayed next to the button.
	www.sente.ch /software/GPGMail/English.lproj/GPGMail.html (2455 words)

	Multple Keys. Work with multiple Encryption Keys - Deslock+ Features
		The way people share physical keys to allow access to homes, businesses, vehicles etc is understood implicitly.
		Applying the same principle to computer files and email, it's easy to see how shared encryption keys make complete sense.
		Interoperability between our USB Tokens and software licences, mean that keys can be shared between all types of licence holders.
	www.deslock.com /deslockp_features_key.php (144 words)

	egov.ca - Type 1 encryption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		We couldn't find any results for Type 1 encryption in Books.
		Here are some other items you may be interested in.
		It was a Friday afternoon for the computer encryption folks at...
	www.egov.ca /Type-1-encryption/reference/fullview/wikipedia/41829 (264 words)

	EPIC Archive - Cryptography Policy
		In Congressional floor statements on September 13 and 19, Senator Judd Gregg (R-NH) called for a global "new regime" in the area of encryption which would grant law enforcement access to private keys.
		Civil liberties and privacy advocates strongly oppose any attempts to require key escrow, key recovery or other means of accessing encryption keys, arguing that they are an unjustified restriction of individuals' fundamental privacy rights, detrimental to security, costly, subject to massive abuse, and ultimately ineffective crime prevention methods.
		Michael Froomkin, The Metaphor is the Key: Cryptography, the Clipper Chip and the Constitution, The University of Pennsylvania Law Review (January 1995).
	www.epic.org /crypto (508 words)

	Encryption keys handed to police \| The Register
		UK police will be able to demand access to encryption codes if they suspect criminal use of the Internet, thanks to the government's draft ecommerce bill.
		The general gist of the bill was that the telecoms industry would be simpler and more open, and that encryption and electronic signatures would be admissible in court.
		Home Office minister, Paul Boateng commented: "Encryption is a double edged sword -- both vital to the ecommerce revolution and at the same time exploited by criminals to often devastating effect." Investigations into drug traffickers, paedophiles and terrorist were being hampered by encryption, he said.
	www.theregister.co.uk /990723-000035.html (456 words)

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