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Topic: End-to-end principle

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Huygens' principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Huygens' principle (named for Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens) is a method of analysis applied to problems of wave propagation in the far field limit. The most common application of Huygens' principle is for the case of a Plane wave (usually light) incident on an aperture of arbitrary shape. It recognizes that each point of an advancing wave front is in fact the center of a fresh disturbance and the source of a new train of waves; and that the advancing wave as a whole may be regarded as the sum of all the secondary waves arising from points in the medium already traversed. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Huygens'_principle   (589 words)

Encyclopedia: Pareto principle The principle can be viewed as recursive, and may be applied not only to the top 20% of causes; thus there would be a "64-4" rule (64% of the consequences stem from 4% of the causes), and a "51.2-0.8" rule, and so on. The so-called Pareto principle (also known as the 80-20 rule, the law of the vital few and the principle of factor sparsity) states that for many phenomena 80% of consequences stem from 20% of the causes. The Pareto principle is unrelated to Pareto efficiency, which was introduced by Vilfredo Pareto, himself. www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Pareto-principle   (1039 words)

Formal principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Formal principles tend to be texts or revered leaders of the religion or tradition. If the formal principle is properly identified, a scholar will know where to look to understand the teachings of a religion. In Christian theology, a formal principle is the authority which forms or shapes the doctrinal system of a religion, religious movement or tradition or a religious body or organization. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Formal_principle   (1039 words)

Uncertainty principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In 1927, to develop the standard deviation for the uncertainty principle, Heisenberg took the gaussian distribution or bell curve for the imprecision in the measurement of the position q of a moving electron to the corresponding bell curve of the measured momentum p. The fundamentally non-classical characteristics of the uncertainty measurements in quantum mechanics were clarified due to the EPR paradox which arose from Einstein attempting to show flaws in quantum measurements that used the uncertainty principle. Therefore, if the uncertainty principle is the result of some deterministic process in which a particle has local realism, it must be the case that particles at great distances instantly transmit information to each other to ensure that the correlations in behavior between particles occur. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Uncertainty_principle   (3633 words)

Correspondence principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In physics, the correspondence principle is a principle, first invoked by Niels Bohr in 1923, which states that the behavior of quantum mechanical systems reduce to classical physics in the limit of large quantum numbers. This is the motivation for Bohr's correspondence principle, which states that classical physics must emerge as an approximation to quantum physics as systems become "larger". For this reason, Bohm has argued that classical physics does not emerge from quantum physics in the same way that classical mechanics emerges as an approximation of special relativity at small velocities; rather, classical physics exists independently of quantum theory and cannot be derived from it. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Correspondence_principle   (538 words)

Copernican principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia After discovery of dark matter and dark energy (as dominating universe's matter and energy) Copernican principle can be extended to include "our kind" of matter and "our kind" of energy in it. Kant used the expression "Copernican revolution" to account for the changes in the conception of the subject of knowledge. The Copernican principle is the philosophical statement that no "special" observers should be proposed. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Copernican_principle   (225 words)

Divine Principle -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article The Divine Principle is the main theological textbook of the (A Christian church (with some Buddhist elements) founded in 1954 by Sun Myung Moon and known for staging mass weddings and other communal activities) Unification Church, held to have the status of scripture by members of the movement. The term Divine Principle is a poor translation of Unification Principle (or Tongil Wolly). The two most authoritative are by the late Hyo Won Eu (first president of the Unification Church) and Chung Hwan Kwak (international director of education for the Church). www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/di/divine_principle.htm   (215 words)

Likelihood function - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For a likelihood function of more than one parameter, it is sometimes possible to write some parameters as functions of other parameters, thereby reducing the number of independent parameters. Attempting to interpret the likelihood of a hypothesis given observed evidence as the probability of the hypothesis is a common error, with potentially disastrous real-world consequences in medicine, engineering or jurisprudence. The likelihood function is not a probability density function -- for example, the integral of a likelihood function is not in general 1. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Likelihood   (787 words)

Homestead - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia To homestead is to establish ownership of previously unowned property (usually but not exclusively land) by use, see homestead principle. Homestead is also the name of a small community in Iowa that is one of the Amana Colonies. Homestead Air Force Base was an U.S. Air Force base located 25-miles south of Miami, Florida, until 97% of the base was destroyed by Hurricane Andrew in 1992. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Homestead   (194 words)

Mediocrity principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For instance, Carl Sagan used the principle to argue that "there might be one million civilizations in the Milky Way.” The failure to find such signals or evidence is taken by some as a disconfirmation of the mediocrity principle. Denying the mediocrity principle is very similar to affirming the Rare Earth hypothesis ; for example, Gonzalez and Richards ( 2004) present the case for Earth 's uniqueness, in their book The Privileged Planet. In short, the Copernican Mediocrity is the series of astronomical findings that Earth is a relatively ordinary planet orbiting a relatively ordinary star in a relatively ordinary galaxy which is one of countless others in a giant universe, possibly within an infinite multiverse. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mediocrity_principle   (194 words)

Principle Pauli exclusion principle The Pauli exclusion principle is a 1925. Principle of relativity In general, the principle of relativity is the requirement that the frame of reference of an imp... Variational principle A variational principle is a principle in physics which is expressed in terms of the calculus of v... www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/principle.html   (1107 words)

Transfer principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In mathematics particularly in non-standard analysis, the transfer principle is a rule which transforms assertions about standard sets, mappings etc., into one about internal sets, mappings etc. For the precise context of this principle as discussed here, see the article non-standard analysis. Applying transfer to the induction principle gives us the formula However, the formulation at this level of generality is false for the superstructure approach to non-standard analysis, where it is replaced by formulas with bounded quantification. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transfer_principle   (271 words)

Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia After his death, Dirichlet's lectures and other results in number theory were collected, edited and published by his friend and fellow mathematician Richard Dedekind under the title Vorlesungen über Zahlentheorie (Lectures on Number Theory). His family hailed from the town of Richelet in Belgium, from which his surname "Lejeune Dirichlet" ("le jeune de Richelet" = "the young chap from Richelet") was derived, and that was where his grandfather lived. Dirichlet was born in Düren, where his father was the postmaster. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Johann_Peter_Gustav_Lejeune_Dirichlet   (271 words)

Pauli exclusion principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Pauli exclusion principle underlies many of the characteristic properties of matter, from the large-scale stability of matter to the existence of the periodic table of the elements. It is one of the most important principles in physics, primarily because the three types of particle from which ordinary matter is made - electrons, protons, and neutrons- are all subject to it. The Pauli exclusion principle is a quantum mechanical principle formulated by Wolfgang Pauli in 1925, which states that no two identical fermions may occupy the same quantum state simultaneously. www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle   (835 words)

Principle of locality - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Local realism is the combination of the principle of locality with the assumption that all objects must objectively have their properties already before these properties are observed. Local realism is a significant feature of classical general relativity and classical Maxwell's theory, but quantum mechanics rejects this principle. In physics, the principle of locality is that distant objects cannot have direct influence on one another: an object is influenced directly only by its immediate surroundings. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Principle_of_locality   (652 words)

Anthropic principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Later, in 1983, he claimed that, in its original form, the principle was meant only to caution astrophysicists and cosmologists of possible errors in the interpretation of astronomical and cosmological data unless the biological constraints of the observer were taken into account. The term "anthropic principle" was first proposed in 1973 by Brandon Carter during the symposium "Confrontation of Cosmological Theories with Observational Data" in Kraków celebrating Copernicus ’ 500th birthday, as if to proclaim that humanity does hold a special place in the universe after all. In philosophy, the anthropic principle in its most basic form states that any valid theory of the universe must be consistent with our existence as carbon-based human beings at this particular time and place in the universe. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anthropic_principle   (652 words)

Hasse principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Hasse's theorem on cyclic extensions states that the local-global principle applies to the condition of being a relative norm for a cyclic extension of number fields. According to an idea of Manin, the obstructions to the Hasse principle holding for cubic forms can be tied into the theory of the Brauer group; it is only recently that it has been shown that this setting isn't the complete story (Alexei Skorobogatov, 1999). For algebraic forms of higher degree d the situation is more complicated; basically, if the number of variables is n, one expects the principle to hold when n ≥ N(d). en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hasse_principle   (286 words)

equivalence principle concept from the Astronomy knowledge base The "weak equivalence principle," which is not as strong as the equivalence principle, states that all objects, independent of their mass or composition, fall with the same acceleration in the presence of gravity. Generalizes the principle of relativity by showing that all observers, regardless of their state of motion, can claim to be at rest, so long as they acknowledge the presence of a suitable gravitational field. For example, a person in an elevator in space accelerating upward at 32 feet per second per second would feel the floor pushing upward against her feet in exactly the same way as if the elevator were at rest on earth, where gravity pulls downward with an acceleration of 32 feet per second per second. www.csi.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/equivalenceprinciple.html   (294 words)

Equivalence principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia He used this principle, together with special relativity, to predict that clocks run at different rates in a gravitational potential and the bending of light-rays in a gravitational field, even before he developed the concept of curved spacetime. The Einstein equivalence principle states that the result of a local non-gravitational experiment in an inertial frame of reference is independent of the velocity or location in the universe of the experiment. The origins of the equivalence principle begin with Galileo demonstrating in the late 16th century that all objects are accelerated towards the center of the Earth at the same rate. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Equivalence_principle   (3362 words)

BoF4-6.txt The principles of the DNI are non-metadoctrinal, that is, doctrinal as opposed to metadoctrinal. The principle of truth is present-regarding and noncausal with respect to statements about the present, and also past-regarding and noncausal with respect to statements about the past. The doctrine of neutral-inclusivity is a normative doctrine, and the principle of personhood a normative principle. www.xs4all.nl /~in/En/MNI/BoF4-6.txt   (3362 words)

Variational principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The variational principle formulated above is the basis of the variational method used in quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry to find approximations to the ground state. The Einstein equation also involves a variational principle, according to Stephen Wolfram, (A New Kind of Science, p. A variational principle is a principle in physics which is expressed in terms of the calculus of variations. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Variational_principle   (400 words)

Quantum superposition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Quantum superposition is the application of the superposition principle to quantum mechanics. If two observables correspond to noncommutative operators, they obey an uncertainty principle and a distinct state of one observable corresponds to a superposition of many states for the other observable. The superposition principle is the addition of the amplitudes of waves from interference. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quantum_superposition   (268 words)

Superposition principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For Vector Fields, the principle of superposition states that the net displacement at a given place and time caused by two or more waves traversing the same space is the vector sum of the displacements which would have been produced by the individual waves separately. The principle of superposition applies to any quantity whose behavior is described by a linear differential equation or a linear system of equations. For Time Varying Signals, the principle of superposition states that the total response at a given place and time caused by two or more signals propagating in the same space is the sum of the separate responses which would have been produced by the individual signals. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Superposition_principle   (333 words)

American Psychological Society: William James Fellow Award - David Premack In what became famous as Premack's principle, he showed us a surprising answer to the question "what is reinforcing?" The answer was that reinforcers are relative, revealing that the nature of reinforcement was more dynamic and subtle than many had believed. Premack's most recent research contributions, with wife and colleague Ann Premack, have focused on understandings of intentionality and causality cognition in human infants and children. Premack's most famous contributions stem from his groundbreaking studies on comparative cognition and symbol use in chimpanzees. www.psychologicalscience.org /awards/james/citations/premack.cfm   (333 words)

CHRISTIAAN HUYGENS - LoveToKnow Article on CHRISTIAAN HUYGENS This resolution of the original wave is the well-known Principle of Huygens, and by its means he was enabled to prove the fundamental laws of optics, and to assign the correct construction for the direction of the extraordinary ray in uniaxial crystals. A biography of Huygens was prefixed to his Opera varia (1724); his Eloge in the character of a French academician was printed by J. Condorcet in 1773. Huygens was also in 1656 the first effective observer of the Orion nebula; he delineated the bright region still known by his name, and detected the multiple character of its nuclear star. 28.1911encyclopedia.org /H/HU/HUYGENS_CHRISTIAAN.htm   (1475 words)

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