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Topic: Endemic goitre

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Goitre

Thyroid hormones

Hyperthyroidism

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Hypothyroidism

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	Cretinism - LoveToKnow 1911
		The endemic form of cretinism prevails in certain districts, as in the valleys of central Switzerland, Tirol and the Pyrenees.
		In Scotland cretins and cases of goitre have been seen in Perthshire, on the east coast of Fife, in Roxburgh, the upper portions of Peebles and Selkirk, near Lanark and Dumfries, in the east of Ayrshire, in the west of Berwick, the east of Wigtown, and in Kirkcudbright.
		Wherever endemic goitre is present, endemic cretinism is present also, and it has been constantly observed that when a new family moves into a goitrous district, goitre appears in the first generation, cretinism in the second.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Cretinism (1239 words)

	Asthma : GOITRE, Karuvachi blogs on sulekha, Health blogs, Karuvachi blog from india
		Goitre is a swelling in the neck due to enlarged tyroid glands.
		Goitre was previously common in many areas that were deficient in iodine in the soil..
		A "diffuse goitre" is a goitre that has spread through all of the thyroid and is contrasted with a "simple goitre", "single thyroid nodule" and "multinodular goitre"..
	pushpakaran22.sulekha.com /blog/post/2007/03/goitre.htm (888 words)

	Endemic goitre -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Endemic goitre is a type of (Abnormally enlarged thyroid gland; can result from under-production or over-production of hormone or from a deficiency of iodine in the diet) goitre that is associated
		Some inland areas where soil and water lacks in iodine compounds and consumption of marine foods is low are known for higher incidence of (Abnormally enlarged thyroid gland; can result from under-production or over-production of hormone or from a deficiency of iodine in the diet) goitre.
		Treatment of endemic goitre is medical with iodine and (Hormone produced by the thyroid glands to regulate metabolism by controlling the rate of oxidation in cells) thyroxine preparations.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/en/endemic_goitre.htm (193 words)

	Fluoride, Water Hardness, and Endemic Goitre
		The prevalence of goitre in each village was estimated on a sample representing about a third of the population.
		Goitres were graded into three sizes by inspection, according to the method of Perez et al.
		Suspicions of an aetiological connection between fluoride and goitre, raised by the observation of a high incidence of goitre in areas of endemic fluorosis (10-13), have not been substantiated by epidemiological studies (17-20) conducted in relatively non-goitrous regions.
	www.fluoridealert.org /health/thyroid/lancet-1972.html (1695 words)

	The Hindu : Survey finds goitre endemic in 4 dists.
		Goitre, arising out of iodine deficiency, is endemic in four districts in the State — Chikmagalur, Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu, and Uttara Kannada, according to the status report on the National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Control Programme (NIDDCP) undertaken by the Bureau of Nutrition, Directorate of Health and Family Welfare Services.
		The main objectives were to map the areas where goitre was endemic by conducting a survey, supply iodised salt in those areas, and conduct another survey after five years to assess the impact of the programme.
		Goitre was identified as endemic in the aforementioned districts, while Chitradurga reported the lowest percentage of goitre cases.
	www.hinduonnet.com /2002/02/03/stories/2002020300940400.htm (440 words)

	Endemic (epidemiology) - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Endemic (epidemiology) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic in a population when that infection is maintained in the population without the need for external inputs.
		For an infection to be endemic, each person who becomes infected with the disease must pass it on to exactly one other person (on average).
		It should be noted that while it might be common to say that AIDS is "endemic" in Africa, this is a use of the word in its colloquial form (meaning found in an area).
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Endemic-epidemiology.html (436 words)

	Malaysia Medical Association (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		However, perhaps the most important consequence of endemic goitre is the intellectual impairment that is associated with it.
		Endemic goitre is primarily due to iodine deficiency, although goitrogens can be an important contributory factor.
		As early as 1915, it was already being taught that "endemic goitre is the easiest known disease to prevent".
	www.mma.org.my /mjm/2_goitre_81.htm (1173 words)

	Endemic Goitre in the Union of South Africa and Some Neighbouring Territories
		Undoubtedly, the fairly high percentage of goitre in the scholars at the Kenhardt schools is: (1) the result of drinking the previous municipal water supply up to some years ago; and (2) due to the fact that a large percentage of the scholars hail from farms where the water contains harmful quantities of fluorine.
		Although the highly fluorinated subterranean waters are the major cause of endemic goitre in the North-Western Cape Province, there are certain areas in the northern and north-western parts where goitre is due, in a measure at least, to primary iodine deficiency, as for example at Upington, Karos, Sultana, Oord, Askham, Van Zylsrust, Seodin and Kuruman.
		In the Union of South Africa we have the complicating fact that in the endemic fluorine area (North-Western Cape Province) there are certain localities where endemic goitre is due, not to the presence of excessive quantities of fluorine in the water, but to a deficiency of iodine in the water supplies.
	www.slweb.org /south-africa.goitre.html (2611 words)

	Ch03
		The criteria used for grading endemic goitre were in accordance with the document published in 1978 (14) by the Scientific Committee of the Endemic Disease Control Bureau of North China.
		The criteria used for diagnosis of endemic cretinism were established during the scientific conference on endemic goitre and endemic cretinism in 1980 at Hueixian (16) and are quite similar to the definition given by Querido and coworkers in 1974 (17).
		In addition to endemic goitre caused by iodine deficiency, we discovered it in the coastal areas where the inhabitants had an excessive iodide intake, either fishermen cultivating and consuming kelp and other seaweeds, or people drinking iodine-rich, deep well water in and around the oil field.
	www.unu.edu /Unupress/food/8F044e/8F044E03.htm (2809 words)

	Ch10
		Endemic goitre is found almost wherever it is looked for in the developing countries, and it exists in localized regions in some of the economically advanced countries of the West (3, 4).
		Endemic goitre in and of itself is probably not a particularly significant disorder.
		While mild endemic goitre constitutes no particular disadvantage, when moderately severe or severe, the larger goitres may be a serious burden to the medical care system, and the attendant cretinism and lesser degrees of neuromuscular and intellectual impairment are surely important iodine deficiency disease is readily preventable by measures that are cost effective.
	www.unu.edu /unupress/food/8F072e/8F072E0a.htm (5609 words)

	Health24.com - Diseases a-z
		Goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is located in the front of the neck directly below the voicebox.
		A simple, or nontoxic, goitre involves an enlargement of the thyroid gland that is not associated with overproduction of thyroid hormone, inflammation or malignancy (cancerous growth).
		Endemic goitre can be prevented by using iodised table salt or water, and limiting goitrogenic foods and drugs prevents sporadic goitre.
	www.health24.com /medihelp/diseases.asp?alpha=&contentid=13769 (1794 words)

	Thyroid I - Endemic Goiter
		Endemic cretinism is a sequel of severe iodine deficiency in which intrauterine growth is affected by the deficiency of maternal T4 and dietary iodine (37).
		The infant is born with mental retardation and either a predominantly neurological syndrome of hearing and speech defects and varying degrees of characteristic stance and gait disorders or predominant hypothyroidism and stunted growth (1).
		The malignancies of the thyroid in endemic areas are predominantly in young women and follicular in nature as described by Lawal in an endemic region in Nigeria (39).
	www.utoronto.ca /ois/SIA/2006/Endemic_Goiter.htm (5149 words)

	Food & Nutrition Information
		Endemic goitre in rural areas was associated with low iodine content in drinking water.
		Endemic goitre is a major problem throughout the world especially in the mountainous areas such as the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Himalayas and the Andes.
		Among children, the prevalence of goitre was high in the rural areas (Post Lanai and Post Betau) compared to the urban areas of Kuala Lumpur and the Malay traditional village at H ulu Sungai.
	www.healthyeatingclub.com /APJCN/Volume2/vol2.3/osman.htm (1943 words)

	Untitled Document
		High goitre endemic areas of the country were given priority in the distribution of iodated salt except some which ere not covered due to capacity and inaccessibility.
		Besides, proving the efficacy of the two doses on goitre treatment and thyroid function, the present study also confirms the hypothesis that a 200mg oral iodized oil is as effective as a 400mg oral iodized oil in goitre prophylaxis and hormonal function of the thyroid gland.
		To wards the eradication of endemic goitre, cretinism and iodine deficiency.
	www.cih.uib.no /journals/EJHD/ejhd-v14-n1/ejhd-14-1-49.htm (2817 words)

	Goitre Hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism thyroid nodules cancer sydney australia
		A goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland that is NOT associated with inflammation or cancer.
		A simple goitre usually occurs when the thyroid gland is not able to produce enough thyroid hormone to meet the body's requirements.
		Endemic goitres occur within groups of people living in geographical areas with iodine-depleted soil, usually regions away from the sea coast.
	www.nebsc.com.au /goitre.html (511 words)

	Nutrition Foundation of India : History
		Goitre is one disease, the eradication of which can be achieved even in the current context of poverty and socio-economic deprivation, through the simple method of addition of iodate to common salt.
		The National Goitre Control Programme (NGCP), financed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, was launched towards the end of the second Five Year Plan with the objective of producing and supplying iodised salt to endemic areas to prevent and control goitre.
		The degree of severity of maternal goitre was found to be correlated to the degree of developmental lag in the offspring.
	nutritionfoundationofindia.res.in /goitre.asp (859 words)

	7. ASSESSING IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMMES
		Goitre visible with the neck in normal position; palpation is not needed for diagnosis.
		The total goitre rate is the prevalence of stage 1+2+3; the visible goitre rate is the prevalence of stages 2+3.
		An area is arbitrarily defined as endemic with respect to goitre if more than 10 percent of the population or of the children aged six to 12 years are found to be goitrous.
	www.unsystem.org /SCN/archives/npp03/ch12.htm (1479 words)

	Prevalence and Etiology of Endemic Goitre
		Endemic goitre continues to be one of the most important health problems faced by developing countries, but epidemiological and aetiological information critical to health planning is lacking.
		This project will improve this situation by studying an endemic area of Liberia, Nimba county, to detemine the extent of the goitre problem, its aetiology, and its biochemical and environmental parameters.
		Researchers reported that low iodine levels caused goitre development; and that low levels were found in higher geological areas due to watershed composition.
	www.idrc.ca /en/ev-83051-201_830315-1-IDRC_ADM_INFO.html (321 words)

	NCERT - National Council of Educational Research & Training. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Endemic goitre is almost exclusively caused by iodine deficiency in food and water and it also affects the animals by reducing their milk, wool, eggs and meat production.
		Seaweed and burnt spong, which we know to be rich in iodine,were employed in the treatment of goitre by the ancient Chinese, the Egyptians and the Incas of South America.
		Goitre due to underactive thyroid is also seen in chronic smokers, and in patients treated with salicylates and lithium carbonate for long periods.
	ncert.nic.in /sites/publication/sschap5.htm (1554 words)

	26027 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		An epidemiological survey of endemic goitre was conducted in 889 people in the mountainous area and in 4119 people in the coastal area.
		The morbidity of endemic goitre was grouped into eight age groups and the severity of the disease was divided into three grades (I, II and III).
		The morbidity of endemic goitre in the mountainous area is 78.9% and in the coastal area is 14.5%.
	www.cig.ensmp.fr /~iahs/redbooks/a260/26027.htm (311 words)

	Jooste
		RESULTS: Endemic goitre was found in all the towns except one, ranging from 5% to 29%.
		No relationship was found between fluoride in the water and the mild goitre prevalence (5% to 18%) in the four towns with either a low or near optimal fluoride content in the water.
		However, the prevalence of goitre was higher (28% and 29%) in the two towns with high levels of fluoride in the water.
	www.bruha.com /pfpc/html/jooste.html (403 words)

	[No title]
		The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of VEGF in thyroid tissues during goitre formation, and to study the actions of VEGF on the regulation of thymidine incorporation and iodine uptake by thyroid follicular cells.
		Endemic goitre is almost exclusively caused by iodine deficiency in food and water and it...
		The studies conducted in such environments show that the prevalence of goitre reaches peak values of up to 90% in females of child bearing age20 and that during pregnancy, serum thyroxine is extremely low and serum TSH extremely high.
	www.lycos.com /info/goitre--iodine.html (487 words)

	Network for Sustained Elimination of Iodine Deficiency
		The objectives were to identify whether the presence of goitre is a satisfactory marker of I deficiency and to examine the relationship between goitre and thyroid function.
		The aim of this study was to estimate the effectiveness of iodine prophylaxis in goitre eradication and to compare the obtained results to those found in the same region 20 and 40 years ago, namely, in 1961 and 1981.
		The prevalence of goitre in 2001 was 6.6% in school children and 6.4% in adults.
	www.iodinenetwork.net /News_Monthly_Jan06.html (2513 words)

	ABC Rural Online - World Rural Health Conference
		The prevalence of endemic goitre among Penans of the Baram.
		Endemic goitre in the Lemanak and Ai river villages of Sarawak.
		Endemic goitre in Sarawak, Borneo Island: Prevalence and Pathogenesis.
	www.abc.net.au /rural/worldhealth/papers/40.htm (2365 words)

	[No title]
		Furthermore Wolff (30) reported that two patients with goitre and hypothyroidism have been described in whom the ability to concentrate iodide was lost in the thyroid (and in gastric mucosa and salivary gland); both patients were treated with large doses of iodide alone: both responded well (regarding to growth, BMR, cholesterol, etc.).
		In endemic goitre nations the gastric cancer mortality is generally higher than in non-endemic countries.
		Goitre had decreased very considerably in the population and UIE was the highest and GC-mortality was the lowest of all the neighbouring provinces of Piemonte region, including Cuneo.
	web.tiscali.it /iodio/epi.html (5680 words)

	Goitre - Goitre thyroid enlargement
		A common symptom of Goitre is enlargment of the thyroid gland.
		This mass will compress the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (swallowing tube) leading to goitre symptoms such as coughing, waking up from sleep feeling like you can't breath, and the sensation that food is getting stuck in the upper throat.
		Goitres are often removed because of cosmetic reasons or, more commonly, because they compress other vital structures of the neck including the trachea and the oesophagus making breathing and swallowing difficult.
	www.virtualbloodcentre.com /diseases.asp?did=145 (386 words)

	Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
		Goitre was present in 64.5% of children who had moderate or severe iodine deficiency (mostly grade 2 goitre) compared to only 8.3% of children with mild deficiency (mostly grade 1 goitre).
		Goitre was not present in the children who did not have iodine deficiency.
		It is recommended that a total goitre rate of 5% or more in schoolchildren 6–12 years of age is used to signal the presence of a public health problem.
	www.emro.who.int /Publications/EMHJ/1006/Urinary.htm (3028 words)

	Fluorine in the Aetiology of Endemic Goitre
		Macnamara (1880) studied the distribution of goitre in the Punjab plains before the introduction of the present extensive system of canal irrigation, at a time when the majority of the townspeople were dependent on local wells.
		The evidence identifying the presence of fluorine in drinking-water as one factor in the causation of endemic goitre is thus strengthened.
		The distribution of endemic goitre in the Punjab and in England is related to the geological distribution of fluorine and to the distribution of human dental fluorosis (mottled enamel).
	www.fluoridealert.org /health/thyroid/lancet-1941.html (1077 words)

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