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Topic: Endemic typhus

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	Typhus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This form of typhus is also known as "prison fever" and as "ship fever", because it becomes prevalent in crowded conditions in prisons and aboard ships.
		Endemic typhus (also called "flea-borne typhus" and "murine typhus") is caused by Rickettsia typhi, transmitted by fleas infesting rats, and, less often, Rickettsia felis, transmitted by fleas carried by cats or possums.
		Epidemic typhus is one of the strongest candidates for the cause of this disease outbreak, supported by both medical and scholarly opinions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Typhus (963 words)

	Endemic typhus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Civilian Public Service worker distributes rat poison for typhus control in Gulfport Mississippi, ca.
		Endemic typhus ("Murine typhus" or "fleaborne typhus") is caused by certain species of Rickettsia - namely R.
		typhi, transmitted by fleas infesting rats (murine typhus), and less often R.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Endemic_typhus (94 words)

	Typhus: Encyclopedia of Medicine
		Because of this fact, this form of typhus occurs simultaneously in large numbers of individuals living within the same community; that is, in epidemics.
		This type of typhus occurs when cold weather, poverty, war, and other disasters result in close living conditions that encourage the maintenance of a population of lice living among humans.
		Brill-Zinsser disease is a reactivation of an earlier infection with epidemic typhus.
	health.enotes.com /medicine-encyclopedia/typhus (844 words)

	typhus
		The typhus group of illnesses are one of several rickettsioses or febrile exanthematous illnesses that include (in addition to the typhus group of illnesses), the spotted fever group of illnesses (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Boutonneuse fever, North Asian tick typhus, and rickettsial pox), Q fever, trench fever, and erlichiosis.
		Endemic (murine) typhus is transmitted by the bite of fleas infected with Rickettsia typhi.
		Endemic (murine) typhus is characterized by several days of prodromal constitutional symptoms, followed by the abrupt onset of fever, chills, and nausea and vomiting.
	www3.baylor.edu /~Charles_Kemp/typhus.htm (683 words)

	- Northwestern Memorial Hospital - Chicago
		Typhus is an infectious disease which is transmitted by lice or fleas and characterized by high fever, a transient rash, and fairly severe illness.
		Typhus is a rickettsial disease caused by one of two organisms, Rickettsia prowazekii (epidemic typhus and Brill disease) and Rickettsia typhi (murine or endemic typhus).
		Epidemic typhus occurs in poor hygienic conditions (which is why it is sometimes called "jail fever"), usually when the temperature is cold.
	www.nmh.org /nmh/adam/adamencyclopedia/HIEArticles/001363.htm (584 words)

	Typhus by Dr. Paul Assad
		Endemic, or murine, typhus occurs worldwide and is transmitted by rat fleas.
		Epidemic typhus, is caused by Rickettsia prowazekii, is transmitted in the feces of the infected body louse.
		The diagnosis of epidemic typhus was established by demonstrating increasing antibody titers from the acute to the convalescent- phase of illness, with the presence of immunoglobulin (Ig) M to R.
	www.the-travel-doctor.com /typhus.htm (929 words)

	Typhus: essential data
		Typhus is transmitted by the bite of a number of fleas, of which the most important is the Oriental rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis and several related genera, but also by the rat louse Polyplax spinulosa and some other ectoparasites that are not fleas.
		Endemic typhus is not as severe a disease as epidemic typhus.
		Typhus appears to be a relatively new disease with the first reliable description is from the Spanish siege of Moorish Granada in 1489.
	www.cbwinfo.com /Biological/Pathogens/RP.html (982 words)

	endemic typhus : - UPCMedicalDirectory
		Endemic typhus is caused by Rickettsia typhi, transmitted by fleas infesting rats, and, less often, Rickettsia felis...
		of epidemic typhus, murine typhus, flea-borne typhus, endemic typhus, scrub typhus, tsutsugamushi fever...
		Endemic typhus is caused by Rickettsia typhi, transmitted by fleas infesting rats, and, less often, Rickettsia felis, transmitted...
	www.upcmd.com /?Term=endemic+typhus&First=Typhus (358 words)

	eMedicine - Typhus : Article by Jason F Okulicz, MD
		This occurs in scrub typhus in the region of the arthropod bite and inoculation.
		Typhus is an acute febrile illness caused by rickettsial organisms.
		Murine typhus is caused by R typhi, and the vector is the rat or cat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis, Ctenocephalides felis).
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic2332.htm (3186 words)

	Wikinfo \| Typhus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		See Typhus (monster) for the monster in Greek mythology, or typhoid fever for a totally different disease that because of its similar name is often confused with it.
		Typhus is a name given to several similar diseases caused by Rickettsiae bacteria.
		Endemic typhus (also called "flea-borne typhus" and "murine typhus") is caused by Rickettsia typhi, transmitted by fleas infesting rats, and, less often, Rickettsia felis, transmitted by fleas carried by cats or opossums.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Typhus (382 words)

	eMedicine - Typhus : Article Excerpt by: Jason F Okulicz, MD
		Background: Typhus refers to a group of infectious diseases that are caused by rickettsial organisms and result in an acute febrile illness.
		The principle diseases of this group are epidemic or louse-borne typhus and its recrudescent form known as Brill-Zinser disease, murine typhus, and scrub typhus.
		Pathophysiology: Epidemic typhus is the prototypical infection of the typhus group of diseases, and the pathophysiology of this illness is representative of the entire category.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/typhus.htm (583 words)

	endemic - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Endemic goiters are caused by a deficiency of iodine in the diet and usually occur in populations living in areas with iodine-depleted soil.
		The rickettsial diseases are commonly characterized by sudden onset and cause lethargy, high fever, headache, muscle aches, skin rashes in most...
		This form of the disease, also called murine, or tropical, typhus, is relatively mild.
	encarta.msn.com /endemic.html (144 words)

	Rickettsial Pathogens and their Arthropod Vectors
		Murine typhus occurs in epidemics or has a high prevalence, is often unrecognized and substantially underreported, and although it may be clinically mild, can cause severe and even fatal cases (19).
		Reported cases of murine typhus in the United States are from south and central Texas and the Los Angeles and Orange County area of California (21-25).
		A suburban focus of endemic typhus in Los Angeles County: association with seropositive domestic cats and opossums.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol4no2/azad.htm (3672 words)

	Scrub typhus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The infection is called scrub typhus because it generally occurs after exposure to areas with secondary (scrub) vegetation.
		Differentiating scrub typhus from other forms of typhus as well as from fever, typhoid and meningococcal infections is often difficult during the first several days before the initial rash appears.
		The geographical location of scrub typhus, the initial sore caused by the chigger bite, and the occurrence of specific proteins capable of destroying the organism (antibodies) in the blood, provide helpful clues and are useful in establishing the diagnosis.
	www.lifesteps.com /gm/Atoz/ency/scrub_typhus_pr.jsp (1500 words)

	Notifiable Condition: Typhus
		Endemic foci exist in mountainous regions of Mexico, Central and South America, in central and east Africa and numerous countries of Asia.
		Telegraphic notification by governments to WHO and to adjacent countries of the occurrence of a case or an outbreak of louseborne typhus fever in an area previously free of the disease.
		Epidemics occur when susceptibles are brought into endemic areas, especially in military operations in which 20%-50% of troops have been infected within weeks or months.
	www.doh.wa.gov /notify/guidelines/typhus.htm (2214 words)

	Typhus - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Group of acute, arthropod borne infections caused by rickettsiae; includes epidemic (classic or louse-borne) typhus, its recrudescent form, and murine (endemic or flea-borne) typhus; all are characterized by severe headache, chills, high fever, stupor, and rash.
		Symptoms common to all forms of typhus are a fever which may reach 39 °C (102 °F) and a headache.
		With a diagnosis of Typhus, it is also important to consider whether there is an underlying condition causing Typhus.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /t/typhus/intro.htm (762 words)

	Typhus (ND) - Patient UK
		Typhus is endemic in many parts of the world with epidemic outbreaks often associated with wars and natural disasters, or any cause of overcrowding and poverty.
		Sylvatic typhus is found in the USA and associated with bites from fleas of a flying squirrel.
		It also causes murine typhus which is found mainly in the tropics and sub-tropics, especially in warm coastal ports and is transmitted from rat or cat fleas (scratching faeces into the skin, rubbing them in the eye or inhalation).
	www.patient.co.uk /showdoc/40000452 (1299 words)

	Typhus Encyclopedia of Medicine - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Body lice are common in areas where people live in overcrowded, dirty conditions, with few opportunities to wash themselves or their clothing.
		This type of typhus occurs when cold weather, poverty, war, and other disasters result in close living conditions which encourage the maintenance of a population of lice living among humans.
		Prevention for each of these forms of typhus includes avoidance of the insects which carry the causative bacteria.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0014/ai_2601001415 (866 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 13, Ch. 159, Rickettsial Diseases
		Rickettsioses comprise four groups: typhus--epidemic typhus, Brill-Zinsser disease, murine (endemic) typhus, and scrub typhus; spotted fever--Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Eastern tick-borne rickettsiosis, and rickettsialpox; Q fever; and trench fever.
		In murine typhus, which is milder than RMSF or epidemic typhus, the rash is nonpurpuric, nonconfluent, and less extensive; renal and vascular complications are uncommon.
		Patients with scrub typhus have all the clinical and pathologic manifestations of RMSF and epidemic typhus; however, scrub typhus occurs in different geographic areas, particularly in Malaya and northern Thailand.
	www.merck.com /mrkshared/mmanual/section13/chapter159/159a.jsp (1378 words)

	statesman.com
		Murine typhus (spread by rodents) is generally less severe than epidemic typhus.
		Typhus is a rickettsial disease caused by one of two organisms, R. prowazekii (epidemic typhus and Brill disease) and R. typhi (Murine or endemic typhus).
		Brill-Zinsser disease is a mild form of typhus, caused by reactivation of the disease in the body of someone who has been previously infected after a long period of dormancy.
	www.statesman.com /health/healthfd/shared/health/adam/ency/article/001363.html (303 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 13, Ch. 159, Rickettsial Diseases
		In the USA, humans may occasionally contract epidemic typhus fever that is generally milder than classic typhus after contact with flying squirrels, their ectoparasites, or aerosolized lice feces; it is identified by serologic tests.
		Brill-Zinsser disease is a recrudescence of epidemic typhus, occurring years after an initial attack.
		Symptoms and signs of the illness are almost always mild and resemble epidemic typhus with similar circulatory disturbances and include hepatic, renal, and CNS changes.
	www.merck.com /pubs/mmanual/section13/chapter159/159b.htm (403 words)

	MURINE (ENDEMIC) TYPHUS IN BRAZIL: CASE REPORT AND REVIEW Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo - Find ...
		Murine, or endemic, typhus is caused by Rickettsia typhi, previously known as Rickeitsia mooseri.
		Murine typhus is the only typhus-group rickettsial disease known to occur in Brazil, although the last published case-report dates from 1985(13).
		Classic louse-borne typhus seems to have never occurred, but recurrent typhus (Brill's disease) was reported in the early 1950's, in a refugee from Eastern Europe8.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3855/is_200409/ai_n9419971 (851 words)

	New Orientia tsutsugamushi Strain from Scrub Typhus in Australia
		Since 1990, however, nine cases of scrub typhus have been reported in Litchfield Park, a discrete area of rain forest in the Northern Territory opened as a park in 1986 (16).
		A case of scrub typhus was also reported from a similar rain forest pocket in the tropical Kimberley region of northwestern Australia (17).
		The emergence of scrub typhus in Litchfield Park in the Northern Territory of Australia is probably due to increasing contact between humans and this scrub and rain forest environment and its animals.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol4no4/odorico.htm (1963 words)

	Medical Dictionary: Endemic typhus - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Endemic typhus: acute infection caused by rickettsia and transmitted by the bite of an infected flea; characterized by fever and chills and muscle aches and a rash
		Endemic typhus: Type of or association with medical condition Typhus.
		Endemic typhus: Endemic typhus is listed as a type of (or associated with) the following medical conditions in our database: Typhus
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /medical/endemic_typhus.htm (234 words)

	Scrub Typhus \| AHealthyMe.com
		Scrub typhus is an infectious disease that is transmitted to humans from field mice and rats through the bite of mites that live on the animals.
		The illness begins rather suddenly with shaking chills, fever, severe headache, infection of the mucous membrane lining the eyes (the conjunctiva), and swelling of the lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy).
		Inflammation of the heart muscle (interstitial myocarditis) is more common in scrub typhus than in other rickettsial diseases.
	www.ahealthyme.com /topic/topic100587446 (1426 words)

	Texas Department of State Health Services, Infectious Disease Control Unit > Information
		Most of the murine typhus cases in Texas occur in South Texas from Nueces County southward to the Rio Grande Valley, but a few cases are reported in other parts of the state each year.
		Rats and their fleas are the natural reservoirs (animals that both maintain and transmit the disease organism) for murine typhus.
		Other animals, such as opossums and domestic cats, may also be involved in the transmission of murine typhus.
	www.dshs.state.tx.us /idcu/disease/murine_typhus/information (556 words)

	Typhus - Geographical occurence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Outbreaks of epidemic typhus are rare except during periods when normal hygiene is disrupted, as in refugee camps arising from wars or natural disasters.
		Scrub typhus, transmitted by rodent mites, occurs in a large area from the Indian subcontinent to Australia and in much of Asia, including Japan, China, Korea, and parts of Russia (please see the map below).
		In Ethiopia, the number of annual cases reported annually has ranged between 7,000 and 17,000 (except in 1979, when a higher number was reported), although most have not been confirmed in a laboratory.
	sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca /tropmed/disease/typhus/geo.htm (266 words)

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